Evaluate:

1. The loss in a cable is usually defined in decibels per kilometer (dB/km). If the signal at the
beginning of a cable
with -0.3 (DB/km) has a power of 2 mW, what is the power of the signal at 5 km.

The loss in the cable in decibels is 5 x (-0.3)::: -1.5 dB. We can calculate the power as

2. The power of a signal is 10 mW and the power of the noise is 1 µW; what are the values of
SNR
and SNRdB.

Answer- The values of SNR and SNRDB can be calculated as follows:

SNR = 10.000 µW/1mW = 10 000

SNRDB= 10 logl0 10,000 = 10 log 10104 = 40

3. The attenuation of a signal is -10 dB. What is the final signal power if it was original 5 W?
Answer-
Db=10 log 10(P2/P1)
–10 = 10 log10 (P2 / 5) → log10 (P2 / 5) = −1 → (P2 / 5) = 10−1 → P2 = 0.5 W

4. A line has a signal-to-noise ratio of 1000 and a bandwidth of 4000 KHz. What is the
maximum data rate
Supported by this line?
Answer-
4,000 log2 (1 + 1,000) ≈ 40 Kbps

5. A signal has passed through three cascaded amplifiers, each with a 4 dB gain. What is the total
gain? How much
is the signal amplified?

Answer-The total gain is 3 × 4 = 12 dB. The signal is amplified by a factor 101.2 = 15.85.

7. We need to send data 3 bits at a time at a bit rate of 3 Mbps. The carrier frequency is10 MHz.
Calculate
the number of levels (different frequencies), the baud rate, and the bandwidth.
Answer-We can have L =23 =8. The baud rate is S =3 MHz/3 =1000 M baud. This means that
the carrier
Frequencies must be 1MHz apart (2▲f =1 MHz). The bandwidth is B=8 x 1000 =8000

10. A signal travels from point A to point B. At point A, the signal power is 100 W. At point B,
the power is 90 W. What is the attenuation in decibels?

Answer dB = 10 log10 (90 / 100) = –0.46 dB

11. Given the following periods, calculate the corresponding frequencies.

a. 5 s
b. 12 µs
c. 220 ns

Ans- a. f = 1 / T = 1 / (5 s) = 0.2 Hz
b. f = 1 / T = 1 / (12 μs) =83333 Hz = 83.333 × 103 Hz = 83.333 KHz
c. f = 1 / T = 1 / (220 ns) = 4550000 Hz = 4.55× 106 Hz = 4.55 MHz

12. Which signal has a wider bandwidth, a sine wave with a frequency of 100 Hz or a
sine wave with a frequency of 200 Hz?

Ans- Each signal is a simple signal in this case. The bandwidth of a simple signal is zero. So the
bandwidth of both signals are the same.

13. A device is sending out data at the rate of 1000 bps.

a. How long does it take to send out 10 bits?
b. How long does it take to send out a single character (8 bits)?
c. How long does it take to send a file of 100,000 characters?

Ans- a. (10 / 1000) s = 0.01 s

b. (8 / 1000) s = 0. 008 s = 8 ms
c. ((100,000 × 8) / 1000) s = 800 s

14. What is the frequency of the signal in Figure

Ans- The signal makes 8 cycles in 4 ms. The frequency is 8 /(4 ms) = 2 KHz
15. A TV channel has a bandwidth of 6 MHz. If we send a digital signal using one channel, what
are the data rates if we use one harmonic, three harmonics, and five harmonics?
Ans- Using the first harmonic, data rate = 2 × 6 MHz = 12 Mbps
Using three harmonics, data rate = (2 × 6 MHz) /3 = 4 Mbps
Using five harmonics, data rate = (2 × 6 MHz) /5 = 2.4 Mbps

16. The attenuation of a signal is -10 dB. What is the final signal power if it was originally 5 W?
Ans- –10 = 10 log10 (P2 / 5) → log10 (P2 / 5) = −1 → (P2 / 5) = 10−1 → P2 = 0.5 W

17. If the bandwidth of the channel is 5 Kbps, how long does it take to send a frame of
100,000 bits out of this device?
Ans- 100,000 bits / 5 Kbps = 20 s

18. A signal has a wavelength of 1 11m in air. How far can the front of the wave travel
during 1000 periods?
Ans- 1 μm × 1000 = 1000 μm = 1 mm

19. We measure the performance of a telephone line (4 KHz of bandwidth). When the signal is
10 V, the noise is 5 mV. What is the maximum data rate supported by this telephone line?
Ans- We have
4,000 log2 (1 + 10 / 0.005) = 43,866 bps

20. A computer monitor has a resolution of 1200 by 1000 pixels. If each pixel uses 1024 colors,
how many bits are needed to send the complete contents of a screen?
Ans- To represent 1024 colors, we need log21024 = 10 (see Appendix C) bits. The total
number of bits are, therefore,
1200 × 1000 × 10 = 12,000,000 bits

21. If the peak voltage value of a signal is 20 times the peak voltage value of the noise,
what is the SNR? What is the SNRdB?
Ans- SNR= (signal power)/(noise power).
However, power is proportional to the square of voltage. This means we have
[(signal voltage) / (noise voltage)]2 = 202 = 400
We then have
SNRdB = 10 log10 SNR ≈ 26.02

22. What is the transmission time of a packet sent by a station if the length of the packet is 1
million bytes and the bandwidth of the channel is 200 Kbps?
Ans- We have
transmission time = (packet length)/(bandwidth) =
(8,000,000 bits) / (200,000 bps) = 40 s
23. How many bits can fit on a link with a 2 ms delay if the bandwidth of the link is
a. 1 Mbps?
h. 10 Mbps?
c. 100 Mbps?
Ans- a. Number of bits = bandwidth × delay = 1 Mbps × 2 ms = 2000 bits
b. Number of bits = bandwidth × delay = 10 Mbps × 2 ms = 20,000 bits
c. Number of bits = bandwidth × delay = 100 Mbps × 2 ms = 200,000 bits

ALOHA, CSMA

1. We have a pure ALOHA network with 100 stations. If Tfr = 1 }.is, what is the number
of frames/s each station can send to achieve the maximum efficiency.
Ans. To achieve the maximum efficiency in pure ALOHA, G = 1/2. If we let ns to be the
number of stations and nfs to be the number of frames a station can send per second.
G = ns × nfs × Tfr = 100 × nfs × 1 μs = 1/2 → nfs = 5000 frames/s
2. One hundred stations on a pure ALOHA network share a l-Mbps channel. If frames are
1000 bits long, find the throughput if each station is sending 10 frames per second.
Ans. We can first calculate Tfr and G, and then the throughput.
Tfr = (1000 bits) / 1 Mbps = 1 ms
G = ns × nfs × Tfr = 100 × 10 × 1 ms = 1
For pure ALOHA → S = G × e−2G ≈ 13.53 percent
This means that each station can successfully send only 1.35 frames per second.
3. In a CDMAlCD network with a data rate of 10 Mbps, the minimum frame size is found to
be 512 bits for the correct operation of the collision detection process. What should be the
minimum frame size if we increase the data rate to 100 Mbps? To 1 Gbps? To 10 Gbps?
Ans. Let us find the relationship between the minimum frame size and the data rate. We
know that
Tfr = (frame size) / (data rate) = 2 × Tp = 2 × distance / (propagation speed) or
(frame size) = [2 × (distance) / (propagation speed)] × (data rate)]
or
(frame size) = K × (data rate)
This means that minimum frame size is proportional to the data rate (K is a constant). When the
data rate is increased, the frame size must be increased in a network with a fixed length to
continue the proper operation of the CSMA/CD.
Data rate = 10 Mbps → minimum frame size = 512 bits
Data rate = 100 Mbps → minimum frame size = 5120 bits
Data rate = 1 Gbps → minimum frame size = 51,200 bits
Data rate = 10 Gbps → minimum frame size = 512,000 bits

24. In Figure, the data rate is 10 Mbps, the distance between station A and C is 2000 m, and the
propagation speed is 2 x 108 mls. Station A starts sending a long frame at time t1 =0; station C
starts sending a long frame at time t2 =3 }.is. The size of the frame is long enough to guarantee
the detection of collision by both stations. Find:
a. The time when station C hears the collision (t3)'
b. The time when station A hears the collision (t4)'
c. The number of bits station A has sent before detecting the collision.
d. The number of bits station C has sent before detecting the collision
Ans- We have t1 = 0 and t2 = 3 μs
a. t3 − t1= (2000 m) / (2 × 108 m/s) =10 μs → t3 = 10 μs + t1 = 10 μs
b. t4 − t2 = (2000 m) / (2 × 108 m/s) =10 μs → t4 = 10 μs + t2 = 13 μs
c. Tfr(A) = t4 − t1 = 13 − 0 = 13 μs → BitsA = 10 Mbps × 13 μs = 130 bits
d. Tfr(C) = t3 − t2 = 10 − 3 = 07μs → BitsC = 10 Mbps × 07 μs = 70 bits

Remember/Understand:

1. If decibel is negative, what does it mean?

Answer-It means signal is atteaunated.Signal loss its energy.

2. What do you mean by impulse noise?

Answer- Impulse noise generated by spike in frequency.

3. Why we use ASK, PSK, FSK?

Answer-
ASK changes the amplitude of the carrier.
FSK changes the frequency of the carrier.
PSK changes the phase of the carrier.

4. How do guided media differ from unguided media?

Answer-Guided media have physical boundaries, while unguided media are unbounded.

5. What is the significance of the twisting in twisted-pair cable?

Answer-Twisting ensures that both wires are equally, but inversely, affected by external
influences such as noise.

6. Name the advantages of optical fiber over twisted-pair and coaxial cable.

Answer-We can mention three advantages of optical fiber cable over twisted-pair and coaxial
cables: noise
Resistance, less signal attenuation, and higher bandwidth
7. Name three types of transmission impairment.

Answer-Three types of transmission impairment are attenuation, distortion, and noise.

8. Which of the four digital-to-analog conversion techniques (ASK, FSK, PSK or QAM) is the
most
Susceptible to noise? Defend your answer.
Answer-We can say that the most susceptible technique is AM because the amplitude is more
affected by noise
than the phase or frequency.

1) What is a Link?

A link refers to the connectivity between two devices. It includes the type of cables and protocols
used in order for one device to be able to communicate with the other.

2) What are the layers of the OSI reference model?

There are 7 OSI layers: Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer,
Session Layer, Presentation Layer and Application Layer.

3) What is backbone network?

A backbone network is a centralized infrastructure that is designed to distribute different routes

and data to various networks. It also handles management of bandwidth and various channels.

4) What is a LAN?

LAN is short for Local Area Network. It refers to the connection between computers and other
network devices that are located within a small physical location.

5) What are routers?

Routers can connect two or more network segments. These are intelligent network devices that
store information in its routing table such as paths, hops and bottlenecks. With this info, they are
able to determine the best path for data transfer. Routers operate at the OSI Network Layer.

6) What is point to point link?

It refers to a direct connection between two computers on a network. A point to point connection
does not need any other network devices other than connecting a cable to the NIC cards of both
computers.

7) Describe Network Topology

Network Topology refers to the layout of a computer network. It shows how devices and cables
are physically laid out, as well as how they connect to one another.

8) What is WAN?

WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It is an interconnection of computers and devices that are
geographically dispersed. It connects networks that are located in different regions and countries.

9) What does 10Base-T mean?

The 10 refers to the data transfer rate, in this case is 10Mbps. The word Base refers to base band,
as oppose to broad band. T means twisted pair, which is the cable used for that network.

10) Describe star topology

Star topology consists of a central hub that connects to nodes. This is one of the easiest to setup
and maintain.

11) What is Hybrid Network?

A hybrid network is a network setup that makes use of both client-server and peer-to-peer
architecture.

Analysed and Apply

12) What common software problems can lead to network defects?

Software related problems can be any or a combination of the following:

– client server problems
– application conflicts
– error in configuration
– protocol mismatch
– security issues
– user policy and rights issues
13) At Which layer trailer usually contain bit used for error detection ?
Data Link
14) Which layer is responsible for link communication?
Data Link Layer
15) Which layer is possible for routing?
Network layer
16) Which layer is responsible for reliable connection?
Transport layer
17)Which layer is responsible for process to process delivery?
Transport layer
18) Which layer provide services to user?
Application layer
19) which topology is most used in an organization and why?
Star topology.Simple architecture..less  damage on node failure

20) What is the disadvantage of a star topology?

One major disadvantage of star topology is that once the central hub or switch get damaged, the
entire network becomes unusable.

21) Describe at one disadvantage of a peer to peer network.

When you are accessing the resources that are shared by one of the workstations on the network,
that workstation takes a performance hit.

Create,Evaluate

22) In an organization 20 computer want to connect each other, which topology is best
suited for that .and also explain the number of link to be needed?
Mesh (190 link)
23) What are different ways of securing a computer network?

There are several ways to do this. Install reliable and updated anti-virus program on all
computers. Make sure firewalls are setup and configured properly. User authentication will also
help a lot. All of these combined would make a highly secured network.

24) What are proxy servers and how do they protect computer networks?
Proxy servers primarily prevent external users who identifying the IP addresses of an internal
network. Without knowledge of the correct IP address, even the physical location of the network
cannot be identified. Proxy servers can make a network virtually invisible to external users

250Consider the following directed graph.

The number of different topological orderings of the vertices of the graph is

6
a-b-c-d-e-f
a-d-e-b-c-f
a-b-d-c-e-f
a-d-b-c-e-f
a-b-d-e-c-f
a-d-b-e-c-f