ECN 112 Chapter 5 Lecture Notes

5.1 The Price Elasticity of Demand

The price elasticity of demand is a measure of the extent to which the quantity
demanded of a good changes when the price of the good changes and all other
influences on buyers’ plans remain the same.
A. Percentage Change in Price
1. The midpoint method uses the average of the initial price and new price in the
denominator when calculating a percentage change. Because the average price is
the same between two prices regardless of whether the price falls or rises, the
percentage change in price calculated by the midpoint method is the same for a
price rise and a price fall.
a. Using the midpoint formula, the percentage change in price equals
 New price Initial price 
  ×100
.
  New price+Initialprice  ÷2 
B. Percentage Change in Quantity Demanded
Use the midpoint method when calculating the percentage change in quantity.
 New quantity quantity 
 Initial
   100
.
  New quantity
 Initial   2 
quantity
1. Minus Sign
Because a change in price causes an opposite change in quantity demanded, for
the price elasticity of demand we focus on the magnitude of the change by using
the absolute value.
C. Elastic and Inelastic Demand
The price elasticity of demand falls into three categories:
1. Elastic demand—when the percentage change in the quantity demanded
exceeds the percentage change in price (which means the elasticity is greater than
1).
2. Unit elastic demand—when the percentage change in the quantity demanded
equals the percentage change in price (which means the elasticity equals 1).
3. Inelastic demand—when the percentage change in the quantity demanded is
less than the percentage change in price (which means the elasticity is less than
1).
4. There are two extreme cases:
a. Perfectly elastic demand—when the quantity demanded changes by a very
large percentage in response to an almost zero percentage change in price.
b. Perfectly inelastic demand—when the quantity demanded remains constant
as the price changes.
D. Influences on the Price Elasticity of Demand
1. Substitution Effect
If good substitutes are readily available, demand is elastic. If good substitutes are
hard to find, demand is inelastic.
2. Three factors determine how easy substitutes are to find:
a. Luxury versus necessity—there are few substitutes for necessities (so demand is
price inelastic) and there are many substitutes for luxuries (so demand is price
elastic).
b. Narrowness of definition—the more narrowly defined the good is, the more
elastic its demand. The more broadly defined the good, the less elastic its
demand.
c. Time elapsed since price change—the longer the time that has passed since the
price change, the more elastic is demand.
3. Income Effects
The larger the proportion of income spent on the good, the more elastic is demand
because a price change has a large, noticeable impact on the budget. The smaller
the proportion of income spent on the good, the less elastic is demand.
E. Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand
1. The formula used to calculate the price elasticity of demand is:
Percentage
change
inquantity
demanded
Priceelasticity
of demand
= .
Percentage
changeinprice
a. If the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1 (the numerator is larger than
the denominator), demand is elastic.
b. If the price elasticity of demand is equal to 1 (the numerator equals the
denominator), demand is unit elastic.
c. If the price elasticity of demand is less than 1 (the numerator is less than the
denominator), demand is inelastic.
2. Slope and elasticity
The slope of a demand curve measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded
to a change in price, but it is not a units-free measure of this responsiveness and
cannot be used to compare the demand curves of different goods.
3. A units-free measure
The percentage change in price and the percentage change in quantity demanded
(the denominator and numerator of the elasticity formula) are independent of the
units of measurement. As a result, the elasticity formula produces a units-free
measure of responsiveness.
F. Elasticity Along a Linear Demand Curve
Along a straight-line demand curve, the slope is constant, but the elasticity changes.
1. At the midpoint of a linear demand curve, the elasticity equals 1 and demand is
unit elastic.
2. Above the midpoint of a linear demand curve, elasticity is greater than 1 and
demand is elastic.
3. Below the midpoint of a linear demand curve, elasticity is less than 1 and demand
is inelastic.
G. Total Revenue and Price Elasticity of Demand
1. Total revenue from the sale of a good equals (the price of the good)  (the
quantity of the good sold).
2. The total revenue test is a method of estimating the price elasticity of demand
because the impact of a change in price on total revenue depends on the elasticity
of demand.
a. If elasticity is greater than 1, an increase in price decreases total revenue. Price
and total revenue change in opposite directions.
b. If elasticity equals 1, an increase in price does not change total revenue.
c. If elasticity is less than 1, an increase in price increases total revenue. Price and
total revenue change in the same direction.
H. Your Expenditure and Your Elasticity of Demand
When the price of a good increases, your expenditure on that good depends on the
elasticity of your demand for that good.
a. If your demand is elastic, your expenditure on the good decreases when the
price rises.
b. If your demand is unit elastic, your expenditure on the good does not change
when the price rises.
c. If your demand is inelastic, your expenditure on the good increases when the
price rises.
I. Applications of the Price Elasticity of Demand
1. Farm Prices and Total Revenue
a. Because the demand for agricultural products is inelastic, a crop failure that
boosts the price of an agricultural product increases the total revenue for all
farmers taken together.
2. Addiction and Elasticity
a. Nonusers’ demand for addictive goods is elastic, so a tax that results in a
moderately higher price leads to a substantially smaller number of people trying
a drug.
b. Addicts’ demand is inelastic, so a tax or legislation that results in even a
substantial price rise brings only a modest decrease in the quantity demanded
and increases addicts’ expenditure on these goods.
5.2 The Price Elasticity of Supply
The price elasticity of supply is a measure of the extent to which the quantity
supplied of a good changes when the price of the good changes and all other
influences on sellers’ plans remain the same.
A. Elastic and Inelastic Supply
1. The price elasticity of supply falls into three categories:
a. Elastic supply—when the percentage change in the quantity supplied exceeds
the percentage change in price.
b. Unit elastic supply—when the percentage change in the quantity supplied
equals the percentage change in price.
c. Inelastic supply—when the percentage change in the quantity supplied is less
than the percentage change in price.
2. There are two extreme cases of price elasticity of supply:
a. Perfectly elastic supply—when the quantity supplied changes by a very large
percentage in response to an almost zero percentage change in price
b. Perfectly inelastic supply—when the quantity supplied remains constant as
the price changes.
B. Influences on the Price Elasticity of Supply
1. Production possibilities
a. How rapidly the cost of increasing production rises and the time elapsed since
the price change influence the elasticity of supply. The more rapidly the
production cost rises and the less time elapsed since a price change, the more
inelastic the supply.
2. Storage possibilities
a. Storable goods have a more elastic supply than goods that cannot be stored.
C. Computing the Elasticity of Supply
1. The formula used to calculate the price elasticity of supply is:
Percentage
change
inquantity
supplied
Priceelasticity
of supply
= .
Percentage
changeinprice
a. If the price elasticity of supply is greater than 1 (the numerator is larger than the
denominator), supply is elastic.
b. If the price elasticity of supply is equal to 1 (the numerator equals the
denominator), supply is unit elastic.
c. If the price elasticity of supply is less than 1 (the numerator is less than the
denominator), supply is inelastic.
5.3 Cross Elasticity and Income Elasticity
A. Cross Elasticity of Demand
The cross elasticity of demand is a measure of the extent to which the demand for a
good changes when the price of a substitute or complement changes, other things
remaining the same.
1. The formula used to calculate the cross elasticity of demand is:
Percentagechangeinquantitydemanded of a good
Crosselasticityof demand= .
Percentage changeinpriceof one
of itssubstitute
s or complements
2. The cross elasticity of demand for a substitute is positive.
3. The cross elasticity of demand for a complement is negative.
B. Income Elasticity of Demand
The income elasticity of demand is a measure of the extent to which the demand for
a good changes when income changes, other things remaining the same.
1. The formula used to calculate the income elasticity of demand is:
Percentage
change
inquantity
demanded
Income
elasticity
of demand
= .
Percentage
change
inincome
2. For a normal good, the income elasticity of demand is positive.
3. When the income elasticity of demand is greater than 1, demand is income elastic.
4. When the income elasticity of demand is between zero and 1, demand is
income inelastic.
5. For an inferior good, the income elasticity of demand is less than 0.