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Math 126: Calculus Ii

This document summarizes fundamental trigonometric identities, formulas, and calculus rules. It defines trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, and tangent in terms of coordinates on the unit circle. It presents addition formulas for sine and cosine, as well as double-angle formulas. Derivatives of trigonometric functions are given, along with integrals of sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cosecant, and cotangent.

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141 views

Math 126: Calculus Ii

This document summarizes fundamental trigonometric identities, formulas, and calculus rules. It defines trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, and tangent in terms of coordinates on the unit circle. It presents addition formulas for sine and cosine, as well as double-angle formulas. Derivatives of trigonometric functions are given, along with integrals of sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cosecant, and cotangent.

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narasimhacharibabu
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SIMPLE TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS

MATH 126: CALCULUS II

Fundamental Identities
The functions cos(θ) and sin(θ) are defined to be the x and y coordinates of the point at an angle of θ on
the unit circle. Therefore, sin(−θ) = − sin(θ), cos(−θ) = cos(θ), and
sin2 (θ) + cos2 (θ) = 1
The other trigonometric functions are defined in terms of sine and cosine:
tan(θ) = sin(θ)/ cos(θ) cot(θ) = cos(θ)/ sin(θ) = 1/ tan(θ)
sec(θ) = 1/ cos(θ) csc(θ) = 1/ sin(θ)
Dividing sin2 (θ) + cos2 (θ) = 1 by cos2 (θ) or sin2 (θ) gives
tan2 (θ) + 1 = sec2 (θ)
1 + cot2 (θ) = csc2 (θ)

Addition Formulas
The following two formulas are somewhat difficult to derive and should be memorized.
sin(α + β) = sin(α) cos(β) + cos(α) sin(β)
cos(α + β) = cos(α) cos(β) − sin(α) sin(β)
These formulas can be used to prove simple identities like sin(π/2 − θ) = sin(π/2) cos(θ) + cos(π/2) sin(θ) =
cos(θ), or cos(x − π) = cos(x) cos(π) − sin(x) sin(π) = − cos(x). If we set α = β in the addition formulas we
get the double-angle formulas:
sin(2α) = 2 sin(α) cos(α)
cos(2α) = cos2 (α) − sin2 (α)
The formula for cos(2α) is often rewritten by replacing cos2 (α) with 1 − sin2 (α) or replacing sin2 (α) with
1 − cos2 (α) to get
cos(2α) = 1 − 2 sin2 (α)
cos(2α) = 2 cos2 (α) − 1
Solving for sin2 (α) and cos2 (α) yields identities important for integration:
1
sin2 (α) = (1 − cos(2α))
2
1
cos2 (α) = (1 + cos(2α))
2
Derivatives and Integrals

d d
dx sin(x) = cos(x) dx sec(x) = sec(x) tan(x)
d d
dx cos(x) = − sin(x) dx csc(x) = − csc(x) cot(x)
d d
dx tan(x) = sec2 (x) dx cot(x) = − csc2 (x)
R R
R sin(x) dx = − cos(x) + C R sec(x) dx = ln | sec(x) + tan(x)| + C
R cos(x) dx = sin(x) + C R csc(x) dx = − ln | csc(x) + cot(x)| + C
tan(x) dx = ln | sec(x)| + C cot(x) dx = − ln | csc(x)| + C

Date: Fall Semester 1999.

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