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Transpose PDF

The transpose of a matrix A, denoted At, is obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A. Some key properties of the transpose include: (1) (At)t = A; (2) (A ± B)t = At ± Bt; and (3) (AB)t = BtAt. A symmetric matrix satisfies At = A, meaning its entries are the same when reflected over the diagonal. A skew-symmetric matrix satisfies At = -A, meaning its entries are opposites when reflected over the diagonal.

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Rifky Fajrin
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319 views

Transpose PDF

The transpose of a matrix A, denoted At, is obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A. Some key properties of the transpose include: (1) (At)t = A; (2) (A ± B)t = At ± Bt; and (3) (AB)t = BtAt. A symmetric matrix satisfies At = A, meaning its entries are the same when reflected over the diagonal. A skew-symmetric matrix satisfies At = -A, meaning its entries are opposites when reflected over the diagonal.

Uploaded by

Rifky Fajrin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX

DEFINITION. (The transpose of a matrix)


Let A be an m × n matrix. Then At, the
transpose of A, is the matrix obtained by
interchanging the rows and columns
of A. In
other words if A = [aij ], then At = aij .
ji
Consequently At is n × m. Here are some
properties:
t
1. At = A;
2. (A ± B)t = At ± B t if A and B are m × n;
3. (sA)t = sAt if s is a scalar;
4. (AB)t = B tAt if A is m × n and B is n × p;
5. If A is non–singular, then At is also
non–singular and
−1 t
−1

At = A ;

6. X tX = x2 2 t
1 + . . . + xn if X = [x1 , . . . , xn] is a
column vector.
1
We prove only the fourth property. First
check that both (AB)t and B tAt have the
same size (p × m). Moreover, corresponding
elements of both matrices are equal. For if
A = [aij ] and B = [bjk ], we have

(AB )t = (AB )ik
ki
n
X
= aij bjk
j=1
n
Bt At
X
=
kj ji
j=1

= BAt t .
ki

There are two important classes of matrices


that can be defined concisely in terms of the
transpose operation.

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DEFINITION. (Symmetric matrix) A real
matrix A is called symmetric if At = A. In
other words A is square (n × n say) and
aji = aij for all 1 ≤ i ≤ n, 1 ≤ j ≤ n. Hence
" #
a b
A=
b c
is a general 2 × 2 symmetric matrix.

DEFINITION. Skew–symmetric matrix) A


real matrix A is called skew–symmetric if
At = −A. In other words A is square (n × n
say) and aji = −aij for all 1 ≤ i ≤ n, 1 ≤ j ≤ n.

REMARK. Taking i = j in the definition of


skew–symmetric matrix gives aii = −aii and
so aii = 0. Hence
" #
0 b
A=
−b 0
is a general 2 × 2 skew–symmetric matrix.
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