0% found this document useful (0 votes)
50 views1 page

Solutions To Homework # 13.: N N N N

1. For any sequence of functions fn, there exists a bound M such that |fn(x)| ≤ M for all x and n. This shows the sequence is uniformly bounded. 2. If fn and gn are both sequences of bounded functions converging to limits f and g, then fngn converges uniformly to fg. 3. The series defining f converges absolutely everywhere except at points of the form -1/k^2, and converges uniformly on any interval not containing 0. However, it does not converge uniformly on any interval containing 0. f is continuous wherever defined but not bounded.

Uploaded by

Jagadeesha Kg
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
50 views1 page

Solutions To Homework # 13.: N N N N

1. For any sequence of functions fn, there exists a bound M such that |fn(x)| ≤ M for all x and n. This shows the sequence is uniformly bounded. 2. If fn and gn are both sequences of bounded functions converging to limits f and g, then fngn converges uniformly to fg. 3. The series defining f converges absolutely everywhere except at points of the form -1/k^2, and converges uniformly on any interval not containing 0. However, it does not converge uniformly on any interval containing 0. f is continuous wherever defined but not bounded.

Uploaded by

Jagadeesha Kg
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 1

Solutions to homework # 13.

1. First of all, for every function fn there exists a bound Mn such that |fn (x)| ≤ Mn for all
x. Now pick an arbitrary ε > 0. Then there exists N = N (ε) such that
|fn (x) − fN (x)| < ε for all x whenever n > N.
Then |fn (x)| ≤ ε + |fN (x)| ≤ MN + ε for all n ≥ N . Let M := max{M1 , . . . , MN −1 , MN + ε}.
Then |fn (x)| ≤ M for all n and all x.

2. Let f denote the limit of (fn ) and let g denote the limit if (gn ). For any ε > 0, there
exists N = N (ε) such that |fn (x) − f (x)| ≤ ε/2, |gn (x) − g(x)| ≤ ε/2 for all x. Then
|fn (x) + gn (x) − f (x) − g(x)| ≤ |fn (x) − f (x)| + |gn (x) − g(x)| ≤ ε forall x.
If now both (fn ) and (gn ) are sequences of bounded functions, we know from Exercise 1
that they are uniformly bounded. So there exists a constant such that |fn (x)| ≤ M , |gn (x)| ≤
M for all x and all n ∈ IN. Then the limits f and g also satisfy the same condition |f (x)| ≤ M ,
|g(x)| ≤ M . Given ε > 0, there exists N = N (ε) such that |fn (x) − f (x)| < ε/2M ,
|gn (x) − g(x)| < ε/2M for all x and all n > N . Then
|fn (x)gn (x) − f (x)g(x)| ≤ |(fn (x) − f (x))gn (x)| + |f (x)(gn (x) − g(x))|
ε ε
≤ M |fn (x) − f (x)| + M |gn (x) − g(x)| ≤ M +M = ε.
2M 2M

3. First of all, the series is undefined at points x = −1/k 2 for k ∈ IN. So they should be
excluded from our intervals. At x = 0 the series is just a series of ones, hence diverges. At
all other points, the series converges absolutely by the Comparison test since

1 1 1 1 1



2
≤ · 2


· 2 .
|x| n + 1/x |x| n − 1/|x|


1+n x

So the limit function f is defined everywhere except at points x = 0, x = −1/k 2 , k ∈ IN.


The series converges informly on the intervals (−∞, −1), (−1/k 2 , −1/(k + 1)2 ) for each
k ∈ IN, and on any interval of the form (a, ∞) where a > 0. For each of these intervals, this
follows from the fact that the tail of the series is bounded by the tail of the series 1/n2 times
a constant that depends on −1, k, or a.
Let us show that the convergence is not uniform on an interval of the form (0, a) where
a > 0. Let ε ∈ (0, 1) be fixed and suppose N is chosen so that the tail of the series starting
at N is bounded by ε. But we can find x > 0 so small that 1/(1 + N 2 x) > ε, so the tail
P 2
n≥N 1/(1 + n x) is also greater than ε.
For any c where f (c) is defined, it is continuous. Indeed, there exists an interval [a, b]
around c where the series for f converges uniformly. Since the terms of the series, hence its
partial sums as well, are continuous on [a, b], in particular at c.
The function f is not bounded. Assume, on the contrary, that |f (x)| ≤ M for all x where
f is defined. Then we can choose x > 0 so small that 1/(1 + (2M )2 x) > 1/2, hence the
first 2M terms in the series for f are each strictly larger than 1/2, and the total is therefore
strictly larger than M .

You might also like