Code of Practice for 

Traffic Control at Work Zone 

July 2019 Edition
1

Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone

July 2019 Edition

The Code of Practice (COP) for Traffic Control at Work Zone was published by Land Transport Authority
(LTA), Singapore, to provide those involved in construction activities within the public street a comprehensive
guide to temporary traffic control. The COP explains the fundamental principles for the provision of good
traffic control and also gives a detailed guide on planning and designing the traffic control plan for the safety
of road users.

This July 2019 Edition comes into effect on 1 July 2019 and supersedes all previous editions.

Clarifications on any aspect of this COP may be made with the Road Asset Regulation & Licensing Division
of LTA, Singapore.

Origin and Development of Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone

Conflicts between traffic and works on or next to the road are inevitable. It is important to reduce such conflicts
to optimise work efficiency and traffic safety, and to minimise traffic congestion, delay and inconvenience to
road users.

The first COP for Temporary Traffic Control was published in June 1998 and dealt with the specific work
area in the carriageway and its corresponding traffic control arrangement. This proved to be useful in providing
contractors with typical temporary traffic control arrangement but inadequate when major temporary traffic
schemes are involved. In June 2001, the COP for Traffic Control at Work Zone was published to provide
those involved in all forms of construction activities within the road reserve with a comprehensive guide to
temporary traffic control. In June 2006, general improvements were made to COP for Traffic Control at
Work Zone to enhance its user-friendliness. Following that, periodically updates were also made to reflect
any change in requirements such as new traffic control devices that have been introduced into the industry.

Given the increase in construction activities within the road reserve due to rapid developments and more
demands for bigger capacity utility services in recent years, a comprehensive review of the COP was necessary
to ensure that it continues to remain user-friendly and relevant from the planning to operations of temporary
traffic control in a work zone.

Under this July 2019 Edition, the content had been condensed from 5 Chapters into 4 Chapters with more
pictorials for users to better appreciate the requirements of temporary traffic control at work zone to enhance
overall safety of working on public streets. Other revisions include a flowchart to guide users on the necessary
checks to be carried out and physical improvements to ensure safe deployment of Truck Mounted Attenuator
(TMA) at work zones.

Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone

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Although the COP does not cover every possible situation, the emphasis is nevertheless on safety first under
any situation. The safety philosophy for carrying out works on public streets is aptly epitomised by the maxim:
“It is the works that should adapt to the traffic conditions whenever and wherever possible and not for the
traffic to adapt to the convenience of the works!”

It has been assumed that the execution of the provisions in this Code is entrusted to suitably qualified and
experienced people, for whose guidance it was prepared. Always consult a qualified person about the provision
of temporary traffic control. In situations where the qualified person needs clarifications, he shall seek advice
from the Authority.

Compliance with this COP does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.

This Code of Practice on Traffic Control at Work Zone is issued by the Land Transport Authority under
Regulation 12 of the Street Works (Works On Public Streets) Regulations 1995. It deals with the standards,
procedures and other requirements pertaining in particular to paragraph 2(a) of Regulation 12 for carrying out
works on public streets.

LAND TRANSPORT AUTHORITY

Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone

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Contents
Chapter 1  Introduction ...................................................................................... 5 
1‐1  Scope.......................................................................................................................................... 5 
1‐2  Objectives .................................................................................................................................. 5 
1‐3  Application ................................................................................................................................. 5 
1‐4  Improvement Process ................................................................................................................. 6 
1‐5  Definitions .................................................................................................................................. 6 
Chapter 2  Fundamental Principles of Traffic Control .......................................... 8 
2‐1  General....................................................................................................................................... 8 
2‐2  Safe Road Environment .............................................................................................................. 8 
2‐3  Minimum Risk ............................................................................................................................ 8 
2‐4  Planning Ahead .......................................................................................................................... 9 
2‐5  Good Traffic Control Plan ............................................................................................................ 9 
2‐6  Effective Traffic Control Devices ................................................................................................. 9 
2‐7  Trained Personnel ....................................................................................................................... 9 
2‐8  Workers Safety ........................................................................................................................... 9 
2‐9  Safety of Pedestrian Cyclist and Personal Mobility Device (PMD) Users .................................... 10 
2‐10  Vehicles and Equipment Safety ................................................................................................. 10 
2‐11  Road Surface Condition ............................................................................................................ 10 
Chapter 3  Planning, Design and Implementation of Traffic Control Plan ......... 11 
3‐1  General..................................................................................................................................... 11 
3‐2  Phases of Traffic Control ........................................................................................................... 11 
3‐3  Planning for Traffic Control ....................................................................................................... 11 
3‐4  Design Considerations .............................................................................................................. 13 
3‐5  Design Traffic Control Plan ........................................................................................................ 13 
3‐6  Drawings .................................................................................................................................. 17 
3‐7  Implementation, Operation & Maintenance and Close‐out ....................................................... 21 
3‐8  Implementation Procedure ....................................................................................................... 22 
3‐9  Operation Procedure ................................................................................................................ 22 
3‐10  Closing out Procedure ............................................................................................................... 23 
3‐11  Safe Operation Procedure for Truck Mounted Attenuator (TMA) .............................................. 23 
Chapter 4  Design and Application of Traffic Control Devices............................ 24 
4‐1  General..................................................................................................................................... 24 
4‐2  Temporary Advance Warning Signs ........................................................................................... 24 
4‐3  Information Signs ..................................................................................................................... 24 
4‐4  Lateral Shift Markers (LSM) ...................................................................................................... 24 
4‐5  Pavement (road) Marking ......................................................................................................... 25 
4‐6  Sign Mounting & Covering ........................................................................................................ 25 
4‐7  Delineation and Channelling Devices ........................................................................................ 27 
4‐8  Traffic Cones ............................................................................................................................. 27 
4‐9  Temporary Kerbs ...................................................................................................................... 28 
4‐10  Water‐Filled Barricades ............................................................................................................ 28 
4‐11  Traffic Cylinders/Vertical Panels ............................................................................................... 29 
4‐12  Road Safety Barriers ................................................................................................................. 32 
4‐13  Water‐filled Safety Barriers ...................................................................................................... 36 
4‐14  Barricades ................................................................................................................................ 37 
4‐15  Plastic Mesh Fencing................................................................................................................. 37 
4‐16  Plastic Barricades ...................................................................................................................... 37 
4‐17  Impact Attenuator (Stationary & Truck Mounted) .................................................................... 38 
4‐18  Visibility Enhancing Devices ...................................................................................................... 39 

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4‐19  Retro‐reflective Disc ................................................................................................................. 39 
4‐20  Flashing Beacons ...................................................................................................................... 39 
4‐21  Portable Amber Rotating Lamps ............................................................................................... 40 
4‐22  High Visibility Warning Cloth .................................................................................................... 40 
4‐23  Use of Other Devices ................................................................................................................ 41 
4‐24  Portable Traffic Light System .................................................................................................... 41 
4‐25  Flashing Arrow ......................................................................................................................... 42 
4‐26  Variable Message Sign .............................................................................................................. 42 
4‐27  Half‐Height Hoarding ................................................................................................................ 43 
4‐28  New Devices ............................................................................................................................. 43 
APPENDIX I – Temporary Signs for Cycling Path ................................................ 44 
APPENDIX II – Examples of TCPs ........................................................................ 45 
APPENDIX III ‐ Truck Mounted Attenuator ........................................................ 57 
APPENDIX IV – Good and Poor Temporary Traffic Control at Work Sites ........... 61 
APPENDIX V – Sign Dimensions ......................................................................... 69 
APPENDIX VI ‐ Guidelines for the Deployment of Portable Traffic Light System for Shared Right 
of Way ........................................................................................ 95 

Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone

Chapter 1 Introduction

1-1 Scope

1-1.1 This COP sets out the standards and procedures for Temporary Traffic Control when carrying out
works on public streets. It gives practical guidance to users of the code when implementing temporary
traffic control needed to conduct works on public streets and road related facilities. Work activities
include but are not limited to bore-hole exploration, excavation, construction, maintenance, utility
works and stationing associated construction vehicles and equipment.

1-1.2 This code is not intended to prohibit the use of new methods or devices. New methods or devices
could be considered provided sufficient technical data is submitted to the Authority to demonstrate
that the new method or device is equivalent in quality, effectiveness, durability, and safety to that
specified in this code.

1-2 Objectives

1-2.1 The primary objective of temporary traffic control is to manage the traffic as efficiently and safely
as possible under all work conditions.

1-2.2 Traffic control aims to give adequate warning and clear information to motorists about the nature of
works on site. This will translate into correct actions required in order to pass the work site safely.
Traffic control shall also include measures to safeguard pedestrians, cyclists and personal mobility
device (PMD) users when necessary. Proper traffic controls also protect those who are directly
involved in carrying out the works.

1-2.3 The provision of proper traffic control shall comply with the prevailing Street Works Act and Street
Works (Works on Public Streets) Regulations and other relevant legislative requirements of other
authorities, such as the Workplace Safety and Health Act, Workplace Safety and Health (Construction)
Regulations, Road Traffic Act, Road Traffic (Traffic Signs) Rules and etc.

1-3 Application

1-3.1 This COP applies to all utilities agencies/departments, contractors, other services providers and etc.,
who are involved in work on public roads and road related facilities.

1-3.2 Works on public streets within the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Railway Protection and Railway Safety
Zones shall not be carried out without clearance from Development & Building Control Division of
the Authority.

1-3.3 It is obligatory to apply for approval to work in the Central Expressway (CTE), Kallang Paya-Lebar
Expressway (KPE) and Marina Coastal Expressway (MCE), Fort Canning and Woodsville tunnels or
on roads or expressways installed with the Expressway Monitoring and Advisory Systems (EMAS),
TrafficScan, Junction Eyes or Green Link Determining (GLIDE) System. Application forms are
available from Intelligent Transport Systems Operations Division (ITS Operations).

1-3.4 Approval shall be obtained from the various divisions in LTA for carrying out road opening works on
public streets. All applications shall be submitted via LTA.PROMPT, URL – https://prompt.lta.gov.sg,
to the Road Asset Regulation & Licensing Division.

1-3.5 Besides this Code, anyone who carries out works on public streets shall also be aware of and comply
with the relevant requirements stipulated in other rules, regulations and codes of practice of the
Authority.
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1-4 Improvement Process

1-4.1 The standard of traffic control and road safety shall be improved continually to meet the rising
expectations of road users. The process involves a continuous cycle of activities shown in the
following diagram and further explained below:

Improvement process- a continuous cycle

1) Set New Standards: Set standards against international practices by drawing from the experiences
of developed countries.
2) Education: Ensure that all personnel involved in traffic control and road safety has knowledge
that is equal to their responsibility. Educate road users on traffic control and road safety measures.
3) Implementation: Making the Code contractually binding by developer/contractor’s client would
ensure successful implementation.
4) Auditing: Appoint an independent and qualified person to review the design and execution of the
traffic control scheme. This is to ensure correct and consistent practice at different sites.
5) Evaluation and Review: Evaluate and review current practices continually to correct mistakes
and improve standards.

1-5 Definitions

For the purposes of this COP, the following definitions apply unless the context otherwise requires:

“Authority” means the Land Transport Authority of Singapore established under the Land Transport
Authority of Singapore Act 1995.

“carriageway” means the running surface which includes all traffic lanes and shoulders constructed
for use by vehicular traffic.

“Peak hours” means the traffic peak hours specified by the Authority under Clause 6.10.1 of COP for
Works on Public Streets, which include the hours from Monday to Saturday, 6.00am to 9.30am and
from 5.00pm to 8.00pm. A listing of roads with different traffic peak hours is available on
LTA.PROMPT system via URL – https://prompt.lta.gov.sg and will be updated from time to time.

“Professional Engineer” means a person who is a registered as a civil or structural engineer under the
Professional Engineers Act and possesses a valid practicing certificate issued under that Act.

“qualified supervisor” means a full-time site personnel who possesses at least a Certificate in Pavement
Construction and Maintenance issued by the Building and Construction Authority, or equivalent.

“competent person” means a person who has, through a combination of training, qualification and
experience, acquired knowledge and skills enabling that person to correctly perform a specified task.
To be conversant with the latest LTA’s Civil Design Criteria, Standard Details of Road Elements,
Road Safety Guidebook and Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone.

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“road” means public street as defined in the Street Works Act 1995 or any part thereof as implied by
the context.

“traffic control” means the process required to regulate, warn and guide road users and advise them to
traverse a section of a road in the proper manner.

“traffic control devices” means the signs, cones, barriers, flashing lamps or other devices placed
temporarily on or adjacent to a road to regulate, warn, or guide road users.

“work zone” means the entire section of the road over which temporary traffic control related to the
work activity is exercised.

“work area" means the area occupied physically by the works, which includes the space required for
workers, equipment and materials.

“Work duration” refers to characteristic of work. The three categories of work duration are defined
below:
1) Long term means stationary works which occupy lane(s) for extended period continuously.
2) Short term means stationary works which occupy lane(s) temporarily and can be removed quickly.
3) Mobile means continuously moving works with intermittent stops.

“detour” means traffic is directed to another road to bypass the closed area.

“diversion” means traffic is directed to a temporary road or lane placed in or next to the carriageway.

“road related facility” includes any traffic sign, directional sign, street name sign, traffic light, bus
shelter, railing, lighting apparatus and any optical, electronic, communication, monitoring or
computerised equipment necessary for the control and management of traffic, and any other road
related structure and facility maintained by the Authority.

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Chapter 2 Fundamental Principles of Traffic Control

2-1 General

2-1.1 This Chapter elaborates on the fundamental principles in ensuring that a good and proper traffic control
system is provided in a work zone. It is not possible to provide standards and applications to cover all
conditions. Therefore a good understanding of the 10 fundamental principles stated in sections 2-2 to
2-11 is essential. Complying with the fundamental principles shall take precedence over standard
details and typical applications.

2-2 Safe Road Environment

2-2.1 Safe passages should be provided for both motorists, pedestrians and personal mobility device (PMD)
users going through the work zone. This can be achieved by:
1) Warning road users in advance of changing road environment;
2) Informing road users of the condition to be encountered;
3) Guiding road users through unusual sections of road;
4) Controlling road users at conflict point; and
5) Forgiving road users’ mistakes when accidents happen.

2-3 Minimum Risk

2-3.1 Roadside hazard management measures can be considered to reduce the risk to as low as reasonably
practicable in providing a forgiving roadside environment. The fundamental principles of roadside
hazard management are as follows (in descending order of priority):

1) Removing the hazard whenever possible or by providing clear zone to enable vehicles veering off
the carriageway to recover by themselves;
2) Relocate the hazard to an alternative location where the risk of a vehicle impact is relatively lower
if the roadside feature cannot be removed;
3) Redesigning the roadside feature that has a relatively lower risk if the roadside feature cannot be
removed or relocated;
4) Shield the roadside obstacle with an appropriate safety barrier if the roadside feature cannot be
removed, relocated or redesigned;
5) Delineate the carriageway by using signs, lane markings, delineator poles, pavement markers etc.
to guide the motorists to keep within the travelled way and minimise the risk of vehicles losing
control and veering off the carriageway and impacting roadside obstacles.

2-3.2 Risks for road users going through the work zone can be mitigated by ensuring:
1) No surprises;
2) No hidden traps;
3) Free of unforgiving hazards;
4) Controlled release of information;
5) Consistent messages and repeats if necessary to reinforce; and
6) Good visibility under all road conditions.

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2-4 Planning Ahead

2-4.1 Traffic control requirements at work zones shall be planned in advance in the following phases:
1) Planning and Design Phase — To identify and incorporate traffic control requirements into
contract specification.
2) Start of Construction Phase — To integrate traffic control into the construction planning processes.
3) Start of Every Major Phase — To re-examine and adjust traffic control scheme to suit prevailing
site condition.

2-5 Good Traffic Control Plan

2-5.1 Traffic Control Plan (TCP) can be designed effectively by:

1) Designing traffic control plan in advance — To develop the TCP in detail at the beginning of each
of the phases stated in 2-4.
2) Complying with basic design principles of permanent roads — The road provided in the work
zone should be similar to that of a normal road.
3) Exercising sound engineering judgement — To take into consideration the unique characteristics
of each work site.

2-6 Effective Traffic Control Devices

2-6.1 Traffic Control Devices (TCD) should be designed, placed, operated and maintained effectively to
meet the basic requirements of:
1) Warning, informing and guiding road users;
2) Commanding the attention of road users to the devices;
3) Conveying a clear and simple message;
4) Commanding the respect of road users so that they will obey instructions; and
5) Allowing adequate time for road users to respond in an orderly and predictable manner.

2-7 Trained Personnel

2-7.1 By ensuring that only competent persons are involved in traffic control.
(1) Appointment of a person with authority to control the progress and to be overall in-charge;
(2) Training of site supervisors who are already conversant with safe methods of work in traffic
control. Site supervisors should be appointed to supervise the selection, placement, operation,
maintenance and removal of the traffic control devices; and
(3) Training of workers to be fully conversant with safe methods of placing, operating, maintaining
and removing devices on the road.

2-8 Workers Safety

2-8.1 Workers are to be protected from the hazards of working in the work zone. This can be achieved by:
(1) Training all workers on the basics of road safety;
(2) Informing motorists of the workers’ presence through traffic signs;
(3) Placing continuous barricades along workspace to separate workers from traffic. This will also
prevent workers from straying into traffic space during work;
(4) Providing appropriate means for workers access when entering or leaving the work zone especially
along high-speed roads;
(5) Placing temporary safety barriers to protect workers from vehicular traffic;
(6) Reducing vehicular speed if necessary for the safety of workers and road users;
(7) Providing proper lighting for night work so that the work site is visible at night for the safety of
workers and road users. However, the lights used shall not be blinding to motorists;
(8) Providing a lead vehicle to warn oncoming traffic and to shield workers. To shield workers and
divert traffic with a shadow vehicle; and
(9) Providing workers with high visibility clothing so as to be more conspicuous and visible during
both day and night.

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2-9 Safety of Pedestrian Cyclist and Personal Mobility Device (PMD) Users

2-9.1 The following provisions shall be made to separate the pedestrians, cyclists and PMD users from work-
site activities and adjacent traffic:
(1) Advance information signs to direct pedestrians, cyclists and PMD users to a safe road crossing;
(2) In the event that existing footpath/cycling/shared path is affected by the works, an alternative
smooth and clearly delineated path with temporary signs shall be provided accordingly. Examples
for temporary signs for cycling path are provided in Appendix I.
(3) In the event that the existing covered walkway is affected by the works, an alternative well-lit
covered walkway shall be provided for to protect pedestrians, cyclists and PMD users, especially
during long term work;
(4) Continuous barricades to keep pedestrians, cyclists and PMD users from interference with the
work activity/traffic, thereby preventing accidents; and
(5) Watchmen, temporary traffic control devices and/or audible warning devices to control the
movement of works vehicles and equipment across pedestrians, cyclists and PMD users’ way.
(6) Provision of barrier-free access along a footpath/walkway/cycling path/shared path affected by the
works. The contractor shall ensure that the same provisions are made along the temporary
footpath/walkway/cycling path/shared path affected. The footpath/walkway should never be less
than 1m wide, and whenever possible should be at least 1.5m. The cycling path should never be
less than 1.8m wide, and whenever possible should be at least 2.0m. The shared path should be at
least 2.0m wide, and whenever possible at least 2.5m.

2-10 Vehicles and Equipment Safety

2-10.1 All vehicle and equipment used on site shall not be a safety hazard to both road users and workers.
Safety can be enhanced by:
(1) Controlling work traffic for shared right of way by providing portable traffic signals;
(2) Controlling parking by providing safe designated parking space for work vehicles, plants and
equipment within work site to prevent them from causing obstruction to others;
(3) Improving conspicuous of the vehicles/equipment and to alert road users by displaying revolving
amber lights whenever vehicles or equipment are in operation;
(4) Inspecting TCDs regularly by using a Safety Inspection Vehicle loaded with additional devices to
replace damaged devices;
(5) Fitting all protective vehicles with Truck Mounted Attenuators (TMA) and large arrow panel with
amber lights;
(6) Providing recovery/service vehicle to remove stalled vehicles immediately; and
(7) Installing independent surveillance cameras where necessary to monitor traffic conditions
effectively and provide real-time information on the effects of roadwork on traffic.

2-11 Road Surface Condition

2-11.1 As part of a traffic control layout, there will be occasions when areas of carriageway are brought into
operation that would not normally be used. The adequacy of these temporary surfaces should be
considered before use. In particular, the effect on traffic of the following should be borne in mind:
(1) Cross falls on chevron areas;
(2) Drain covers in hard shoulders and in central medium at crossovers;
(3) Clearances if traffic runs on edge strengthening;
(4) The need to sweep the surface of steel decking or road to remove any construction debris and
maintain a skid resistance of not less than 65BPN and 55BPN respectively at all time.

2-11.2 The effect on carriageways of carrying unexpected traffic loads also needs to be considered (e.g. drain
covers on the hard shoulder may need to be strengthened). There is also a need to provide a regular
maintenance regime to reduce incidents during wet weather periods.

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Chapter 3 Planning, Design and Implementation of Traffic Control Plan

3-1 General

3-1.1 Traffic control at work zone starts from the first advance warning sign and ends at the last traffic
device where traffic returns to normal. This Section provides guidelines to plan and design the Traffic
Control Plan (TCP).

3-1.2 TCP ranges from being very detailed and customised, to a mere reference to a typical drawing(s) in
this Code or specified drawings contained in contract documents. Examples of Traffic Control Plan
(TCP) for typical situations are given in Appendix II of the Code to guide the designer.

3-1.3 Traffic control requires forethought and provision shall be included in the contract specification for
the contractor to develop the TCP.

3-2 Phases of Traffic Control

3-2.1 There are five phases of traffic control for works on road.
(1) PLANNING PHASE — To identify and include traffic control requirements in the contract
specification, works program & method of construction.
(2) DESIGN PHASE — To design the TCP in detail. For planned continuous lane closure submission
to LTA’s approval is required.
(3) IMPLEMENTATION PHASE — To install the temporary traffic control devices safely in
accordance with the designed and/or approved TCP and make adjustment if necessary according
to site conditions and/or when required by the Authority.
(4) OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE — To inspect the implemented traffic scheme
and devices regularly by day and night to ensure that they are effective and absolutely safe.
(5) CLOSE OUT PHASE — To remove all the traffic control devices safely and reinstate the
permanent traffic scheme.

3-3 Planning for Traffic Control

3-3.1 Planning generally involves a detailed understanding of the scope of works and identifying appropriate
traffic control scheme for the work zone. The planning phase of traffic control are depicted in an action
Flowchart 3.1.

Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone

Flowchart 3.1 Planning Flowchart

STEP 1

Assemble Data

STEP 2

Study Road Way Occupancy

STEP 3

Identify Feasible Alternatives

STEP 4

Analyse Volume/Capacity
Relation & traffic Impact

Is there a STEP 5
capacity YES
deficiency Analyse other Improvement
? Techniques

NO

STEP 6 NOT STEP 7

ACCEPTABLE
Evaluate Traffic Control Scheme Modify Procedure

ACCEPTABLE

STEP 8

Select Preferred Alternatives

Refer to Summary of Planning Process on page 19 for
more details.
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3-4 Design Considerations

3-4.1 Design shall start after preferred temporary traffic control scheme has been selected for each stage of
the work. Important design consideration shall include the following:
(1) Work Duration
(2) Road Speed
(3) Road Type
(4) Road Location
(5) Work Location
(6) Traffic Condition
(7) Type of Work
(8) Mode of Operation
Refer to Summary of Design Considerations on page 20 for more details.

3-5 Design Traffic Control Plan

3-5.1 Work Zone is typically subdivided into four zones as shown below: -
(1) ACTIVITY ZONE
(2) TRANSITION ZONE
(3) ADVANCE WARNING ZONE
(4) TERMINATION ZONE

3-5.2 Designing the Activity Zone

The Activity Zone comprises the following components (shown in Figure 3.1):
(1) Work Area – Area occupied physically by the works, which includes the space required for
workers equipment and material.
(2) Traffic Space — Area where traffic is routed through the activity area. Traffic space must be
properly delineated and channelled to guide traffic through safely. Road capacity and traffic
demand will determine the width of the traffic space.
(3) Safety Buffer — Space separating traffic space from workspace. No storage of equipment and
material, parking of vehicles, or presence of worker (except maintenance activity) is allowed for
the safety of the workers and road users. It allows an errant vehicle to stop in time before hitting
the workspace. The two types of safety buffers are the longitudinal safety buffer and the lateral
safety buffer.
(a) Longitudinal safety buffer is a space upstream of a work area. The recommended dimensions
are as shown in the Table 3- 1.
(b) Lateral safety buffer is to separate work area from traffic space. The recommended
dimensions are as shown in Table 3- 2.

Table 3- 1 : Longitudinal Safety Buffer

Speed (km/h) Length (m)
=> 80 60
70 30
60 20
50 10
40 10
Table 3- 2 : Lateral Safety Buffer
Speed (km/h) Minimum Width (m)
Desirable Absolute
=> 80 1.2 0.6
70 0.9 0.6
60 0.5 0.3
50 0.5 0.3
40 0.5 0.3

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Figure 3.1 Component of an Activity Zone

V Termination Area
Allows traffic to resume normal
Taper Length (Refer condition and place End of Work
to Table 3-3 signage

IV Activity Zone
Lateral Safety Buffer Area where work takes place. Typically
(Refer to Table 3-2) includes the presence of:
● Workers
● Equipment
● Work vehicle
● Materials

III Buffer Space

Provides protection for workers and
Longitudinal Safety separate traffic from work area. Include
Buffer (Refer to items such as:
Table 3-1) ● Empty space
● Truck mounted attenuator (TMA)
● Project information signage

II Transition Area
Taper Length (Refer Redirect traffic out of its normal path
and indicate what is required of drivers
to Table 3-3)
and place traffic Lateral Shift Markers
(LSM) with rotating lamp

rd
3  sign  I Advance Warning Zone
Warn drivers of what to expect ahead
nd and place traffic control devices as:
2  sign 
●Caution signage with rotating lamp
st
●Works ahead signage
1  sign  ●Lane status signage (Optional)

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3-5.3 Designing the Transition Zone

A transition would be required when traffic is redirected from a normal path to a new path. A suitable
taper length and geometry should be provided to meet the requirements of the design speed. The
recommended lengths of various types of taper are shown in the Table 3- 3.

3-5.4 The definitions of the tapers (shown in Figure 3.2) referred to in the below paragraph are: —
(1) A Merging Taper — used where two lanes merge into one lane. It needs a longer distance for
the drivers to adjust their speed to merge with an adjacent lane before the end of transition.
(2) A Shifting Taper — used when a lateral shift is needed without merging.
(3) A Shoulder Taper — used on an expressway when work is in progress on a shoulder lane.

3-5.5 The following factors shall be considered when designing a taper. They are: —
(1) The start of the taper should be located such that its full length is visible at 60m to 100m ahead.
The start of the taper should be located at the upstream of a bend so that it is clearly visible on the
approach.
(2) Transition area is also a safety zone. Nothing other than traffic control devices are allowed in the
transition zone.
(3) Devices should be spaced such that the taper would appear uniform and continuous to approaching
motorists, and traffic cannot weave around them easily.
Table 3- 3 : Recommended Length for Taper (m)
Speed 90 80 70 60 50 40
(km/h)
Merging 200 150 120 80 40 20
Shifting 100 80 60 40 20 10
Shoulder 20 20 NA NA NA NA

Figure 3.2: Types of Tapers

Shifting Taper
Shoulder Taper

Merging Taper

3-5.6 Designing the Advance Warning Zone

The function of the advance warning zone is to give advance warning to the approaching traffic of the
activity area and transition area ahead. Drivers shall be able to see the warning signs, understand the
conditions ahead and know what is expected of them.

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3-5.7 Typically, two temporary advanced warning signs shall be provided for at every approach to work site
along expressway and major road as shown in Table 3- 4. Signs warning motorists of the nature of
road restriction ahead will follow this. Examples of such signs are given in Table 3- 5.

Table 3- 4 : Compulsory Advanced Warning Signs

1st sign To alert and command road user’s

attention. A caution sign is
normally used to alert and
command driver’s attention to the
work zone. Typical visibility of 1st
sign = Minimum Stopping Sight
distance.

2nd sign To notify road users of the general

nature of the work ahead. Logo Agency
Logo
identifies the organisation carrying
out the work.

Table 3- 5 : Example of Temporary Signs showing lane changes

3rd sign To guide road users of the action to
be taken e.g. merge to middle lane,
slow, do not over-take, workmen
present.etc.

3-5.8 Posting of temporary advance warning signs shall comply with the following requirements: —
(1) Provide temporary warning signs at every approach to work zone along the expressway and major
road.
(2) The placing of the advanced warning signs shall be in compliance with Table 3-6.
(3) The number of signs and spacing shall be adjusted to suit the site condition e.g. poor geometry,
adverse sight distance and obstruction etc.
(4) Temporary warning signs shall only be duplicated on the right side of the carriageway if signs on
the left-hand side are likely to be obscured or overlooked. The typical distances of temporary
warning signs upstream of the taper are as shown in the Table 3-6.

Table 3- 6 : Minimum Distances of Temporary Signs

Distance 90/80 70 km/h 60 km/h 50 km/h 40 km/h and
from taper km/h below
starts
3rd sign 240 m 200 m 160 m 120 m 60 m
2nd sign 360 m 300 m 240 m 180 m 90 m
1st sign 480 m 400 m 320 m 240 m 120 m

3-5.9 Designing the Termination Zone

The termination zone is used to channel traffic back to its normal traffic path and also to inform
motorists that they have passed the work zone.

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3-5.10 The design considerations for termination zones are: —

(1) A taper of 1:10 or at least 30m shall be provided to ease traffic back to its normal path for
expressway, major arterial, distributor, and 1:1 for other roads.
(2) End of Work Zone Sign shall be used at the end of the work zone of long term work to inform and
thank road users for their understanding and co-operation. (Table 3-7)

Table 3- 7 : End of Taper Sign

End Taper Expressway, major arterial and distributor – 1:10 or minimum 30m.
Other road – 1:1 or minimum 2 traffic cones at 1.2m centre to
centre (c/c).
End of Work Zone sign at
30m after the End Taper
(applicable for long term
works)

3-6 Drawings

3-6.1 The following information as provided in Table 3-8 shall be submitted to the Authority for prior
approval.

Table 3-8 : Drawing Information Table

Title Scales Use

Location plan 1:20,000/10,000/5,000 To locate the work zone within the general
vicinity

Survey plan on current site 1:1,000/500/100 To show all existing feature, topography
condition and boundaries

Setting out plan 1:1,000/500/100 To show detail lines, dimension, position,

orientation and direction of the
components

Layout plan/Site plan 1:1,000/500/100 To show the spacing, types, layout and
position of the devices used in each
component

Traffic plan 1:1,000/500/100 To show the traffic scheme proposed for

the temporary traffic control

Longitudinal section 1:1,000/500/100 To comply with permanent road design

drawings’ detail

Cross section 1:20/10 To show the position, dimensions and

details of the components’ cross section

Detail plan As required To amplify in detail all important

information of traffic control and road
safety

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Summary of Planning Process

Planning Process of Traffic Control

Step Description Detail

1 Assemble Data  Scope of works, Method of construction, Road data, Traffic
data, etc. should be required
2 Study roadway  Duration of the works
occupancy  Carriageway space occupied by the work
 Road occupied at any one time or day
 The hours by which the road will be affected each day
3 Identify feasible  Lane constriction
alternatives  Lane closure
 Shared right-of-way
 Median crossover
 Detour
 Temporary by-pass/diversion
 Intermittent closure
 Use of road shoulder or median
4 Analyse volume/capacity  Traffic impact study
relation & traffic impact  Ability to cope with the traffic demand
5 Analyse other  Off-peak works
improvement techniques  Night works
 Remove parking
 Reschedule works
 Weekend works
 Reversible lane
 Restrict turning
 Modify signal time
6 Evaluate traffic control  Vehicle delays and stops
schemes  Safety and accidents
 Project and traffic controls’ costs
 Air pollution and business losses
 Etc
7 Modify procedure  Review designs
 Work procedure
 Alternative construction methods
 Other procedure
8 Select preferred traffic  Identify preferred traffic control scheme for each stage of the
control scheme works

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Summary of Design Considerations

S/No Type Differentiation Characteristic
1. Work Long Term  Long term means stationary works which occupy
Duration lane(s) for extended period continuously
 Require to change the alignment of the road and/or
maintain the same number of the existing lane
 Require use of portable and elaborate devices e.g.
use of high containment road safety barrier for the
safety of road users and workers
 Require relocation of traffic signals and/or traffic
furniture
 Detailed TCP/traffic diversion plan and comply
with the LTA Civil Design criteria, Road Safety
Guidebook and approved by LTA
 Examples include but are not limited to:
 Tunnel shaft construction
 Deep excavation
 Rigid Pavement Construction
 Road Widening
2. Short term  Short term means stationary works which occupy
lane(s) temporarily and can be removed quickly
 Required use of portable devices
 Examples include but are not limited to:
 Connection works for utility supply
 Trial trench
 Trenching for utility laying
 Manhole maintenance

3. Mobile  Continuously moving works with intermittent stops

 Portable device
 Examples include but are not limited to:
 Signs washing
 Road marking
4. Road Design speed for diversion  Horizontal alignment
Speed shall not fall below more  Vertical profile
than 10 km/h of the existing  Cross-section
permanent gazette speed  Sight distance
limit  Taper length
Road Geometry for  Safety buffer
diversion shall comply with  Sign spacing
LTA Civil Design Criteria
5. Road Expressway  Legal speed
Type Arterial  Access control
Primary Access  Junction type
Local Access  Shoulder
 Stopping/waiting
 Parking/driveway
6. Road Rural area  Local traffic
Location Urban area  Pedestrian
Public housing  Local business
Private housing  Bus stop
CBD  Parking
Industrial area  Driveway

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S/No Type Differentiation Characteristic

School Zone  Stopping
7. Work Outside/near carriageway  Road encroachment
Location Shoulder lane  Work access
Slow/left lane  Work traffic
Intermediate lane  Speed gradient
Fast lane  Fast/right lane is hazardous
Multi lanes  Special attention on fast lane
Median
Junction/interchange
8. Traffic CONDITION I: Demand  Long term lane closure may be allowed for
Condition always< road capacity condition I
CONDITION II: Demand at  Lane closure will not be allowed on peak hours.
peak> road capacity Temporary widening or traffic diversion required
for long term work
9. Type of TYPE I: Can be removed  Simple planning would suffice for Type I
Work quickly.  Detailed planning needed for Type II for
TYPE II: Cannot be unforeseen delays
removed easily.
10. Mode of MODE I: Workmen are  Use simple and portable devices for Mode I
Operation always in attendance.  Use robust devices and keep clear of passing
MODE II: Work left vehicles.
unattended.

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3-7 Implementation, Operation & Maintenance and Close-out

Start

IMPLEMENTATION
Preparation

Execution

Inform
Post Requires modification Competent
Implementation Person*
Check

Does not require

modification

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

When work is in progress

Does not require

modification

Periodic Requires modification

Inspection

Does not require

modification

No Works
Complete

Yes

CLOSE - OUT

Ensure safe removal of temporary traffic

devices & return site to original condition

END

*Where there is any modification to approved temporary traffic diversion plan, LTA’s approval is required prior to implementation.

Figure 5.1

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3-8 Implementation Procedure

3-8.1 A full-time qualified supervisor shall be appointed to implement TCPs before works start.
Implementation includes preparation and execution. The supervisor shall perform the following check:
—

(1) Preparation Phase

(a) Determine and prepare all devices to ensure that they are available and in good working
condition.
(b) Ensure that the personnel assigned to place the devices are aware of their duties.
(c) Set out the components of the work zone by marking the positions on the ground.
(d) Verify that the setting-out is suitable and feedback to the competent person if modification is
required.
(e) For long term works,
(i) Seek LTA’s approval to alter the approved temporary traffic diversion plan if required.
(ii) Inform the relevant authorities in advance of the day of implementation.

(2) Execution Stage

(a) Place the devices following a safe system.
(b) Ensure clear visibility of temporary traffic signs.
(c) For long term works,
(i) Cover the temporary traffic signs and devices with suitable material before they are
required and remove the covers upon implementation of temporary diversion plan.
(ii) Cover up or remove permanent signs that have become inapplicable or misleading.
(d) Check for adequacy and clarity of the traffic control layout before work starts.

3-9 Operation Procedure

3-9.1 The same supervisor should supervise the operation. He should perform the following daily routine
tasks: -
(a) Inspect and record devices that have been displaced or damaged during the night or the day before.
(b) Deploy a protective (shadow) vehicle where needed.
(c) Make adjustment to the devices for the day’s work.
(d) Check the safety and effectiveness of the devices through a drive.

(1) When working

During the course of work, the qualified supervisor shall: -
(a) Ensure at all times that the signing represents the prevailing conditions accurately.
(b) Ensure that workers do not stray into adjacent live traffic lanes and safety zone.
(c) Ensure that nothing e.g. equipment, machinery, material, vehicles, men etc is within the safety
zone.
(d) Check that the floodlight does not dazzle drivers.
(e) Re-position devices that have been displaced by traffic.

(2) End of workday

With the exception of long term works, the qualified supervisor shall ensure: -
(a) All temporary traffic signs are removed from site in a safe manner; and
(b) The affected traffic lane is reinstated and reopened for use at the end of each workday.

(3) Long term works

Where temporary traffic diversion is involved, the qualified supervisor shall carry out periodic
inspection of all the traffic devices to ensure that they are properly maintained at all times.

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(4) After the workday (inclusive of weekends and holidays)

(a) Assign personnel to inspect and maintain the devices.
(b) Provide after-hours contact for replacing damaged and displaced devices.
(c) Record all damaged or displaced devices.

3-10 Closing out Procedure

3-10.1 The following routine shall be followed when carrying out permanent reinstatement works: -
(a) Reinstate all markings and make good all defects on road.
(b) Restore all permanent signs that were covered or removed.
(c) Clean up the site.
(d) Remove the temporary devices by following a safe procedure.
(e) Rectify all permanent devices before installation.
(f) Ensure that the permanent devices are in order of original positions before leaving the site.

3-11 Safe Operation Procedure for Truck Mounted Attenuator (TMA)

3-11.1 Only trained driver/operator is allowed to operate the TMA. The operator shall carry out daily routine
checks on all items contained in the inspection checklist provided by the manufacturer and maintain
the TMA in tip-top condition. The guidelines for use of TMA for road works is detailed in Appendix
III.

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Chapter 4 Design and Application of Traffic Control Devices

4-1 General

4-1.1 Traffic control devices are used to ensure orderly and predictable movement of traffic, as well as to
warn and guide road users safely through the work zone. Temporary traffic control devices include: -
(1) Temporary advanced warning signs
(2) Channelling and delineation devices
(3) Road safety barriers
(4) Barricades
(5) Truck mounted attenuators
(6) Visibility enhancing devices
(7) Traffic portable system
(8) Half –height hoarding

Refer to Appendix IV for examples of good and poor temporary traffic control at work sites.

4-2 Temporary Advance Warning Signs

4-2.1 Design – Temporary advance warning signs shall be diamond-shape with a black legend on
Fluorescent Orange Wide Angle Microprismatic Retro-reflective Sheeting. Sheeting specifications
shall be in accordance to Type IX and above sheeting classification specified in the prevailing version
of ASTM D4956 Standard Specification for Retro-reflective Sheeting for Traffic Control. The size of
the sign shall be as follows: —

Road Type Size

Expressways 1200mm x 1200mm (min)
Other Roads 900mm x 900mm (min)

4-2.2 Application - Warning signs call for attention to potential hazardous conditions on or adjacent to a
road temporary traffic warning signs are placed in advance of the site to alert road users of the
obstructions or conditions caused by the works ahead. The complete temporary warning sign
applications are given in the Appendix V.

4-3 Information Signs

4-3.1 Design – Unless otherwise directed, all temporary information signs shall be rectangular-shape with a
black legend on a Fluorescent Orange Retro-Reflective Sheeting. Sheeting specifications shall be in
accordance to Type IV and above sheeting classification specified in the prevailing version of ASTM
D4956 Standard Specification for Retro-reflective Sheeting for Traffic Control.

The design of the legend should comply with the guidelines as specified in the LTA Standard Details
of Road Elements issued by the Authority and is available via URL –
https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en/industry-matters/development-and-building-and-
construction-and-utility-works/street-proposals.html.

4-3.2 Application – Information signs are mainly used to give road users simple and direct information of
the works or direction. Example of information sign applications are given in Appendix V.

4-4 Lateral Shift Markers (LSM)

4-4.1 Design – LSM shall be provided to show a lateral change of direction of the carriageway through a
work zone or to indicate a sharp bend on a diversion or detour road. It shall be 600mm wide by 750mm
high with a black legend on Fluorescent Orange Wide Angle Microprismatic Retro-Reflective Sheeting.
Sheeting specifications shall be in accordance to Type IX and above sheeting classification specified

Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone

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in the prevailing version of ASTM D4956 Standard Specification for Retro-reflective Sheeting for
Traffic Control.

4-4.2 Application – They shall be used as supplements to other delineators e.g. at the approach taper together
with traffic cones. They shall be placed, on the outside of a turn or curve, in line with and at
approximately a right angle to the approaching traffic. Spacing of the LSM should be such that the
road user always has at least two in view, until the change in alignment eliminates the need for the
signs.

If needed, guard rails to be

provided

Refer to
LTA/SDRE14/8/RMS13 for
spacing of lateral shift marker

4-5 Pavement (road) Marking

4-5.1 Design — Pavement markings used in the work zone shall be the same as for permanent roads. The
markings must comply with the standard application and designs as prescribed in the Road Traffic
(Traffic Signs) Rules. Approval of the Authority shall be required if existing pavement marking is to
be altered as part of a temporary diversion plan.

4-5.2 Application —
1) Black paint shall not be used over existing road lines as it may confuse motorists under certain
lighting conditions.
2) Water-blasting road marking removal system shall be used to remove existing road markings.
Alternative method of removal may be used, on case-by-case basis.
3) Water based road marking paint, which complies with SS624, or thermoplastic paint may be used
for temporary markings as long as the markings are properly maintained at all times and removed
completely when changes in road lines pattern are anticipated. There shall not be any “ghost”
marks that will confuse road users.

4-6 Sign Mounting & Covering

4-6.1 Signs should normally be placed:

1) At right angle to the line of sight facing the traffic.
2) Do not obstruct existing traffic signs.

4-6.2 Type of supports

Signs shall always be placed in front of any physical obstruction. Signs shall never be placed directly
behind a tree, lamp pole or other obstructions such that they obscure the full message on the sign face.

Post-mounted fix-in-place signs cast in concrete footing are generally used for long term works. The
support details shall be constructed in accordance to LTA Standard Details of Road Elements. Typical
clearances for post-mounted signs are as follows:

Minimum Clearance
Vertical 2.4 m above ground level
Lateral 0.6m from edge of traffic lane

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Example of support for post-mounted sign

Portable sign supports are generally used for short-term works. These portable supports can be
designed to be collapsible or folded for ease in carrying, quick assembly at site and storage e.g. A-
frame. The sign should be at least 300mm above the ground.

Example of portable sign support Example of a plastic sign support mounted

with the lateral shift marker

Summary
Types Warning Information

Background Fluorescent Orange Fluorescent Orange

colour
Legend Black Pictograms/ Words Black Pictograms/ Words
Shape Diamond Rectangle
Reflectivity Wide Angle High Intensity Grade conforming to the
Microprismatic conforming requirements stated in the prevailing version of
to the requirements stated ASTM D4956 Type IV and above sheeting
in the prevailing version of classification
ASTM D4956 Type IX and
above sheeting
classification.

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Types Warning Information

Size (mm) Enlargement Factor

Refer to LTA Standard Details of Road Elements issued by the Authority and is
Expressway available via URL –https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en/industry-
matters/development-and-building-and-construction-and-utility-works/street-
Other Roads
proposals.html
Sign posting In advance Well in advance
Sign facing Approximate at right angle to line of sight or turned away slightly
Lateral Min : 0.6m
clearance
Others Signs shall not be obstructed by lamp posts or trees

4-7 Delineation and Channelling Devices

4-7.1 Delineation and channelling devices shall be used in conjunction with other devices to:
(1) Separate traffic from the workspace, pavement drop-offs, pedestrian paths, or opposing traffic.
(2) Guide road users safely by indicating clearly the edge of the route and the path they should take.
(3) Guide and direct the approaching vehicles smoothly and gradually into the designated lane/s to
pass the work zone safely.

4-8 Traffic Cones

4-8.1 Design — Traffic cones shall be fluorescent red for good daytime visibility. It shall be fitted with
retro-reflective band(s) for good night visibility and 2 numbers of agency logo shall be placed
diametrically opposite each other on the band(s). The retro-reflective bands shall conform to the
prevailing version of ASTM D4956 Type IV and above sheeting classification. The design of the cone
should comply with the prevailing version of BS EN 13422.

4-8.2 Traffic cones shall be minimum 700mm tall, stable and not easily blown over or displaced by moving
traffic.

Example of traffic cone with band(s), logo and dimensions

4-8.3 Application — The portability of traffic cone is of particular advantage in emergencies for quick
delineation, or in works that need regular changes of delineation.
(1) Traffic cones are mainly used for short duration delineation.
(2) They shall be removed after completion of works.

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4-8.4 Only one type of traffic cone shall be allowed on site. The traffic cones shall be clean to ensure that
they are clearly visible at all times. Using different types on one site would appear haphazard to drivers.

4-9 Temporary Kerbs

4-9.1 Design — Temporary kerbs shall be Type D1 kerb as shown in the Standard Details of Road Elements.

Example of temporary D1 kerbs used in road widening

4-9.2 Application — The use of D1 kerbs are similar to the permanent K2 kerbs. It could be used to
delineate the edge of the temporary carriageway and temporary traffic island for long-duration road
works along all roads except expressway.

4-9.3 Delineation for long-term work shall be augmented with 200mm thick pavement edge marking.
Temporary kerbs cannot prevent vehicle or pedestrian intrusions onto a work site effectively. They
should not be a substitute for safety barriers when these are clearly needed.

4-10 Water-Filled Barricades

4-10.1 Design — Water-filled barricades are modular water filled plastic containers of various sizes and
shapes. They shall be minimum 1m tall for major roads and expressway and 0.8m tall for other roads.
Each unit shall come with interlocking devices for use on tangent straight and horizontal curves with
mounting devices for lighting.

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29

Water-filled barricades used to delineate the carriageway

4-10.2 Application — Water-filled barricades shall be interlocked and arranged in alternate red and white
colours. It shall be used as traffic delineator to separate work area from traffic or to separate traffic
from pedestrians, cyclists and PMD users when walkway is temporarily diverted next to a carriageway.

4-10.3 Water-filled barricades are not temporary safety barriers as they would not be able to contain a vehicle
during an accident. It shall not be used as a replacement for permanent barriers, such as vehicular
impact guardrails, that has to be temporarily removed because of the works. When VIGs or such
permanent barriers are removed and need to be replaced temporarily, water filled safety barriers
(WFSB) as those shown in Section 4-13.1 shall be used instead. It shall be placed at least 0.5m from
the edge of the carriageway for expressway and 0.3m for other roads. Only one type shall be allowed
on site. Using different types on one site would appear haphazard to drivers.

4-11 Traffic Cylinders/Vertical Panels

4-11.1 Design — These devices shall comply with the prevailing version of BS EN 13422. The colour shall
be fluorescent red that offers good day visibility. High Intensity Grade (the prevailing version of ASTM
D4956 Type III) retro-reflective bands shall be fitted for night visibility. It shall be at least 750mm tall
when fixed onto the ground, and at least 50mm wide.

4-11.2 Application — Traffic cylinders are similar to traffic cones. However they shall be used only when
space restriction does not permit the use of larger devices. They shall be easily fixed on the road or
paved surface and not be easily displaced.

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Summary
Delineation & Channelling Devices
Temporary D1 Water filled
Type Traffic Cone Traffic Cylinder
Kerb Barricade

Alternate Black Alternate Red and

Colour Fluorescent Red Fluorescent Red
and White White

White, Wide Angle White, Wide Angle

Microprismatic Microprismatic
conforming to the conforming to the
Mounted with
requirements stated requirements stated
Reflective Fluorescent
in the prevailing NA in the prevailing
Collars/Bands Orange Retro-
version of ASTM version of ASTM
reflective Disc
D4956 Type IV and D4956 Type IV and
above sheeting above sheeting
classification classification

*1000 Height : 750

Road Standard
Min height (mm) 700 **1000 Width : 50
Detail
***600   

*500
Min lateral
300 100 300
clearance (mm) **300
***300
*12 *12
Activity Zone **6 **6
Continuous Continuous
spacing (m)
***6 ***6

*6 *6
Taper length
**3 Continuous Continuous **3
spacing (m)
***3 ***3
With label:
“WARNING –
Design: BS EN Do not use on Design: BS EN
Others THIS IS NOT A
13422 expressway 13422
SAFETY
BARRIER”
*Expressways, **Major Roads, ***Other Roads

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Delineation & Channelling Devices (Cont.)

Type Lateral Shift Marker Plastic Mesh Fencing Plastic Barricades

     

     
 
Alternate Orange and White
Colour Fluorescent Orange Red Orange
Board

White, Wide Angle

Microprismatic Orange and White High
conforming to the Intensity Grade retro-
Reflective requirements stated in reflective strip stated in the
NA
Collars/Bands the prevailing version of prevailing version of ASTM
ASTM D4956 Type IX D4956 Type III and above
and above sheeting sheeting classification
classification

Min height (mm) ‐  1  1 

Lateral clearance Min: 0.6m  Not applicable on Not applicable on

(mm) Absolute: 0.3m  carriageway carriageway

*12 *12
Activity Zone **6 **6
‐ 
spacing (m)
***6 ***6

*6 *6
Taper length
‐  **3 **3
spacing (m)
***3 ***3
Minimum 0.5m from
Minimum 0.5m from deep
deep excavation. Not
Black Pictograms/ excavation. Not allowed at
Others allowed if heavy
Words deep excavation and at
pedestrian movement is
heavy pedestrian areas.
expected.
*Expressways, **Major Roads, ***Other Roads

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4-12 Road Safety Barriers

4-12.1 A safety barrier is a device that is used to shield errant vehicles from impacting roadside features by
containing the impact and redirecting the vehicle back onto the carriageway. In a work zone, they are
used to shield temporary works to ensure the safety of all road users including pedestrians and the
work site personnel.

Use of safety barriers for temporary road works

4-12.2 Warrants for a road safety barrier –A risk assessment has to be conducted to determine the need to
use a safety barrier. The following are some examples of high risk locations where the use of safety
barriers has to be considered:
(1) Next to embankment where the slope is 1 vertical to 3 horizontal or steeper
(2) Next to vertical drop
(3) Next to existing rigid obstruction
(4) Next to deep drains or uncovered drain within the clear zone of the road
(5) Next to deep excavations
(6) At sharp bends where the desirable minimum radius of the carriageway is used
(7) Adverse opposing traffic conditions
(8) Along expressways

4-12.3 Based on the principles of roadside hazard management, road safety barriers should only be considered
if the roadside hazards cannot be removed, relocated or retrofitted. Considerations should always be
given to provide as much clear zone as possible based on the road environment to enable the errant
vehicles to recover by themselves without impacting on any rigid roadside hazards.

4-12.4 If the use of safety barriers is required, the design of the work zone and temporary traffic scheme has
to consider the need to provide adequate space to install the safety barriers properly so that it will be
able to function as intended.

4-12.5 Requirements for a road safety barrier –Due to the dynamic nature of a vehicle impact, the crash
worthiness of a road safety barrier can only be assessed by subjecting it to a full crash-test and
evaluated according to the requirements of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program
(NCHRP) Report 350, BSEN 1317 or MASH. Safety barriers that meet these requirements are termed
as type-approved.

4-12.6 The contractor has to demonstrate that the intended road safety barrier system has been certified to
meet with the requirements of NCHRP Report 350, BSEN 1317 or MASH. The certification
authorities include the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) or the U.K. Highway Agency.

4-12.7 Types of road safety barriers – Road safety barriers can be generally categorised as either a non-
rigid safety barrier or a rigid safety barrier. A non-rigid road safety barrier will dynamically deflect
to contain and redirect an errant vehicle. Hence, there should be sufficient clear zone behind the safety
barrier for it to fully deflect when impacted.

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4-12.8 In comparison, for rigid safety barriers, the containment and redirection of an errant vehicle are
achieved by the surface profile of the barrier itself. The energy of the impacting vehicle is dissipated
as the vehicle glides along the traffic face of the rigid safety barrier.

4-12.9 Generally road safety barriers are classified either as:

(1) Non-proprietary; or
(2) Proprietary

Non-proprietary barriers are safety barriers whose design specifications can be found in international
highway agencies websites or design manuals and available for users to refer to. For proprietary
barriers, these have to be designed and installed according to the system manufacturer specifications.

4-12.10 Examples of type-approved road safety barriers – Examples of non-proprietary safety barriers
includes the following:

Non-rigid safety barriers

(1) w-beam VIG.
(2) Thrie-beam VIG.

Rigid safety barriers

(1) Cast-in-situ concrete barrier.
(2) Pre-cast concrete barrier. (Pre-cast concrete barriers have to be anchored to the ground if there is
no room for the barriers to deflect when impacted. The barriers may be painted in yellow and black
bands shaped in an arrow similar to lateral shift markers.)
(3) Bridge parapet (e.g. P1-2).

TYPE F Precast Concrete Barrier TYPE F Precast Concrete Barrier

(Oregon Department of Transportation) (Alberta Department of Transportation)
Dimension: 3.8m (L) x 0.81m (H) x 0.61m (W) Dimension: 3.0m (L) x 0.81m (H) x 0.57m (W)
Installation Length: 16 units x 3.8m (Crash Test Installation Length: 45m
Installation) Minimum Radius : 45m
Minimum Radius : 235m

500mm of
thick yellow
and black strip

120 degrees

Dimensions of yellow and black arrow on vertical flat surface of concrete barriers

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4-12.11 In addition to the above, there are also type-approved proprietary safety barriers that can be used for
temporary road works, such as:
(1) Water-filled safety barricade
(2) Steel safety barriers

Example of water-filled safety barricade Example of steel safety barriers

4-12.12 Selection of road safety barriers – Only type-approved safety barriers shall be used. Non-rigid safety
barriers are used where there is sufficient clear zone behind the barrier for it to deflect when impacted.
Typically for a standard w-beam VIG, a clear zone of 1.0m is required. There should not be any rigid
objects such as lamp poles, sign posts, open drains etc. within the clear zone. If the clear zone is not
available on site, rigid safety barrier should be considered.

4-12.13 For work zone application, the selection of the safety barriers would also depend on the type of road
works to be carried out. If the carriageway of the diversion scheme needs to be realigned over several
stages, moveable safety barriers or water-filled safety barricades would be more suitable.

4-12.14 The selected safety barrier has to be used as a complete system and non type-approved modifications
are not permitted.

Clear zone provided behind the w-beam VIG

4-12.15 Design considerations – The safety barriers have to be properly installed on site to ensure that they
will be able to perform as intended and that the barriers themselves do not create a hazard to motorists.
Some of the design considerations are as listed below:
(1) Protection of leading terminal – A type-approved end treatment has to be provided to shield the
leading terminal of the safety barrier to reduce the severity of impact of a head-on collision.
(2) Ground anchorage (Intermediate and Terminal Restraint) – Temporary safety barriers have to be
properly restrained by anchoring the barrier segments onto ground if the site condition is
inadequate to enable the safety barrier to be used as an unrestrained system. Ground anchorage is
required based on the design specification or manufacturer’s recommendation for the specific type
of safety barrier

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Example of anchored temporary precast Example of anchored temporary precast

concrete safety barrier: concrete safety barrier:
Type F precast concrete safety barrier as Type F precast concrete safety barrier as
specified in the design drawing from Alberta specified in the design drawing from Oregon
Department of Transportation using anchor Department of Transportation using drop-
bolts for the ground anchorage. pins for the ground anchorage.

(3) Flare rate – The flare rate of the safety barrier has to be designed based on the operating speed
limit of the carriageway. This is to reduce the severity of the impact

Recommended flare rate for various design speed

(Source: AASHTO Roadside Design Guide, 2002)

(4) Transition section – Where a non-rigid safety barrier will be joined to a rigid safety barrier, a
proper transition section has to be provided to ensure that there is a gradual transition in the relative
stiffness of the different types of safety barriers.

Example of transition from w-beam guardrail to rigid or

precast concrete safety barrier using thrie-beam section

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(5) Site terrain and features – The site terrain and features have to be designed as necessary to ensure
that the safety barriers can function properly. Site terrain and features such as sloping ground
conditions and road kerbs could have adverse effects on the function of the safety barriers.

(6) Curved installation – It is necessary to ensure that the selected type of safety barrier is suitable to
be used for the particular location taking into account the installation radius which must satisfy
the minimum requirement as specified in the design reference or manufacturer’s recommendation.

Example of steel barriers connected with As an alternative to temporary safety barriers,

corner-sections to maintain continuous section non-rigid safety barriers such as w-beam or
of safety barrier along tight sections. thrie beam guardrail can also be used along
road bends as the beam sections can be shop-
bend to achieve small radius.

4-12.16 Similar to the main section of the safety barriers, other components of the safety barrier such as the
end treatment, terminal anchorage and transition section must also be certified to comply with the
requirements of NCHRP Report 350, or BSEN 1317 or MASH.

4-13 Water-filled Safety Barriers

4-13.1 Design — Water-filled safety barriers are modular plastic containers of various sizes and shapes. Each
unit shall come with interlocking devices for application on tangent straight and horizontal curves, and
mounting devices for lighting.

Example of safety barrier that meets NCHRP Report 350 Test Level 2 Crash Test

4-13.2 Application — Temporary safety barriers are used to prevent vehicles from penetrating work area and
minimising injuries to people in the errant vehicles. Protective requirements of a work zone govern
the use of temporary safety barriers.

(1) Used between traffic and severe hazards such as bridge piers or deep excavations or to separate
opposing traffic and to protect workers on major roads and expressways.

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(2) When erected parallel to the traffic flow, the effect of hitting the ends of the barrier shall be
mitigated by flaring the ends away from the traffic or by the use of impact attenuators.
(3) Placed at a minimum of 0.3m away from the delineation in alternate white and orange to provide
superior day and night visibility.
(4) Other requirements for application shall comply with the manufacturer’s recommendation.
(5) The device used on roads with speed limit not higher than 70km/h shall meet NCHRP (National
Cooperative Highway Research Program) Report 350 or MASH Level 2 Crash Tests, and if speed
limit is higher than 70 km/h, it shall meet NCHRP 350 or MASH Level 3 Crash Tests.

4-14 Barricades

4-14.1 Barricades are used to:

(1) Deny road users access to the work site.
(2) Prevent accidental encroachment of the work or workers onto the non-work areas in the activity
zone.
(3) Control traffic by closing, restricting or delineating all or a portion of the right-of-way.

4-15 Plastic Mesh Fencing

4-15.1 Design — The fence is a 1m high flexible plastic mesh made of UV-stabilised high-density
polyethylene in red-orange colour. The vertical fence post shall be constructed and spaced at a
maximum of 2.5m. The mesh is to be tied to the posts with plastic cable ties, which shall not distort
when taut.

Example of plastic mesh fence, fence post and ties.

4-15.2 Application — It is used mainly to delineate and guide pedestrians, cyclists and PMD users away
from a work zone safely and for the containment of personnel. It shall be kept at least 500mm from
the edge of excavation. It shall not be used on carriageway and/or if heavy pedestrian movement is
expected.

4-15.3 Similar to the main section of the safety barriers, other components of the safety barrier such as the
end treatment, terminal anchorage and transition section must also be certified to comply with the
requirements of NCHRP Report 350, BSEN 1317 or MASH.

4-16 Plastic Barricades

4-16.1 Design — Barricades are portable devices having two sign boards with alternating orange and white
High Intensity Grade retro-reflective strips. Sheeting specifications shall be in accordance to Type III
sheeting classification specified in the prevailing version of ASTM D4956 Standard Specification for
Retro-reflective Sheeting for Traffic Control. The barricade shall be minimum 1m tall, be stable and
not easily blown over, or displaced by pedestrians. Where there is an existing cycling path, 1m high
barricade is to be used.

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Example of plastic barricade posts and double boards

4-16.2 Application — It shall be erected without gaps along pedestrian paths throughout the activity work
zone for the control of pedestrian movement. Plastic barricades shall not be used on carriageway and/or
if heavy pedestrian movement is expected.

They shall not be used next to deep excavations or steep falls and shall be placed such that a minimum
distance of 500mm separates the plastic barricade and the excavated pit.

4-17 Impact Attenuator (Stationary & Truck Mounted)

4-17.1 Design — Impact attenuator is an energy-absorbing device. This product shall pass acceptable
performance test (NCHRP 350 or the AASHTO Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH)
standards TL-3) and be designed for each application to ensure performance.

4-17.2 Application — Stationary attenuators or crash cushions shall be used only if other suitable end
treatments are not appropriate as the leading terminal of a safety barrier for works along expressways
and other roads where the operating speed limit is ≥70km/h. For other road environments, a crash
cushion is also warranted at high risk locations such as at a road bifurcation. As crash cushions are
proprietary products, they shall be designed and installed by the Manufacturer Certified Installer.

Example of a stationary Use of crash cushion to shield the Use of crash cushion to shield the
attenuator system leading terminal of the w-beam leading terminal of the concrete
VIG safety barrier

4-17.3 Truck mounted attenuators attached to the rear of protective vehicle shall be used during short duration
and mobile works to absorb the impact of the errant vehicle.

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Example of a truck-mounted attenuator (TMA)

4-18 Visibility Enhancing Devices

4-18.1 They are mounted on supports, barricades, barriers or other channelling and delineation devices to
warn road users/ worker/ motorists by enhancing the visibility of the temporary traffic control devices,
and hazards within the work zone particularly at night.

4-19 Retro-reflective Disc

4-19.1 Design — It is a 200mm round disc fitted with Fluorescent Orange Wide Angle Microprismatic Retro-
reflective sheeting on an aluminium plate or any other suitable mounting substrate. Sheeting
specifications shall be in accordance to Type IX and above sheeting classification specified in the
prevailing version of ASTM D4956 Standard Specification for Retro-reflective Sheeting for Traffic
Control.

Example of retro-reflective disc

4-19.2 Application — Retro-reflective discs are to be spaced at regular intervals to provide a continuous line
of sight. The interval shall be 6m c/c and 10m c/c for minor roads and expressways/ major roads
respectively. It is an economical and effective visual enhancing device. It shall be mounted facing
the direction of the traffic, at about 1m above the ground on the delineation devices. It shall not be
used for pedestrian footpath and off-road areas.

4-20 Flashing Beacons

4-20.1 Design - It is a portable, lens-directed, and enclosed amber light device (200mm diameter). It shall be
able to operate in STEADY mode or FLASHING mode comply with the prevailing version of BS EN
12352.

4-20.2 Application — Beacons should space at regular intervals to provide a continuous line of sight:
(a) Minor road - 6m c/c
(b) Major road - 10m c/c
(c) Expressway – 10m c/c

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Example of flashing beacon

4-21 Portable Amber Rotating Lamps

4-21.1 Design - It is a battery-operated device emitting rotating amber light intermittently complying with the
prevailing version of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Regulation 65 on
Special Warning Lamps.

Example of a portable amber rotating light

4-21.2 Application - These are powerful attention-seeking devices and the uses are as follows:
1) Mounted on vehicles, plant and equipment during operation to warn road users of their
presence.
2) Placed behind channelling or delineation devices.

4-22 High Visibility Warning Cloth

4-22.1 Design - The design shall be lightweight and cool, and of 100 percent polyester knit fabric or woven
mesh. The vest shall be fluorescent lime yellow embossed with organisation identification /logo. The
retro-reflectivity of the double vertical and horizontal bands shall comply with the prevailing version
of BS EN ISO 20471.

4-22.2 Application - All personnel working on or near the road shall put on the vest to make them more
conspicuous and to warn road users of their presence. Only fluorescent lime yellow shall be used on a
work zone for ease of identification.
Agency Logo

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Summary
Visibility Enhancing devices

Type Retro-reflective Flashing Beacon Portable Amber High Visibility

Disc Rotating Lamp Warning Cloth

Size 200mm diameter Proprietary Proprietary Per requirement

Colour Fluorescent orange Amber Amber Fluorescent lime
yellow
Reflectivity Type IX and above NA NA BS EN ISO 20471
sheeting
classification
specified in the
prevailing version
of ASTM D4956
Mounting height 1m 1m 1m NA
(min)
Delineation *10m c/c *10m c/c NA NA
spacing **10m c/c **10m c/c
***6m c/c ***6m c/c
Material Plastic or Plastic housing Plastic housing 100% polyester
Aluminium plate mesh
Standard NA BS EN 12352 or UNECE R65 or BS EN ISO 20471
approved approved
equivalent equivalent
*Expressways, **Major Roads, ***Other Roads

4-23 Use of Other Devices

4-23.1 The Authority may direct, when the situation and condition require, such devices and/or any other
necessary devices to be used to enhance and complement the devices used in the road construction
work zone.

4-24 Portable Traffic Light System

4-24.1 Design — To refer to the guidelines for portable traffic light under Appendix VI.

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Example of a portable traffic light

4-24.2 Application — Portable traffic light to regulate traffic for shared right of way shall be used when traffic
control is required.

4-25 Flashing Arrow

4-25.1 Design - Flashing arrows are lamps flashing sequentially to create a chevron pattern, indicating a move
to the left or right. It is usually mounted on truck.

Example of a variable message sign (VMS) displaying flashing arrows

4-25.2 Application - They are used to warn motorists about lane closures ahead, the side where work is carried
out and channel traffic to its intended traffic path. They shall be placed behind channelling or
delineation devices.

4-26 Variable Message Sign

4-26.1 Design - This is a traffic sign which is capable of displaying real-time information and is generally
mounted on vehicle or placed independently on the road side.

4-26.2 Application - It is displayed in advance to supplement other devices to provide additional advance
information to the road user.

4-26.3 The sign can be used during one of the following scenarios:
 Construction or maintenance work zone.
 Incident management
 Advance notice of traffic scheme implementation.
 Notification of future construction or event.

4-26.4 The sign can provide a unique message that alerts the motorist and support signing for:

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 Speed reduction.
 Advance notice of lane closures and shifts.
 Diversion to a different route.
 Advance notice of ramp closures.
 Changes in alignment or surface conditions.

4-27 Half-Height Hoarding

4-27.1 The hoarding for work sites is generally joined at right angle at all corners. For work site near road
intersection, this often affects the line of sight of road users if the hoarding is not properly set back.
To mitigate the situation, half-height hoarding shall be erected and extended minimally 35m within
the areas of traffic junctions/side roads/slip roads to allow clear visibility of road users at road
intersection.

4-27.2 The design shall take into consideration several factors such as traffic speed, road geometry, temporary
lighting provision and movement of pedestrians and PMD users and to be adjusted accordingly onsite
to ensure the line of sight of road users to traffic lights, pedestrian crossings, etc. is not impeded.

4-27.3 The recommended maximum height of opaque hoarding is 800mm from road level. The section
catered for unobstructed visibility shall be free of material storage and stationary machinery within the
required visibility zone of road users.

4-27.4 Each hoarding panel shall abut/overlap the next panel with a gap no greater than 50mm between the
bottom of the panel and the ground.

4-27.5 The Contractor shall ensure the details of the hoarding are endorsed by a competent person prior to
the commencement of the installation.

Half-height hoarding
minimally 35m

Provision of half-height hoarding shall be minimally 35m

Recommended
height of opaque
hoarding is
800mm from
road level

Examples of Half-height Hoarding

4-28 New Devices

4-28.1 Recommendations for use of new temporary traffic control devices shall be subject to evaluation and
approval by the Authority.

Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone

APPENDIX I – Temporary Signs for Cycling Path

Watch out for Cyclist Shared Track Stay on track

This sign inform pedestrians to This sign is used to indicate a share These signs are used to indicate a segregated track. Usually placed at the start of
lookout for approaching cyclists track. Usually placed at the start of the the track.
track.

Give way to Pedestrians Watch out for vehicles Slow (Supplementary) Slope Ahead
This signs informs cyclists to give This signs informs the cyclists to To be placed below standard signage, This sign informs cyclists there is a
way to pedestrians especially at areas lookout for approaching vehicles at where necessary. slope ahead and to slow down their
where the pedestrians path such as carpark accesses/unsignalised speed
staircases, ramps, bus-stops, footpath junctions/signalised
etc. intersects the cycling path. junctions/crossings. This sign may
also be used for other areas where
cycling paths interfered with roads.
APPENDIX II – Examples of TCPs
Generic Component Parts of the common Traffic Control Zone

Traffic arrangement for single lane closure of two or more lane carriageway

Traffic arrangement for closure of fast lane

Traffic arrangement for works on side-table with provision for footpath

Traffic arrangement for works at inner/outer road bends

Traffic arrangement for works on roads with speed limit of 70 km/h and above

Traffic arrangement for closure of centre lane

Traffic arrangement for closure of slow lane after a T-junction

Traffic arrangement for closure of slow lane after a cross-junction

Traffic arrangement for works on roads with speed limit of 70 km/h and above

Traffic arrangement for single lane closure of a one-lane two-way carriageway

(Shared right of way)
Generic Component Parts of the common Traffic Control Zone

*LB : Longitudinal Buffer

TT
Table 18: Distances of Temporary Signs/Devices

Distance Expressway Major Road Major Road Major Road Primary Access Local Access
90/80 km/h 70 km/h 60 km/h 50 km/h 50 km/h 40 km/h

a 120 m 100 m 80 m 60 m 60 m 30 m
b 120 m 100 m 80 m 60 m 60 m 30 m
c 240 m 200 m 160 m 120 m 120 m 60 m
d 200/150 m 120 m 80 m 40 m 40 m 20 m
*LB 60m 30m 20m 10m 10m 10m
e 100/75 m 60 m 40 m 20 m 20 m 10 m
f 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m(Optional)
47
Traffic arrangement for single lane closure of two or more lane carriageway

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Traffic arrangement for closure of fast lane

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Traffic arrangement for works on side-table with provision of footpath

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Traffic arrangement for works at inner/outer road bends

Note:
1. The competent person should inspect onsite to determine the locations where the advance warning signs such as “caution”, “works ahead”,
“lane status” and “first lateral shift marker” signs are to be placed. These signs should be mounted with rotating lights and be sited before the
bend/crest and clearly visible for a long distance to alert all motorists when they are travelling along the straight segment of the road before
the bend/crest.

2. The start of the taper should begin from the first lateral shift marker and extend until the end of work zone. The min merging taper shall meet
the requirement of table 3-3.

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Traffic arrangement for works on roads with speed limit of 70 km/h and above

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Traffic arrangement for closure of centre lane

Note: For single lane

closure in the middle lane,
the affected traffic shall be
channelled to the left
adjacent lane.

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Traffic arrangement for closure of slow lane after a T-junction

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Traffic arrangement for closure of slow lane after a cross-junction

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Traffic arrangement for works on roads with speed limit of 70 km/h and above

Note: For single lane closure in

the middle lane, the affected
traffic shall be channelled to the
left adjacent lane.

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Traffic arrangement for single lane closure of a two-lane two-way carriageway (Shared right of way)

Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone

APPENDIX III - Truck Mounted Attenuator
Guidelines for use Truck Mounted Attenuator (TMA) for Road
Works
1. General

The primary objective of these guidelines is to provide a standard guidance for the application for
TMA to be used on public roads. Refer to Figure A for the Process for Use of TMA for Roads Works.

2. Definitions

“TMA” used refers to truck-mounted attenuator.

“User” used hereinafter is defined as the contractor/agencies who are using the TMA (regardless of
self-ownership or rental) on public roads of posted speed of 70 km/h or more.

“Operator” used hereinafter is defined as the person who has been trained and certified by TMA
manufacturer authorised trainer/centre to correctly perform the TMA He may also double up as the
shadow vehicle driver.

“Shadow Vehicle” is defined as the LTA-approved truck where the TMA is mounted on.

“NCHRP” refers to National Co-operative for Highway Research Program commissioned by

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials and US Federal Highway
Administration.

“MASH” refers to Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware. The rewrite of NCHRP 350 and was review
by the ASSHTO Technical Committee on Roadside Safety (TCRS).

3. Compliance

Truck mounted attenuator unit mounted on the shadow vehicle shall meet both the mandatory and
optional requirements as stated in the NCHRP 350 Report TL-3 or the AASHTO Manual for Assessing
Safety Hardware TL-3 (MASH).

The TMA shall have documentary evidence to prove that it has been successfully crash tested
following the procedures set forth in the NCHRP Report 350 or MASH.

To allow the use of collision attenuator or TMA on the public roads, User shall ensure the following
report/letter to Road Asset Regulation & Licensing (RARL) of LTA to show the compliance of the
above-mentioned standards:
1. A copy of crash summary report, together with sequential photos from ISO certified test centre
qualified to conduct NCHRP Report 350/MASH impact tests; or
2. A copy of acceptance letter/report from United States of America Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA)

4. Installation

The TMA shall be installed by a workshop authorised by the TMA manufacturer in accordance with
the Drawings approved by Vehicle Approval & Control (VAC) of LTA.
58

5. Warning Devices and Retro-reflective Sheeting

TMA warning devices and retro-reflective sheeting shall meet the following requirements:
1) 2 rotating lamps positioned beside the arrow-board and 1 rotating lamp at the rear of TMA.
Rotating lamps installed on TMA shall comply with the latest prevailing version of United
Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Regulation 65 on Special Warning
Lamps;
2) Retro-reflective sheeting of black and florescent yellow green affixed at rear of TMA and rear
of shadow vehicle. The retro-reflective sheeting specifications shall meet Type IX and above
of the prevailing version of ASTM D4956.
3) The flashing arrow board shall be mounted 2.5m above the road surface. The arrow board
shall conform with the following specifications:
a. Arrow board shall be a minimum of 1.8m (L) x 0.9m (H);
b. Flashing lamps shall flash at a minimum rate of 65 flashes per minute during
operations;
c. Comprise a minimum of 15 flashing lamps with 140mm in diameter.
d. Flashing arrow shall be clearly visible and legible from a minimum distance of 700m
during day and night operations.

1.8m(L)x0.9m(H) arrow board

2 rotating lamp position
mounted 2.5m above road
beside the arrow-board
and 1 at the rear of TMA

Retro-reflective tapes of black and

fluorescent yellow green placed at
rear of TMA and rear of truck

Truck Mounted Attenuator Warning Devices and Retro-reflective Sheeting

6. Longitudinal Buffer Distance

For mobile operations, the driver of the shadow vehicle shall remain in the vehicle at all times. The
shadow vehicle shall be properly spaced behind the working vehicle. The shadow vehicle shall
maintain a minimum longitudinal buffer distance of 30(1) m behind the working vehicle. This distance
shall remain constant as the work progresses down the road / expressway.

For stationary operations, the shadow vehicle shall be properly spaced behind the work crew and
maintain a minimum longitudinal buffer of 15(1) m behind the start of work area.

Types of TMA operation Minimum Longitudinal buffer distance (m)

Mobile TMA 30(1)
Stationary TMA 15(1)
Note:
(1) Cross-check with TMA manufacturer’s recommended longitudinal buffer distance and adopt the
longer buffer distance to be implemented on site.
Longitudinal Buffer Distance for TMA

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7. TMA Manufacturer Trainer/Centre

The authorised training centre shall keep records and issue certificates to TMA operators. The
certificate shall contain following details:
 Name of the operator
 NRIC /FIN
 Date of training
 Model and serial number of TMA

TMA Operator shall produce the certificate for inspection, whenever is required by the Authority
during their routine audit checks.

8. TMA Inspections, Maintenance and Repairs

To maintain the crashworthiness of the TMA, User shall ensure regular maintenance and inspection,
are carried out by TMA manufacturer’s authorised workshop.

User shall keep a copy of maintenance/inspection/and repair records issued by the manufacturer’s
authorised workshop to ensure proper operation and the safety performance of the TMA. Requirements
for inspection, maintenance and repair to be carried out by authorised workshop shall meet the
requirements specified by the manufacturer.

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Process for the use of TMA for Road Works

Truck mounted attenuator unit mounted on the shadow vehicle shall meet both the mandatory
Check Truck Mounted and optional requirements as stated in the NCHRP 350 Report TL-3 level or the AASHTO
Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware TL-3 (MASH).
Attenuator (TMA) Compliance
To allow the use of collision attenuator or TMA on the public roads, User shall ensure the
following report/letter to Road Asset Regulation & Licensing (RARL) of LTA to show the
compliance of the above-mentioned standards:
1) A copy of crash summary report, together with sequential photos from ISO certified
test centre qualified to conduct NCHRP Report 350/MASH impact tests; or
2) A copy of acceptance letter/report from United States of America Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA)

Prior to deployment of TMA on the public roads, the User shall ensure that the TMA
manufacturer had appointed an authorised workshop and certified product trainer/training
centre in Singapore.

User shall ensure the following documents via the VITAS under the Drawing Approval
Approval of Shadow Vehicle is application to Vehicle Approval & Control (VAC) of LTA for approval:
approved by: (1) An A3-sized technical drawing, endorsed by a Professional Engineer (Mechanical)
 Vehicle Approval showing the:
a) Plan view – with stowed and deployed state of the TMA;
&Control of LTA b) Side view - with stowed and deployed state of the TMA;
 Installation certified and c) Front view;
issued by authorise d) Rear view - with stowed and deployed state of the TMA; and
e) Details such as - Weight Summary, Dimensions, Component’s Annotation,
Travelling Condition and etc.
(2) Weight distribution and Stability calculations - endorsed by the same PE.
(3) Certificate of endorsement for the drawing approval application by the same PE.
(4) Technical specifications of the shadow vehicle and TMA, as well as compliant
certification of the TMA.

Issuance of the Notice of Drawing Approval with approval code.

User shall ensure the TMA is installed by a workshop authorised by the TMA manufacturer
in accordance with the Drawing approved by VAC.

The certificate of installation issued by the workshop shall contain the following details:
a) Shadow vehicle registration plate number;
b) Date of TMA installation;
c) Model and serial number of TMA;
d) Approval code.

User shall ensure TMA operators are trained and certified by TMA manufacturer
authorised trainer/centre.
Engage Trained TMA Operators
The authorised training centre shall keep records and issue certificates to TMA operators.
The certificate shall contain following details:
a) Name of the operator,
b) NRIC /FIN,
c) Date of training,
d) Model and serial number of TMA.

Display of Certification at User shall ensure the certifications for TMA installation and TMA operator training are
available for inspection, whenever is required by the Authority during their routine audit
Site
checks.

Figure A - Process for the use of TMA for Road Works

Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone

APPENDIX IV – Good and Poor Temporary Traffic Control at Work Sites
Do’s and Don’ts for Advance Warning Signs

* Distance between * Well maintained

advance warning reflective sheeting
signs spaced and aluminium plate.
according to COP.

* Advance warning
signs mounted on
stable support.

* Clear view of * Rotating lamp

advanced warning provided.
sign.
* Well maintained
* Advance warning reflective sheeting.
signs placed on
stable support
62

Do’s and Don’ts for Advance Warning Signs

* Overlapping * Worn out reflective

advance warning sheeting.
signs.
* Mixture of incorrect
* Duplicate advance display and
warning signs. underlaying markings.

* Inappropriate * Worn out reflective

placement of sheeting and
advance warning aluminium plate.
sign.
* No rotating lamp.
* Wording on
advance warning
sign partially
blocked by
landscape.

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Do’s and Don’ts for Tapering Provision

* Sufficient tapering * Sufficient tapering

distance. distance.

* Sufficient tapering * Sufficient tapering

distance. distance.

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Do’s and Don’ts for Tapering Provision

* Insufficient * Insufficient tapering

tapering distance. distance.

* Insufficient * Insufficient tapering

tapering distance. distance.

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Do’s and Don’ts for Water-Filled Barricades Provision

* Water-filled
* Water-filled barricades barricades interlocked.
interlocked.

* Adequate provision
* Adequate provision delineation at work.
delineation at work.

*Reflective disc
*Reflective disc provided.
provided.

* Water-filled
barricades not * Improper use of
interlocked. water-filled barricades
to shield deep
* Insufficient excavation
water-filled
barricades at work
zone.

*No reflective
disc.

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Do’s and Don’ts for Concrete Barriers Provision

* Proper use of * Arrows of yellow

roadside barriers. and black pointing
along the direction of
traffic flow.

* Arrows of yellow * Concrete barriers

and black pointing in not interlocked.
opposite directions,
causing confusion to * Concrete barriers
motorists. not painted with
arrows of yellow and
black bands.

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Do’s and Don’ts for Safe Alternative Walkway Provision

* Proper provision * Proper provision of

of safe alternative safe alternative
walkway. walkway.

* Unsafe temporary * No safe alternative

walkway on the walkway provided.
road.

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Do’s and Don’ts for Deployment of Portable Traffic Light System

* Proper deployment * Proper provision of

of portable traffic Traffic Lights Ahead
light system with sign.
temporary STOP line
and STOP HERE on
Red light sign.

* Inconsistency in
display on portable * Incorrect temporary
traffic light and traffic lane occupation
STOP/GO sign. on shared right of
way.

*Improper
deployment of
potable traffic light.
No tapering. Missing
STOP line and STOP
HERE on Red light
sign.

Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone

APPENDIX V – Sign Dimensions
1) Sign P1 (Pedestrian Walkway)
2) Sign W1 (Caution)
4) Sign W2 - W12 (Works Ahead – Services Departments)
5) Sign W13 (Works Ahead – Private Development)
6) Sign W14 (Men at Work)
7) Sign W15 (Road Narrow on Left Ahead)
8) Sign W16 (Road Narrow on Both Sides Ahead)
9) Sign W17 (Road Narrow on Right Ahead)
11) Sign W18 (Centre Lane Closed Ahead)
12) Sign W19 (Right Lane Closed Ahead)
13) Sign W20 (Left Bend Ahead)
14) Sign W21 (Right Bend Ahead)
15) Sign W22 (Series of Bends Ahead – Left First)
16) Sign W23 (Series of Bends Ahead – Right First)
17) Sign W24 (Roundabout Ahead)
18) Sign W25 (Traffic Lights Ahead)
19) Sign W26 (Shoulder Lane Closed Ahead)
20) Sign W27 (Work Access Ahead)
21) Sign W28 (Other Hazards Ahead)
22) Sign W29 (Merge Ahead)
23) Sign W30 (Left Lane Merged With Centre Lane Ahead)
24) Sign W31 (Centre Lane Merged With Left Lane Ahead)
(Centre Lane Merged With Left Land and Right Lane
25) SignW32 Shifted Ahead)
26) SignW33 (Distance Supplementary Plate)
27) SignW34 (Arrow Direction Supplementary Plate)
28) SignW35 (Slow)
29) SignW36 (Stop Here on Red Light)
30) Sign I 1 (Project Information)
31) Sign I 2 (Project Information – LTA)
32) Sign I 3 (Project Information – Services Department)
33) Sign I 4 (Coming Your Way)
34) Sign I 5 (Avoid Congested Road)
35) Sign I 6 (Count Down Sign)
36) Sign I 7 (No Lane Markings)
37) Sign I 8 (Temporary Traffic Arrangement Map)
38) Sign I 9 (Start of Work Zone – Road Works)
39) Sign I 10 (Start of Work Zone – Viaduct Works)
40) Sign I 11 (Start of Work Zone – Bridge Works)
41) Sign I 12 (Start of Work Zone – Underpass Works)
42) Sign I 13 (Start of Work Zone – Cable Works)
43) Sign I 14 (Start of Work Zone – Pipe-Laying Works)
44) Sign I 15 (End of Work Zone)
45) Sign I 16 (Start of Work Zone – Drain Works)
46) Sign I 17 (Road Diversion)
47) Sign I 18 (Road Closed)
48) Sign I 19 (Road Resurfacing)
49) Sign I 20 (Beam Launching)
Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

N.A 30 600 750 24 480 285 120 12 N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign P1 (Pedestrian Walkway)

900 X 900 30 24 200 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 250 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W1 (Caution)
71

Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

900 X 900 30 24 200 210 80 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 260 250 125 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W2 - W12 (Works Ahead – Services

Departments)
See Note: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6

900 X 900 30 24 165 70 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 210 90 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W13 (Works Ahead – Private

Development)

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Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

900 X 900 30 24 520 895 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 700 1200 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W14 (Men at Work)

3X
900 X 900 30 24 140 50 104 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
215

3x
1200 X 1200 30 24 185 65 141 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
285

Sign W15 (Road Narrow on Left Ahead)

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Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

900 X 900 30 24 95 70 215 155 275 151 N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 125 95 285 205 365 200 N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W16 (Road Narrow on Both Sides Ahead)

3X
900 X 900 30 24 140 50 104 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
215

3x
1200 X 1200 30 24 185 65 141 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
285

Sign W17 (Road Narrow on Right Ahead)

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Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

900 X 900 30 24 95 200 235 355 470 28 N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 140 260 380 440 645 32 N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W18 (Centre Lane Closed Ahead)

900 X 900 30 24 95 200 235 355 470 28 N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 140 260 380 440 645 32 N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W19 (Right Lane Closed Ahead)

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Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

900 X 900 30 24 150 245 560 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 200 325 735 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W20 (Left Bend Ahead)

900 X 900 30 24 150 245 560 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 200 325 735 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W21 (Right Bend Ahead)

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Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

900 X 900 30 24 140 380 710 450 193 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 200 530 1000 610 193 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W22 (Series of Bends Ahead – Left First)

900 X 900 30 24 140 380 710 450 193 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 200 530 1000 610 193 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W23 (Series of Bends Ahead – Right

First)

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77

Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

900 X 900 30 24 80 275 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 130 425 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W24 (Roundabout Ahead)

900 X 900 30 24 200 680 90 160 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 250 900 125 230 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W25 (Traffic Lights Ahead)

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Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

900 X 900 30 24 165 80 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 210 105 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W26 (Shoulder Lane Closed Ahead)

900 X 900 30 24 210 90 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 250 125 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W27 (Work Access Ahead)

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79

Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

900 X 900 30 24 160 308 150 900 50 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 230 425 200 1200 75 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W28 (Other Hazards Ahead)

900 X 900 30 24 210 210 345 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 250 335 540 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W29 (Merge Ahead)

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Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

900 X 900 30 24 80 75 235 365 600 208 N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 110 100 310 480 855 208 N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W30 (Left Lane Merged With Centre

Lane Ahead)

900 X 900 30 24 80 75 235 365 600 208 N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 110 100 310 480 855 208 N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W31 (Centre Lane Merged With Left

Lane Ahead)

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81

Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

900 X 900 30 24 75 70 230 340 605 208 N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 110 100 320 480 855 208 N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W32 (Centre Lane Merged With Left

Lane and Right Lane Shifted Ahead)

600 X 300 15 15 170 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

900 X 350 15 15 230 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
Sign W33 (Distance Supplementary Plate)

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82

Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

600 X 300 15 15 500 175 20 60 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

900 X 350 15 15 700 240 70 80 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W34 (Arrow Direction Supplementary

Plate)

900 X 900 30 24 200 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1200 X 1200 30 24 250 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W35 (Slow)

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Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

900 X 900 30 24 140 60 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign W36 (Stop Here on Red Light)

1300 X 1500 30 16 345 100 140 70 90 195 60 100 195 N.A

(TelephoneHotline)
See Note No. 9
2000 X 2200 30 24 515 150 210 105 135 305 90 150 305 N.A

Sign I 1 Project Information (Generic) Sign

See Note: 7, 8, & 9

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84

Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

1300 X 1500 30 16 345 100 140 70 90 195 60 100 195 N.A

2000 X 2200 30 24 515 150 210 105 135 305 90 150 305 N.A
Sign I 2 Sample of Project Information Sign of
Land Transport Authority
See Note: 10 &11

1300 X 1500 30 16 345 100 140 70 90 195 60 100 195 N.A

2000 X 2200 30 24 515 150 210 105 135 305 90 150 305 N.A
Sign I 3 Suggested Project Information Sign for
Services Departments
See Note: 10 &11

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85

Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

1300 X 1700 30 16 400 100 140 70 90 195 60 100 195 N.A

(TelephoneHotline)
See Note No. 9
2000 X 2500 30 24 542 150 210 105 135 305 90 150 305 N.A

Sign I 4 “Coming Your Way” Sign

See Note: 7, 8, & 9

1700 X 2000 30 16 397 100 140 120 70 90 195 60 195 100

(Telephone Hotline)
See Note No. 9
2600 X 3000 30 24 584 150 210 180 105 135 305 90 305 150

Sign I 5 “Avoid Congested Road” Sign

See Note: 7, 8, & 9

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86

Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k
30 140 70 200 180 80 60 280 90 100 100 100

I m n N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

4378 X 1985

16 100 140 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

r a b c d e f g h i j k

30 210 105 300 270 120 90 420 135 150 150 150
6542 X 2985 i m n N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
Sign I 6 “Count-Down” Sign
See Note: 13 & 14
24 150 210 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

r a b c d e f g h i j k

1600 X 1300
30 424 100 140 70 90 195 60 195 16 100 N.A

(Telephone Hotline)
See Note No. 9

2400 X 1900 30 577 150 210 105 135 305 90 305 24 150 N.A
Sign I 7
“No Lane Markings” Sign
See Note: 7, 8, & 9

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87

Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k
30 140 70 200 180 80 60 280 90 100 100 100
N.
l N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
A
4354 X 1631
N.
16 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
A
r a b c d e f g h i j k

30 210 105 300 270 120 90 420 135 150 150 150

6505 X 2451 N.
l N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
A

N.
Sign I 8 Temporary Traffic Arrangement Map 24 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
A
See Note: 15, 16 & 17
r a b c d e f g h i j k
(Organisational Name and Logo)
See Notes below
1100 X 1200
30 360 100 140 70 16 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1700 X 1800 30 540 150 210 105 24 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign I 9 Start of Work Zone – Road Works

Sign
See Note: 7, 8, & 12

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88

Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

(Organisational Name and Logo)

See Notes below
1400 X 1200 30 355 100 140 70 16 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

2000 X 1800 30 540 150 210 105 24 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
Sign I 10 Start of Work Zone – Viaduct Works
Sign
See Note: 7, 8, & 12

(Organisational
Name and Logo)
See Notes below
1100 X 1200 30 360 100 140 70 16 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1600 X 1800 30 540 150 210 105 24 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign I 11 Start of Work Zone – Bridge Works

Sign
See Note: 7, 8, & 12

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89

Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

(Organisational Name and Logo)

See Notes below
1100 X 1200 30 360 100 140 70 16 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1600 X 1800 30 540 150 210 105 24 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign I 12
Start of Work Zone – Underpass Works Sign
See Note: 7, 8, & 12

(Organisational Name and Logo)

See Notes below
1200 X 1200 30 360 100 140 70 16 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1800 X 1800 30 540 150 210 105 24 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
Sign I 13
Start of Work Zone – Cable Works Sign
See Note: 7, 8, & 12

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90

Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

(Organisational Name and Logo)

See Notes below
1200 X 1200 30 360 100 140 70 16 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1800 X 1800 30 540 150 210 105 24 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
Sign I 14 Start of Work Zone – Pipe-Laying
Works Sign
See Note: 7, 8, & 12

(Organisational Name and Logo)

See Notes below
1700 X 1600 30 363 345 100 140 70 260 32 16 N.A N.A N.A

2600 X 2400 30 545 515 150 210 105 325 40 16 N.A N.A N.A

Sign I 15 End of Work Zone Sign

See Note: 7, 8, & 12

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91

Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

(Organisational Name and Logo)

See Notes below
1200 X 1200 30 360 100 140 70 16 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

1700 X 1800 30 525 150 210 105 24 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign I 16
Start of Work Zone – Drain Works Sign
See Note: 7, 8, & 12

(Organisational Name and Logo)

See Notes below
1400 X 1500 30 410 100 140 70 16 90 195 60 100 195 N.A

(Telephone Hotline)
See Note No. 9 2100 X 2200 30 555 150 210 105 24 135 305 90 150 305 N.A

Sign I 17 Road Diversion Forecast Sign

See Note: 7, 8, & 9

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92

Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k

(Organisational Name and

Logo) 1000 X 1200 30 360 100 140 70 16 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
See Notes below

1500 X 1800 30 540 150 210 105 24 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Sign I 18 Road Closed Sign

See Note: 7, 8, & 12

(Organisational Name and Logo)

See Notes below
1400 X 1500 30 410 100 140 70 16 90 195 60 100 195 N.A

(Telephone Hotline)
See Note No. 9 2100 X 2200 30 555 150 210 105 24 135 305 90 150 305 N.A

Sign I 19 Road resurfacing Sign

See Note: 7, 8, & 9

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93

Sign Size r a b c d e f g h i j k
(Organisational Name and Logo)
See Notes below

2300 X 1700 30 402 100 140 70 16 90 195 60 100 195 N.A

(Telephone Hotline)
See Note No. 9

3500 X 2500 30 545 150 210 105 24 135 305 90 150 305 N.A

Sign I 20
Beam Launching Sign
See Note: 7, 8, & 9

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94

Notes:
1. Recommended sizes of logo for the best effect are:
Size of Signs Size of Logo
Expressways (1200 X 1200): 260 X 260
Other Roads (900 X 900): 200 X 200
2. Relevant Authorities and Departments may design their own layout for their logo to fit into the space.
3. A white background of the same size may be used when necessary to bring out the logo. However it must be of wide-angled prismatic retro-reflective
sheeting with the logo silk-screened on this white sheeting.
4. The logo may be of any shapes but preferred to be within the square size defined above.
5. If there are more than one department within the organisation that will be working on the road, the relevant authorities may choose to include their
Departmental Name within the logo for identification.
6. Relevant Authorities and Departments should advise the Road Asset Regulation & Licensing Division of Land Transport Authority on their preferred
layout.
7. The name and logo of the employing organisation working on the road shall be displayed on the white band at the top of the sign.
8. The respective organisation may design their preferred layout within this white band and shall inform the Manager, Road Asset Regulation & Licensing
Division of Land Transport Authority on this preferred layout.
9. Respective departments and boards shall also be indicated their telephone hotline at the bottom of the sign.
10. This is a suggested project signboard for organisations working on public road.
11. The dimensions and requirements is as sign I1 described earlier.
12. This sign shall be used to supplement other information signs like Sign I1 that provides telephone hotline number, therefore it is not necessary to repeat
the telephone number on this sign.
13. This sign shall be used to supplement other information signs, e.g. I8 or I18, for a day-to-day countdown of the implementation of temporary traffic
arrangement.
14. The overall layout of this sign, together with the information sign it is supplementing, shall be approved by LTA.
15. This sign is to inform the motorist of a new but temporary traffic scheme ahead and shall not be treated as a directional sign.
16. This sign shall be manufactured according to the latest specifications from the Traffic Management Division of Land Transport Authority.
17. The layout of the sign shall be approved by Land Transport Authority together with the proposed traffic scheme.

Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone

APPENDIX VI - Guidelines for the Deployment of Portable
Traffic Light System for Shared Right of Way
Guidelines for Portable Traffic Light
1. Definitions

Portable traffic light is a device deployed to direct traffic whilst road works are being carried out. It is
required to meet both the physical display and operational requirements of conventional traffic signals.

“Applicant” used hereinafter is defined as any person who makes or has made an application under
Regulation 5 of the Regulations and includes a person whose application has been granted by the
Authority. The Applicant is responsible for all temporary traffic management, planning the work and
risk assessments. The Applicant shall engage qualified traffic consultant to assess site-specific factors
such as schools, zebra-crossings, permanent traffic signals, road geometry, length of road works,
commercial and industrial activities and etc., and determine timings for the portable traffic lights.
During deployment, they shall also monitor vehicular flow at intervals and adjust the timing if
necessary.

“User” used hereinafter is defined as the contractor/agencies who deploy portable traffic signals for
road works, do not need the authority’s permission to use them but should notify and/or consult the
authority when planning the works.

2. Compliance to Standards

The portable traffic light shall conform to the requirements for traffic signals and traffic signal
equipment specified in BS 505 Road Traffic Signals, Road Traffic (Traffic Signs) Rules or equivalent.

3. Assembly

The portable traffic light signals for vehicles shall be a 3-colour system consists of red, amber and
green lights arranged vertically with the red light placed above the amber light and the green light
placed below the amber light.

The effective diameter of the lens of each light shall be at least 200mm.

The minimum luminous intensity of the lights shall be as follows:

Type Minimum Intensity

(Candela/cd)
Red light (200mm) 236
Amber light (200mm) 295
Green light (200mm) 295

The portable traffic lights shall operate under the hot and humid temperature in Singapore.

To ensure all equipment function without any detriment under external environment.

To ensure no sharp edges in the mounting brackets or panel casing which might cause injury to
commuters or pedestrians.

The base of portable traffic light shall be painted in alternate orange and black colour (see colour
scheme).
96

4. Traffic Control Signals Requirements

In order not to confuse motorists, portable traffic lights cannot be deployed where motorists’ straight
line-of-sight could be distracted by permanent traffic lights along the same road. Alternative traffic
control arrangements such as authorised traffic marshals to regulate traffic could be deployed for such
cases.

The minimum height clearance of the traffic light signals from the ground surface shall be 2,290 mm
with adjustable provision to suit the geometry of the approach and site condition.

The traffic signal control operation shall be operated using the master and slave concept where the
traffic lights at both end must communicate with each other at all times. No two traffic lights shall
have all-green at the same time for different traffic approaches. If the controller detects some faults,
causing lack of communication between the 2 traffic lights, it shall shut down and a warning signal
shall be generated and alert the user accordingly.

Depending on the road works area (length), the portable traffic light system shall allow the user to
program and set the red, amber, green and all-red lights timings.

The timings for the red signal (assessed and determined by qualified traffic consultant) shall be
programmed such that the last vehicle is able to clear the length of the road works area at any time.
Thereafter, an all-red phase shall be provided for an extra three seconds (minimum) to hold signals on
red to both approaches. The determining factors in all red timing are the length of work zone and
prevailing speed limit of the road. This is to allow vehicles to safely clear the shared lane to avoid
head-on traffic movements.

The portable traffic lights shall be designed to allow manual intervention by user in overriding the
control of traffic signal in any event that required the user to do so.

Power and signal cable routes should avoid areas where there is pedestrian traffic. If this is unavoidable
the cable route, as a minimum, should be covered with a ramp suitable for wheelchair use.
If power and signal cables cross a carriageway, User to cut slots in the road surface so that the cables
can be buried temporarily. This area is to be resurfaced after the removal of portable traffic light system.

For wireless communication systems, there shall be no interference to the wireless transmission.

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97

To alert motorists and increase prominence to the presence of the portable traffic lights, an advance
warning sign showing traffic lights in operation ahead will be required. In addition, a “Stop Here on
Red Light” sign will also be required to guide motorists on where to stop their vehicles when the traffic
light is red for their bound. Please refer to Appendix II for details of the traffic control arrangements.

5. Maintenance

Access to the signal control panel must be restricted to prevent unauthorised changes to timings.
Information on maintenance arrangements and fault reporting; i.e. contact numbers for Project Owner
and contractor should be available at all times.

User shall perform daily site checks to ensure the deployed portable traffic lights are in proper working
conditions. These checks shall include but not limited to the following:
 Safety and reliability of signals and lamp integrity
 Power and signal cables, for security and damage
 Timings, to correspond with traffic condition
 Power supply, to ensure continuous operation
 Cleaning of signal head lenses

Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone