Solutions To Homework # 13.: N N N N
Solutions To Homework # 13.: N N N N
1. First of all, for every function fn there exists a bound Mn such that |fn (x)| ≤ Mn for all
x. Now pick an arbitrary ε > 0. Then there exists N = N (ε) such that
|fn (x) − fN (x)| < ε for all x whenever n > N.
Then |fn (x)| ≤ ε + |fN (x)| ≤ MN + ε for all n ≥ N . Let M := max{M1 , . . . , MN −1 , MN + ε}.
Then |fn (x)| ≤ M for all n and all x.
2. Let f denote the limit of (fn ) and let g denote the limit if (gn ). For any ε > 0, there
exists N = N (ε) such that |fn (x) − f (x)| ≤ ε/2, |gn (x) − g(x)| ≤ ε/2 for all x. Then
|fn (x) + gn (x) − f (x) − g(x)| ≤ |fn (x) − f (x)| + |gn (x) − g(x)| ≤ ε forall x.
If now both (fn ) and (gn ) are sequences of bounded functions, we know from Exercise 1
that they are uniformly bounded. So there exists a constant such that |fn (x)| ≤ M , |gn (x)| ≤
M for all x and all n ∈ IN. Then the limits f and g also satisfy the same condition |f (x)| ≤ M ,
|g(x)| ≤ M . Given ε > 0, there exists N = N (ε) such that |fn (x) − f (x)| < ε/2M ,
|gn (x) − g(x)| < ε/2M for all x and all n > N . Then
|fn (x)gn (x) − f (x)g(x)| ≤ |(fn (x) − f (x))gn (x)| + |f (x)(gn (x) − g(x))|
ε ε
≤ M |fn (x) − f (x)| + M |gn (x) − g(x)| ≤ M +M = ε.
2M 2M
3. First of all, the series is undefined at points x = −1/k 2 for k ∈ IN. So they should be
excluded from our intervals. At x = 0 the series is just a series of ones, hence diverges. At
all other points, the series converges absolutely by the Comparison test since
1 1 1 1 1
2
≤ · 2
≤
· 2 .
|x| n + 1/x |x| n − 1/|x|
1+n x