भारत सरकार

जऱ संसाधन, नदी विकास और गंगा संरक्षण मंत्राऱय

केन्द्रीय जऱ आयोग
राष्ट्रीय जऱ अकादमी
Hydro Meteorological Data Management – Application of eSWIS
05th March 2019 - 08th March 2019

Hydro Meteorological Data

Management-Application of eSWIS
(05th March 2019 – 08th March 2019)

कायचक्रम समन्द्ियक
दीऩक र्न्द्र भट्ट, उऩ ननदे शक
राष्ट्रीय जऱ अकादमी, ऩुणे

ऩुणे
मार्च 2019
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION
NATIONAL WATER ACADEMY

Training Programme on

“Hydro Meteorological Data Management –

Application of eSWIS”

05th March 2019 - 08th March 2019

Program Co-ordination
Shri Deepak Chandra Bhatt, Deputy Director (HP)

Pune
March 2019
Training Program on

“Hydro Meteorological Data Management –

Application of eSWIS”
05th March 2019 - 08th March 2019

INDEX
Sr. Page
Topic
No. No.

1. A note on eSWIS Software 01 - 18

2. eSWIS surface Water Information System 19 - 71

3. Facilities in Secondary Validation - eSWIS 72 - 101

A note on eSWIS software

During the HP-I project the Central Water Commission, Ministry of Water Resources developed dedicated
Surface Water Software for the data entry, primary and secondary data validation, data processing, data
storage in the Surface Water domain and dissemination of water related data in general using proprietary
software. The application software was developed in a stand-alone environment, and in the client server
environment, integrating GIS, database and various systems software to provide client applications, and a
limited web service.
The eSWISis focused on, using open source software, replacing the underlying database system used for
central storage of hydro-meteorological data, replacing the existing system for validation and data
processing, moving data entry from stand-alone systems to a web environment, and providing the web
services required for data dissemination and the support of the Flood Warning functions currently hosted
by the WISDOM web site. The new system, e-SWIS, (web and GIS based Surface Water Information System)
implemented in participating Agencies in Hydrology Project II, and potentially in all States and UTs of India.
The Central Water Commission and other Implementing Agencies operate an extensive network of
hydrometric and hydro-meteorological measurement stations, from which data are collected on climate,
river flows and water quality. A suite of software packages (Surface Water Data Entry System (SWDES),
Hydrological Modeling Software (HYMOS) and Water Information System Data Online Management
(WISDOM)), collectively the Hydrological Information System (HIS) are used for entry, storage, analysis and
dissemination of this data.
The online system architecture is represented by the following figure:

Figure 1 - Online system architecture

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The online system architecture diagram consists of the following components:
 eSWDES: A Web-application which users will use for data-entry and for performing secondary-data
validation. It is the main application for data-entry and data in-charge users from different offices,
agencies, etc. When data have been saved, they pass a primary-validation automatically. A
secondary-data validation will require a manual process after data have been entered
 Hydro-meteorological database manager: A Web-application for performing high-level operations
on entered data, such as Synchronization, Auditing and Dissemination data. Application for special
users who will in charge of this kind of special operations over data
 Web based data catalogue: Web-site where disseminated-data can be consulted for everyone.
This website is available for all people without login. It allows querying and searching all
alphanumeric and geographical information available
 Independent facility for the order processing of data requests: Web application join to web based
data catalogue where the user can order some data
 Map viewer: Web application which is able to locate geo-referenced data over a map.
 Data interface library: The only way to perform operations over data will be through this library.
All other libraries or applications will need to call methods from this library to carry out operations
over data
 Validation library: A library which contains all operations related to functionality of performing
second-validation over data
 Synchronization library: A library which contains all operation related to functionality of
performing data synchronization
 Audition library: A library which contains all operation related to functionality of performing
audition of data
 Dissemination library: A library which contains all operation related to functionality for data
dissemination
 Hydro-meteorological database: The data will be separated into 3 schemas depending on the kind
of data which they will contain. That is, the structure of the database is the same in all three, and
just data will change among them:
 Observed data: Data recently entered that not have been approved
 Validated data: Data which have been approved
 Disseminated data: Data exposed publicly through Web based data catalogue
 Web server: Container for all web sites and web applications, known as front-end applications
 Application server: Container for all business-logic of applications. It contains different libraries
which group common functionalities inside. The different front-end applications can access to
them for performing actions sent by users
 Map server: Server used to publish all map services and provide some spatial functionality
 Web services: The way of exposing Data interface operations outside will be through Web services
that allows to future third-party applications (external applications) to query and to manage data
from Hydro-Meteorological database. In order to keep security of accessing, this web services will
not be exposed on the internet, just they will be accessed from intranet
 Flood-forecast web application: Application for publishing reports of forecasts and analyses
weekly data evolution where users are also able to send bulk SMS and emails for quickly informing.
 Secondary validation: After Primary validation user can validate the data using secondary
validation tools.

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Brief Descriptions of Modules and Sub modules of eSWIS

Main objective of this project is to translate the actual Surface Water Information System from desktop
ownership architecture to open source web based architecture, keeping the current functionality and
adding certain new functionalities.

 Master Data: Master Data is controlled by the administrator; those data will be used in throughout
the application.
o Security: Security management is basically to dealing with user's credentials. This module has been
designed to create different level of users or groups depending upon their permissions. It can be
local administrator, data entry operator & data in-charge etc. The data in the server is stored in the
encrypted form and without proper authentication/permission no other user can edit/view the
data.This feature also control the inter agency access of data without proper authorization.
o

o Administrative Division: Administrative boundaries need to be identified so that observation

stations can be associated with them and vice versa. In this module, three levels of administrative
boundaries have been defined. These are: (a) State, (b) District, and (c) Tehsil/Taluka. The
classification and identification of these boundaries has to be done by the competent administrative
authorities and the same is to be followed.

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o Geographical Hierarchy: This module has been developed to identify the drainage boundaries so
that observation stations can be associated with them and vice versa.
o

o Administrative Hierarchy: This Module is to Create/Delete/Modify Agencies, Regional Offices, Circle

Office, Division and Sub-Division.

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o Data types:A number of variables are observed with the help of hydrological and meteorological
network at several locations. It is also very important to note certain key characteristics of these
variables. Characteristics like description, unit and type of measurement of the variables are also
maintained. This Module is to Create/Delete/Modify those variables.

 Static/Semistatic Characteristics:Attributes associated with the observational stations or

equipment, which do not change with time, are considered as static type of data. Some of these
attributes change but very infrequently and are thus taken to be of semi-static nature.

o Station Management: Many important attributes to each observational station can be assigned for
defining its location in terms of geographical, administrative or drainage units and for indicating
various offices which have control on its operations. Locational attributes are important for the
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purpose of finding inter station distances and difference in altitudes for the purpose of data
processing. These characteristics are also very important for the purpose of retrieval of data
pertaining to particular range of these attribute(s).
o

o Series Management: The bulk of hydrological and hydro-meteorological data is time series data. At
every station a number of variables are observed and sometimes at varying time intervals. Thus,
the time series data is required to be organised in different series at every station for each
combination of the required variables and time intervals of observation. These series are attributed
with certain key characteristics, which are useful for identification and providing necessary
information about the series and in validation of the elements of the series. Any time series can be
recognised by its series identification code. The identification code comprises of three parts:
station code, data type and time interval code. The combination of these three entities is
considered to be unique and thus defines a specific series.
o

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o Current Meter Characteristic: Current meters or flow meters are one of the important equipment
employed for measurement of flow velocities. The relation between the speed of rotation of the
current meter to the velocity of the water which, causes the rotation, is defined by the meter
rating. The current meter should be rated from time to time whenever it is repaired or modified in
any way and in any event after a prescribed period of use.
o

o Reduced Level of Zero of the Gauge: At the stream gauging stations, water level is always
measured with respect to the zero of the gauge. The zero of the gauge is established as per the
requirement and flow conditions prevailing at individual stations. Thus, zero of the gauges for
different stations are obviously at unequal elevation with respect to a common datum. For making
any comparison of water level at two or more gauging stations it is necessary to bring all the water
level observations at all the gauging stations to a common datum. Also, with the passage of time,
gauges may be displaced or destroyed or they may be changed in elevation as the result of erosion
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of beds. In order that the records of stage may assuredly refer to the same datum throughout the
period of record, the datum of each gauge must be referred to and occasionally checked with at
least one and preferably two or more bench marks that are entirely detached from the gauge, its
support or shelter, and that are not liable to destruction or change in elevation.

o X-Section Data: Cross-section data comprise of the pairs of distance and elevation of several points
on the cross-sectional profile of the river gauging section. The distances are taken with respect to
an origin on the gauging section and elevation is reported with respect to the mean sea level as the
datum. The date of survey is always associated with the cross-sectional data.

o Salient Features of the Reservoir/Diversion Schemes: The purpose of this module is to store silent
feature of reservoirs.

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 Meteorological Module:There are a few hydro-meteorological data that are useful and
available from the observational network.

o Rainfall Data:This is the data entry module for Rainfall data and reports for the same can be
generated here.
o Pressure Data: This is the data entry module for Pressure data and reports for the same can be
generated here.
o Temperature Data: This is the data entry module forTemperature Data and reports for the same
can be generated here.
o Humidity Data: This is the data entry module forHumidity Data and reports for the same can be
generated here.
o Wind Data: This is the data entry module forWind Data and reports for the same can be generated
here.
o Sunshine Data: This is the data entry module forSunshine Data and reports for the same can be
generated here.
o Evaporation Data: This is the data entry module forEvaporation Data and reports for the same can
be generated here.
 Hydrological Module:Observations on water level, stage-discharge measurements and
sediment concentration are the main raw hydrological data required to be entered.
o Water Level:This is the data entry module for Water Leveldata and reports for the same can be
generated here.

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o Flow Measurement: The velocity observations normally results in a huge amount of data for each
discharge observation. For the purpose of reference many other details such as mode of crossing,
type of equipment used, condition of water and weather etc. are also recorded. After each stage-
discharge observation the observer compiles the field notes in proper forms and then computes
discharge and other characteristics of flowand reports for the same can be generated here.

o Summery Stage-Discharge: The entry of primary stage-discharge is done mainly to re-compute and
check the discharge computations carried out by the observer, to graphically observe the velocity
and discharge profiles in the cross section. For further use, only a summary information is needed
out of this detailed information. This summary information can either be automatically generated
from the detailed data already entered or if the detailed data is not available then it can be directly
entered using a separate form. The entry of summary stage-discharge data is made station wise
and after the station is chosen other essential entries like its name, local river/ basin and
subdivision are displayed automatically. The month and year are selected for making entries. As for
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the case of primary flow data the summary stage-discharge data is also identified by Station, date
and observation number. All these three entries can never be identical and this provides integrity
of the dataand reports for the same can be generated here.

 Sediment Module:
o Suspended Sediment Summary: Suspended sediment observations form the part of sediment data
and is normally associated with the amount of flow at any section. The observations are normally
taken along with stage-discharge observations. However, they may also be taken with only stage
measurement and later computing the corresponding discharges by using rating curves. The form
used for making entries for summary suspended sediment dataand reports for the same can be
generated here.

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o Suspended Sediment Measurement: Under normal conditions samples are collected from a
Boat/Motor launch with the help of Punjab Type Bottle sampler. Under high velocity conditions,
when sampling is not possible with the help of Boat/Motor launch, the samples are collected from
either a bridge or a cableway. The samples collected for each sampling vertical point are mixed to
make groups having almost equal discharges. These groups divide the river hypothetically into
almost equal compartments of flow. The suspended sediment samples are analysed by Gravimetric
procedure.While entering the data it is necessary to enter only the raw observations as recorded in
the manuscript. All the computed quantities are automatically filled in by the system. The form to
enter daily suspended sediment measurement data is as shown in the following figure and reports
for the same can be generated here.

o
 Water Quality Module:Observations of water quality mainly refer to concentrations of
dissolved constituents in the water in terms of physical (like turbidity, conductivity etc.), chemical (like
sodium, potassium, cadmium etc.) and biological parameters (like algae, bacteria etc.). Data on water
quality requires collection of a water sample followed by analysis (measurement) for specific water
quality parameters. Some of these water quality parameters can be measured at site, the so-called 'field
parameters'. The other parameters are analysed in a laboratory. Laboratories of different levels are
distinguished under HP. Level I laboratories are small laboratories located at or near the sampling
location. These were originally established for determination of sediment load only, but now can also be
used for determination of the water quality field parameters. Higher level laboratories (levels II and II+)
are usually located in major cities and provide analytical capacity to a larger region covering more
sampling locations.

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
o Laboratory Information: In this data entry section, a laboratory can enter and edit all the relevant
information necessary to describe the laboratory. An agency may enter information on multiple
laboratories coming under its jurisdiction. This form also registers the number of parameters the
laboratory can analyse along with the method of analysis. Parameter Information: In this form, all
the important information about the water quality parameters and the analytical methods available
for each parameter are shown.
o Sample Data Entry: In the data entry section, water quality analytical results as measured in the
field and in the laboratory are entered into the database.
o Reports:To generate various reports on Water Quality.
o Graphs:To generate various graphs on Water Quality.
o Analysis Quality Control: In this form, all the important information about the analysis quality
control can be filled.
o Options: This form allows for changing some of the options in the data entry system
 Snow Module:Snow data can be entered using one or more given bellow modules:

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o Snowfall Data
o Snow Stake Data
o Snow Water Equivalent
o Combined Snowfall
o Snow Survey
o Snow Survey Summery
o Meteorological Data
 Flood Forecast Module:

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o Level Forecast Data:The purpose of this module is to forecast any level forecast station, after
approved the data this data will be shown in flood-forecasting web-site.

o Inflow Forecast Data:The purpose of this module is to forecast any Inflow forecast station, after
approved the data this data will be shown in flood-forecasting web-site.

o Reports:To generate various types of reports on flood data.

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o Flood Data Entry:This is the entry form for entering data for flood stations. There is a provision to
enter data division wise.

 Data Validation:Primary Validation of data is carried out simultaneously while data is entered in
respective data entry forms. Few more data validation options are available to ensure consistency of
data entered by making comparison of related data that are observed and entered independently.
o Book Register: validation options This Module allows user to enter Meta data of a station that can
be approved or modify for dissemination purpose.
o Data Validation Reports: To validation data by various reports
o Graph Comparison: To validation data using graphs.
o Data Availability: To query of availability of data.
 Utilities:
o Import Tool: The purpose of this module is to Import the Hydro-Meteorological data from
SWDES(Access data file), from excel format and from IMD(text format)

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o Export Tool: The purpose of this module is to Export the Hydro-Meteorological data in “IMD”
format, “MIKE 11”format, “Excel” and “Water year book” format.
o Unit Conversion: A handy tool to convert units.
o Compare Reduced Level of Zero Gauge: The purpose of this module is to compare Reduced Level
of Zero Gauge of different stations
 Reservoir/Diversion Scheme Module:
o Reservoir/Diversion Scheme Data:The purpose of this module is to enter data for Reservoir.
o Elevation-Area Capacity Data : The purpose of this module is to enter data for Elevation, area and
Capacity. A plot of Elevation, Area and Capacity can be generated here
 HMD Manager:
o Data Synchronization: The purpose of this module is to Synchronized data from one work area to
another; It is mainly used to Synchronization from offline to online database.
o Data Audition: Data Audition shows all operations over data made by the entire user with full
description.
o Data Dissemination: The purpose of this module is to Published the approved data in the web site.
 External Links:Some Important links which could be useful for the users:
o Central Water Commission
o CWC Flood Forecasts
o Water Resource Information
o Ministry of Water Resources
o The Hydrology Project
o Indian Meteorological Department
 Secondary Validation Module
1. Tests on timing errors: Facility to display several stations side by side to detect timing errors.
2. Inspection of temporal variation :
a. Graphical display of multiple station data in single graph, i.e. flow + rainfall
b. Graphical display of residual series, residual mass curves
3. Inspection of longitudinal/spatial variation:
a. Tabular and graphical display of data along a profile
b. Graphical display of variables on a map
4. Test of relations:
a. Scatter plots between variables
b. Time series relations by regression, including time shifts, regression of multiple variables,
including flow/discharge
5. Double mass analysis :Comparison of time series to aggregated or averaged groupings of other
series.
6. Hydrological validation: Volume and time distribution comparisons between observed runoff and
basin rainfall.
7. Data correction :
a. Linear Interpolation of missing values
b. Use of regression relations
c. Constant correction across a range of values
d. Drift correction across a range of values
e. Time-shifting data
8. Fitting rating equations :
a. Simple equations
b. Complex equations, including backwater corrections, shifts due to scour and deposition,
unsteady flow
c. Calculations for standard weirs and flumes
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9. Extrapolation of rating equations : Logarithmic extrapolation, stage-area stage-velocity, Chezy&
Manning equations
10. Validation of rating equations : Test new data against existing ratings
11. Hydraulic computations : Calculation of backwater effects by observations of levels and cross
sections at downstream points
12. Stage-Discharge Computations : Calculate discharge from stage by calculated ratings
13. Establishment of sediment rating equation : Calculation of sediment ratings in a similar manner to
discharge
14. Aggregation and disaggregation : Transformation of data by aggregation or disaggregation to
different time intervals
15. Creation of derived series : Minima, maxima, peak over threshold
16. Computation of areal rainfall : Basin rainfall by station weights, theissen polygons, kriging
17. Evapotranspiration : Calculation of PE from meteorological observations

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eSWIS Helpdesk:

Phone Number: 011- 29583266

Email: [email protected]

Chanchal Chakraborty Director RDC2 : [email protected]

Sr. Software Developer
Eptisa

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Central Water Commission

Libraries Applications
 Data Interface
 Hibernate
 eSWIS – Data Entry Desktop
 Spring framework
(eSWDES Online & Offline)
 PostGIS / Hibernate Spatial
 GWT + Ajax + HTML5
 Jackcess
 JFreeChart
 Open layers
 Secondary Validation Processes
 Common Math Library
 eSWIS – Data Entry Mobile
 JaMa
 MGWT
 Geotools

 eSWIS – Map Viewer

 Import / Export tools library
 Openlayers
 POI
 GeoTools
 Jasper Report
 Geo Server
01/03/2019 11:45 AM

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To collect, manage, and publish the hydro-
meteorological data of all river basins in India. River X-Section
To process the data to provide information required for Water Level (Gauge)
a range of hydrological, environmental and engineering
studies. Discharge or Flow
To manage and maintain the historical data and Water Quality
disseminate data to stakeholders.
To communicate flood forecasts in a timely manner. Sediment/Silt
To standardize recording of hydro-meteorological
observations.
Selected Meteorological parameters
including snow observations
5

Login to eSWIS: 180.92.171.80/eSWDES Home Page

user1
NWAuser1

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Master Data CREATE or MODIFY STATES, DISTRICTS AND TEHSILS

 Administrative Division
eSWIS maintains a set of important
hierarchical information on administrative
and drainage boundaries and that on the
 Geographical Hierarchy offices controlling various observation
stations. This master information helps in
avoiding duplicate entries and wrong
 Administrative Hierarchy spellings for the same item in the
database and at the same time the user is
 Security
not required to waste time every time
in keying-in the same information. The
required item can be chosen simply by
 Data types clicking it from the available list. Adequate
facility is available in the system to extend
or modify this type of information.

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CREATE or MODIFY STATES, DISTRICTS AND TEHSILS CREATE or MODIFY Drainage Boundaries

Independent Sub Sub

Major Basin Tributary Sub Tributary Local River
River Tributary

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CREATE OR MODIFY AGENCIES Security Module

State/Regional Section
Agency Circle Office Division Sub Division
Office Office

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ADD A USER IN SECURITY MODULE CREATE MODIFY NEW PARAMETER

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Main Page Static/Semistatic Characteristics

There are SIX Modules under Static / SemiStatic Module

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Station Management Station Management

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Station Management Station Management

For Training User id and passwords (like user1, user2…)

you have to select bellow details…

HIS AGENCY: CWC

STATE/REGIONAL OFFICE: TRAINING
CIRCLE OFFICE: NWA
DIVISION: NWA

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Station Management Station Management

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Station Management Station Management

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Sample Data Availability Report Static/Semistatic Characteristics

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Series Management Series Management: Create a series

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Series Management: Create Thrice Daily Series(Cyclic) Series Management: Create a series Thrice Daily

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Static/Semistatic Characteristics Current Meter Characteristics

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Current Meter Characteristics Static/Semistatic Characteristics

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Reduced Level of Zero of the Gauge Static/Semistatic Characteristics

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X-Section X-Section Data Entry

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X-Section X-Section : Graph

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Static/Semistatic Characteristics Salient Feature of Reservoir

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Home Page Meteorological Module

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Rainfall Daily Data Entry Yearly Report of Daily Rainfall

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Monthly Graph of Daily Rainfall Yearly Graph of Daily Rainfall

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Yearly Summery Graph of Daily Rainfall All Climate Data Entry

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Home Page Hydrological Module

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Water Level Data Entry Water Level Graph

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Hydrological Module Data Entry Form for Flow Measurement

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Data Entry Form for Flow Measurement Data Entry Form for Flow Measurement

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Data Entry Form for Flow Measurement Data Entry Form for Flow Measurement

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Data Entry Form for Flow Measurement Data Entry Form for Flow Measurement

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Data Entry Form for Flow Measurement Summary Stage Discharge

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Stage Discharge Data Entry Home Page

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Sediment Module Data Entry for Suspended Sediment

Under normal conditions samples are collected from a Boat/Motor

launch with the help of Punjab Type Bottle sampler. Under high
velocity conditions, when sampling is not possible with the help of
Boat/Motor launch, the samples are collected from either a bridge or
a cableway.

The samples collected for each sampling vertical point are mixed to
make groups having almost equal discharges. These groups divide
the river hypothetically into almost equal compartments of flow. The
suspended sediment samples are analysed by Gravimetric procedure.

While entering the data it is necessary to enter only the raw

observations as recorded in the manuscript. All the computed
quantities are automatically filled in by the system.
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Data Entry for Suspended Sediment Data Entry for Suspended Sediment

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Data Entry for Suspended Sediment Data Entry for Suspended Sediment

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Data Entry for Suspended Sediment Data Entry for Suspended Sediment

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Data Entry for Suspended Sediment Data Entry for Suspended Sediment

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Data Entry for Suspended Sediment Sediment Module

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Data Entry for Suspended Sediment Summery Data Entry for Suspended Sediment Summery

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Home Page Water Quality Module

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Data Entry for Laboratory Information Data Entry for Laboratory Information

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Data Entry for Laboratory Information Data Entry for Laboratory Information

The Lab ID is a unique code which identifies each laboratory. Lab ID is a mandatory
information. The logic followed in the eight-character Lab ID code is as follows:

Pos 1 “C‟ for central or „S‟ for state organisations

Pos 2 and 3 State code (e.g. AP for Andhra Pradesh and MH for Maharastra
etc.)
Pos 4 Separation sign „-‟
Pos 5 to 8 Abbreviation for the city where the laboratory is located (e.g.
NASK for Nashik or HYD1 for Hyderabad). In case there are two
laboratories located in the same town one each of surface water
and ground water then the 8th pos is numerically presented as 1
for surface water laboratory and 2 for ground water laboratory.

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Data Entry for Laboratory Information Data Entry for Laboratory Information

The Lab Name is unique name given for each laboratory. Lab Name is a mandatory HP domain classifies the laboratory with respect to the types of agencies involved
information. in surface water quality sampling as listed.

Possible options for the HP domain (from drop-down list) are:

• CWC: All Central Water Commission laboratories

• sSW: All laboratories affiliated with a State Surface Water Department
• sG&SW: All laboratories affiliated with a State Groundwater Department,
where the laboratory is also carrying out analyses for surface water department
• non HP laboratory: All other laboratories that use eSWIS

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Data Entry for Laboratory Information Data Entry for Laboratory Information

The following practical guideline can be followed:

HP Level (Level of the laboratory ) Select the level from the drop-down list: I, II or Level I: Laboratory located at or near the monitoring site (field), generally analysing
II+. Temperature, pH, Conductivity, (Total) Suspended Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, Colour
The level of the laboratory is an indication of the analytical capacity of the and odour (note: these parameters may also be measured in the field at the time of
laboratory based on the equipment available. The level is not necessarily linked to sampling).
the actual number of parameters analyzed, it rather represents the (potential)
capability of the laboratory. The parameters associated with each laboratory level Level II : Laboratory has facilities to analyse general water quality parameters, major
will all be placed on the standard data entry form. Is a mandatory information. ions, nutrients, indicators of organic and faecal pollution, etc.

Level II+ : Laboratory in possession of advanced equipment such as Atomic

Adsorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), Gas Chromatograph (GC), or UV-Visible
Spectrophotometer etc
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Data Entry for Laboratory Information Data Entry for Laboratory Information

Here one the regional office under which the

The Agency is the name of the agency to which the laboratory laboratory comes is selected from the list
belongs. For CWC, the agency ID should include “CWC”.

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Data Entry for Laboratory Information Data Entry for Laboratory Information

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Data Entry for Laboratory Information Data Entry for Laboratory Information

Remarks

Any remarks about the laboratory may be entered, especially those

remarks valuable during the interpretation of the data may be entered
such as:

 record of malfunctioning and break-down of equipment (with dates);

 date when the last maintenance of equipment was performed;
 power failure events and their duration;
 record of within-laboratory AQC results and control chart results for
different parameters;
 record and result of participation in inter-laboratory AQC.

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Data Entry for Laboratory Information Data Entry for Laboratory Information

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Data Entry for Laboratory Information Data Entry for Laboratory Information

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Data Entry for Laboratory Information Data Entry for Laboratory Information

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Data Entry for Laboratory Information Data Entry for Laboratory Information

TO EDIT OR DELETE A PERAMETER FROM THE LIST, SELECT THE PERAMETER

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Data Entry for Laboratory Information Data Entry for Laboratory Information

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Data Entry for Laboratory Information Data Entry for Parameter Information

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Data Entry for Parameter Information Data Entry for Parameter Information

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Data Entry for Parameter Information Data Entry for Parameter Information

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Data Entry for Parameter Information Data Entry for Parameter Information

Parameter Code :
The parameter ID is a unique code which identifies each parameter, the HYMOS : Each standard HP water quality parameter has a unique HYMOS
parameter ID is mandatory information. ID code which is used for data storage and analysis in HYMOS (at the State
Data Centers). The 3-letter HYMOS code always starts with “Q” (for Water
Quality). The second and third letter of the code are derived from the
parameter code.

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Data Entry for Parameter Information Parameters Group

The following groups are distinguished:

Parameter group :
The parameter group categorizes a parameter. Each parameter can be a
member of one group only.

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Data Entry for Parameter Information Data Entry for Parameter Information

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Data Entry for Parameter Information Data Entry for Parameter Information

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Data Entry for Parameter Information Data Entry for Parameter Information

UNIT: For the standard HP water quality parameters the units of

measurements are fixed for each of the parameters. This is to ensure that all
the laboratories report their data in the same unit. The standard reporting
units are very important for standardizing the data received from different
laboratories and allowing comparison of data.

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Data Entry for Parameter Information Data Entry for Parameter Information
The following units are recognized as standard units of data reporting and
presentation: Some potentially useful unit conversions are provided below:

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Data Entry for Parameter Information Data Entry for Parameter Information

Minimum and maximum values serve as a first validation for the parameter when it is
entered in the data sheet. It is not possible to enter values below minimum or above
maximum1.

In case the software is preventing entry of any data, the user has to check the data entry,
the data value, the data calculation or even analysis.

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Data Entry for Parameter Information Data Entry for Parameter Information

Accuracy :
Type :
It is an indication of combination of bias and precision of an analytical
Two types of methods are distinguished: direct and indirect. procedure, which reflects the closeness of a measured value to a true
value. It is usually expressed as %. Indications of the accuracy of an
Most parameters are determined directly by chemical analysis. Whenever a analytical method are usually given along with the method.
parameter is calculated from one or more other parameter(s) without chemical
analysis, it is as indirect-type. For example SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio) is e.g. in a section on precision and bias in 'Standard Methods for the
not directly measured in the laboratory, but calculated. Such parameters are Examination of Water and Wastewater (19th edition APHA, 1995).
typified as indirect.

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Data Entry for Parameter Information Data Entry for Parameter Information

Working range :
Reference :
The working range is related to an analytical method for a given parameter. It
It is important to enter the literature reference of each method that listed. The
refers to the concentration range for which the analytical method can be used,
latest version of 'Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
without a dilution factor being applied.
(19th edition APHA, 1995) and the „Guidelines on Standard Analytical Procedures
for Water Analysis‟ prepared under HP (May, 1999) are the main references.
For BOD, the working range may e.g. be defined as 1-6 mg/L. If sample
concentrations are above the working range, samples should be diluted prior to
analysis.

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Data Entry for Parameter Information Sample Data Entry

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Sample Data Entry Sample Data Entry

Lab Sample ID :
The lab sample ID is a code or number given to the sample by the laboratory. For example,
a laboratory may have its own ID system, giving a sequential number to all the samples
that it collects and analyses.

1. Station code + date of collection + letter code (A through ZZ). The letter code is used to
distinguish between different samples collected on the same day (e.g. to be sent to different
laboratories or for recording the change of water quality during pumping tests), or

2. Manually enter sample ID, or

3. Automatically generate the Lab-Sample ID (sequential numbering).

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Sample Data Entry Sample Data Entry

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Sample Data Entry Sample Data Entry

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Sample Data Entry Sample Data Entry

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Sample Data Entry Sample Data Entry

Sample Specification:
It is important to specify the type of analysis to be performed on the sample collected
in each container in the “Sample Specification” column. This is important for the
laboratory staff and field staff to ensure the right container for different parameters,
right preservation and precautions during transportation and holding time for analysis.

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Sample Data Entry Sample Data Entry

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Sample Data Entry Sample Data Entry

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Sample Data Entry Sample Data Entry

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Sample Data Entry Sample Data Entry

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Sample Data Entry Sample Data Entry

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Reports of Water Quality Report for Parameter Information

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Graphs in Water Quality Snow Module

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Data Entry for Snow Graph Compare

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To Check the available data Data Availibility

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Import and export tools are under UTILITY Data Import

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Data Import : IMD Data Import : Excel

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Data Import : SWDES Data Export

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Data Export : Export to Excel Data Export : Analysis Excel

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Data Export : IMD format Data Export : MIKE 11 Format

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Data Export : Generate Water Yearbook Data Audition

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Data Synchronization

Topics

1. Flood Forecasting Data Entry

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Flood Forecast Module Data Entry for Level Forecast

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Data Entry for Inflow Forecast INFLOW FORECAST

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Data Entry for Flood Data Division Wise Various Flood Forecast reports

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Various Flood Forecast reports ARCHIVAL of REPORTS

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Report- Daily Flood Bulletin issued by CFCR Report- Daily Flood Bulletin issued by CFCR

Detail Reports on Above Normal Flood Situation

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Report- Daily Flood Bulletin issued by CFCR Daily Report prepared by Division

Detail Reports on Reservoir

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Daily Report prepared by Division Weekly Report prepared by Division

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Weekly Report prepared by Division Bangladesh Report

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Flood Forecasting Web Site Main Page

Topics
1. Flood Forecasting Data Entry

2. Flood Forecasting Web Sit

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Flood Forecasting Web Site About US Flood Forecasting Web Site MAP Viewer

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Flood Forecasting Web Site LIST BASED EXPLORATION Detail of a Flood Forecast Site

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Flood Forecasting Web Site Bulletins Flood Forecasting Web Site Bulletins

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Flood Forecasting Web Site Bulletins Flood Forecasting Web Site Bulletins

ABOVE WARNING LEVEL STATIONS

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Current Status of Flood Forecast Level Forecast Current Status of Flood Forecast Level Forecast

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Current Status of Flood Forecast Inflow Forecast HYDROGRAPH
Flood Forecasting Web Site

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Flood Forecasting Web Site Send SMS Flood Forecasting Web Site Send EMAIL

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THANK YOU

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Facilities in
Secondary Validation

Central Water Commission

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LOGIN PAGE MAIN PAGE

Options for Secondary validation are available under Data Entry Module

URL: http://180.92.171.80/eSWDESSV

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MAIN PAGE SELECT STATIONS BY LOCATION/ HERARCHY
Options for Secondary validation are available under Data Entry Module Select The Station and Parameter Type, You Want To Validate The Data

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SELECT STATIONS BY LOCATION/ HERARCHY SELECT STATIONS BY LOCATION/ HERARCHY

Select The Station and Parameter Type, You Want To Validate The Data Select The required series and click on Add to scenario

Select The Station, Parameter and click

Search

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SELECT STATIONS BY LOCATION/ HERARCHY ADD TO SCENARIO

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SAVE SCENARIO SAVE SCENARIO

YOU CAN REPEAT THE PROCESS

FOR MULTIPLE STATION

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LOAD SCENARIO MODULES OF SECONDARY VALIDATION
To work on any previously saved scenario, select the scenario and click
on Load scenario

SECONDARY VALIDATION:

1. Time Series Analysis

2. Gap Filling and Correction

3. Stage-Discharge

4. Compilation and Generation

5. Sediment Rating Equation

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TIME SERIES ANALYSIS GAP FILLING & CORRECTION

RAINFALL CLIMATIC VARIABLES WATER LEVEL & DISCHARGE RAINFALL CLIMATIC VARIABLES WATER LEVEL & DIASCHARGE

Time series analysis: Time series analysis: Time series analysis: Gap Filling & Correction: Gap Filling & Correction: Gap Filling & Correction:

 General Inspection  General Inspection  Longitudinal inspection  Relation curves  Relation curves  Relation curves
o Graphic analysis o Graphic analysis o Graphic analysis  Constant correction  Constant correction  Constant correction
o Inspection of values o Inspection of values o Inspection of values  Using existing records  Using existing records  Using existing records
o Computation of relation o Computation of relation o Computation of relation  Time shifting  Time shifting  Time shifting
curves curves curves  Drift correction  Drift correction  Drift correction
 Inspection Longitudinal  Inspection Longitudinal Variation  Inspection Longitudinal Variation
Variation  Double-Mass analysis  Double-Mass analysis
 Double-Mass analysis  Other Analysis:  Other Analysis:
 Other Analysis: o Residual Series o Balances
o Residual Series o Residual Mass curves
o Residual Mass curves

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STAGE DISCHARGE COMPILATION & GENERATION
WATER LEVEL &
RAINFALL CLIMATIC VARIABLES WATER LEVEL & DIASCHARGE RAINFALL CLIMATIC VARIABLES
DIASCHARGE

Stage-Discharge: Compilation & Generation: Compilation & Generation: Compilation & Generation:

 Fitting rating curve  Aggregation  Aggregation  Aggregation

 Validation of rating curve  Disaggregation  Disaggregation  Disaggregation
 Extrapolation of rating curve  Creation of derived series  Creation of derived series  Creation of derived series
 Stage-Discharge computation:  Computation of areal  Computation of
o Using rating curve rainfall Evapotranspiration
o Using measurement
structures

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SEDIMENT RATING EQUATIONS TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

WATER LEVEL &

RAINFALL CLIMATIC VARIABLES
DIASCHARGE
Sediment rating equation.

 Time Series Analysis :

 General Inspection of Series
 Inspection Longitudinal variation
 Double Mass Analysis
 Other Analysis

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GENERAL INSPECTION OF SERIES GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

 Time Series Analysis :  Time Series Analysis :  Graphical Analysis :

 General Inspection of Series :
 General Inspection of Series:  General Inspection of Series:
It is possible to Analyse data by
 Graphical Analysis generating Graph or by Inspecting  Graphical Analysis
 Inspection of Values Vales or by generating a Relation  Inspection of Values
 Computation of Relation Curve Curve.  Computation of Relation Curve
 Inspection Longitudinal variation  Inspection Longitudinal variation
 Double Mass Analysis  Double Mass Analysis
 Other Analysis  Other Analysis

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GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

 Time Series Analysis :  Time Series Analysis :

 General Inspection of Series:  Graphical Analysis : Scatter  General Inspection of Series:  Graphical Analysis : Line
 Graphical Analysis  Graphical Analysis
 Inspection of Values  Inspection of Values
 Computation of Relation Curve  Computation of Relation
 Inspection Longitudinal variation Curve
 Double Mass Analysis  Inspection Longitudinal
 Other Analysis variation
 Double Mass Analysis
 Other Analysis

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GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS INSPECTION OF VALUES

 Time Series Analysis :  Time Series Analysis :

 General Inspection of Series:  Graphical Analysis : Bar  General Inspection of Series:  Inspection of Values: Analysing of
 Graphical Analysis  Graphical Analysis data can be done by Inspection of
 Inspection of Values  Inspection of Values values the graph and report can be
generated also
 Computation of Relation Curve  Computation of Relation Curve
 Inspection Longitudinal variation  Inspection Longitudinal variation
 Double Mass Analysis  Double Mass Analysis
 Other Analysis  Other Analysis

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COMPUTATION OF RELATION CURVE INSPECTION LONGITUDINAL VARIATION

 Time Series Analysis :  Computation of Relation Curve:  Time Series Analysis :

 General Inspection of Series: If two water level stations are located on  General Inspection of Series  Inspection Longitudinal Variation:
 Graphical Analysis the same river and no major branch joins  Inspection Longitudinal variation Water level variation along the line is
 Inspection of Values the main stream between the two  Double Mass Analysis checked by plotting the graphs.
locations, a relation can be expected
 Computation of Relation Curve  Other Analysis
between the recordings at the two
 Inspection Longitudinal variation locations. With the help of this relation,
 Double Mass Analysis the stage at a particular station can be
 Other Analysis derived from the available data series of
the adjacent station.

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DOUBLE MASS ANALYSIS DOUBLE MASS ANALYSIS

 Time Series Analysis :  Time Series Analysis :  Double Mass Analysis:

 General Inspection of Series  General Inspection of Series
 Inspection Longitudinal variation  Inspection Longitudinal variation
 Double Mass Analysis  Double Mass Analysis
 Other Analysis  Other Analysis

Double mass analysis is a technique that is

effective in detecting a systematic shift, like abrupt
or gradual changes in the mean of a series,
persisting in the record for a considerable period
of time.

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DOUBLE MASS ANALYSIS OTHER ANALYSIS

 Time Series Analysis :  Double Mass Analysis:  Time Series Analysis :

 Other Analysis:
 General Inspection of Series  General Inspection of Series
 Inspection Longitudinal variation  Inspection Longitudinal  Residual series.
variation  Residual Mass Curve
 Double Mass Analysis
 Other Analysis  Double Mass Analysis  Balances
 Other Analysis

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 Residual series: OTHER ANALYSIS OTHER ANALYSIS

 Time Series Analysis :  Time Series Analysis :

 Residual series:  Residual Mass Curve:
 General Inspection of Series  General Inspection of Series
 Inspection Longitudinal  Inspection Longitudinal
variation variation
 Double Mass Analysis  Double Mass Analysis
 Other Analysis  Other Analysis

A residual mass curve represents

accumulative departures from the mean.
It is an efficient tool to detect climatic
variability and no homogeneity.

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OTHER ANALYSIS OTHER ANALYSIS

 Time Series Analysis :  Time Series Analysis :  Balances:

 Residual Mass Curve:
 General Inspection of Series  General Inspection of Series .
 Inspection Longitudinal  Inspection Longitudinal
variation variation
 Double Mass Analysis  Double Mass Analysis
 Other Analysis  Other Analysis

After finalizing rating curves, observed stage time series are converted to
discharge. Discharge time series are then aggregated and compiled to
successively longer time intervals - from hourly to daily to ten-daily and
monthly. Discharge time series at consecutive stations on a river should then
show a consistent pattern of relationship and water balance, taking into
consideration the intervening catchment area, major tributary inflows and
abstractions. The balance of flows can be checked using the average discharge
or flow volumes during a time interval. Generally better and less variable
relationships are obtained using longer time intervals.

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OTHER ANALYSIS GAP FILLING & CORRECTION

 Time Series Analysis :  Balances:  Gap Filling & Correction :

 General Inspection of Series .
 Inspection Longitudinal
 Relation Curve
variation  Constant Correction
 Double Mass Analysis
 Using Existing records
 Other Analysis
 Shifting
 Drift Correction

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GAP FILLING & CORRECTION GAP FILLING & CORRECTION : Constant Correction

 Gap Filling & Correction :  Relation Curve :  Gap Filling & Correction :
 Relation Curve  Relation Curve
 Constant Correction :
 Constant Correction  Constant Correction
 T-Student test:
 Using Existing records  Using Existing records
 Mean Quadratic error.
 Shifting  Shifting
 Drift Correction  Drift Correction

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GAP FILLING & CORRECTION : Constant Correction GAP FILLING & CORRECTION : Constant Correction

 Gap Filling & Correction :  Constant Correction :  Gap Filling & Correction :  Constant Correction :
 Relation Curve  T-Student test:  Relation Curve  T-Student test:
 Constant Correction  Mean Quadratic error.  Constant Correction  Mean Quadratic error.
 Using Existing records  Using Existing records
 Shifting  Shifting
 Drift Correction  Drift Correction

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GAP FILLING & CORRECTION GAP FILLING & CORRECTION

 Gap Filling & Correction :  Gap Filling & Correction :  Shifting:

 Using Existing records:
 Relation Curve To fill data of series with series of different  Relation Curve DUE TO WRONG ENTRY
 Constant Correction time steps, from the same station, using aggregated  Constant Correction
 Using Existing records series.  Using Existing records
 Shifting SRG record missing or faulty - ARG available  Shifting
 Drift Correction  Drift Correction

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GAP FILLING & CORRECTION STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Gap Filling & Correction :  Drift Correction:  Stage-Discharge :

 Relation Curve  Fitting of Rating Curve
 Constant Correction  Validation of Rating Equations
 Using Existing records  Extrapolation of Rating Curve
 Shifting  Stage-Discharge Computation
 Drift Correction

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STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Discharge :
 Single Channel Ratting Curve:
 Fitting of Rating Curve  Fitting of Rating Curve :  Fitting of Rating Curve
 Validation of Rating Equations 1. Single Channel Ratting Curve  Validation of Rating Equations
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve 2. Ratting Curve With Backwater  Extrapolation of Rating Curve
 Stage-Discharge Computation Constant-fall correction  Stage-Discharge Computation
3. Ratting Curve With Backwater Normal-
fall correction
4. Ratting Curve With Unsteady fall
correction
5. Compound Channel Ratting Curve

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STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :
 Single Channel Ratting Curve (Cont…):  Stage-Discharge :  Rating curve with backwater correction:
 Fitting of Rating Curve Stage-fall-discharge or the twin gauge station
Two types of algebraic equations are commonly  Fitting of Rating Curve
 Validation of Rating Equations fitted to stage discharge data are: fall-discharge methods are used to include
 Validation of Rating Equations
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve 1. Power type equation which is most commonly
backwater effects on stage-discharge ratings.
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve eSWIS includes:
 Stage-Discharge Computation used:  Stage-Discharge Computation constant-fall method
normal-fall method.
In these methods the fall F between the
2. Parabolic type of equation: water level at the discharge measuring site
and a downstream station is considered as an
additional parameter, to account for the
Qm = backwater affected discharge
Qr = reference discharge effect of water surface slope on discharge.
Where, Both methods are based on the following
Fm = measured fall
Q=Discharge, h= Measured Water Level(m), Fr = reference fall equation:
a= Water Level(m) corresponding to Q=0, p = power, with: 0.4 £p £0.6
ci=coefficients derived for the relationship
corresponding to the station characteristics

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STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Discharge :
 Fitting of Rating Curve  Ratting Curve With Backwater Constant-fall  Fitting of Rating Curve  Ratting Curve With Backwater Normal-fall
 Validation of Rating Equations correction:  Validation of Rating Equations correction:
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve In this method the reference fall Fr is taken as a  Extrapolation of Rating Curve In this method the reference fall Fr is
constant. A special case of the constant-fall method modelled as a function of the water level: Fr =
 Stage-Discharge Computation is the unit-fall method, where Fr = 1 m is applied.  Stage-Discharge Computation
f(h). This function is represented by a
In the computational procedure a value for Fr is parabola:
assumed. Then a rating curve is fitted to the values: Fr = a4 + b4 h + c4 h2
valid for h > hmin , where hmin is a lower
threshold of h above which the backwater
Qm = backwater affected discharge Qm = backwater affected discharge correction is applied.
Qr = reference discharge The value for p is optimised between the
Qr = reference discharge
Fm = measured fall boundaries 0.4 and 0.6 based on the least squares The normal fall method goes in two steps:
Fm = measured fall
Fr = reference fall principle. Fr = reference fall 1. Computation of the backwater free rating
p = power, with: 0.4 £p £0.6 p = power, with: 0.4 £p £0.6 curve to represent reference discharge Qr
2. Fitting of normal fall equation to the
reference falls.

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STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Discharge :
 Fitting of Rating Curve  Ratting Curve With Unsteady fall  Fitting of Rating Curve  Compound Channel Ratting Curve(for
 Validation of Rating Equations correction:  Validation of Rating Equations power equation only):
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve Omitting the acceleration terms in the dynamic flow  Extrapolation of Rating Curve If the flood plains carry flow over the full cross
equation the relation between the unsteady section, the discharge (for very wide channels)
 Stage-Discharge Computation discharge Qm and steady discharge Qc , see also  Stage-Discharge Computation consists of two parts:
Figure, is given by the Jones equation:
and

assuming that the floodplain has the same slope as

the river bed, the total discharge becomes:

S0 = energy slope for steady flow

vw = wave velocity The rating curve changes significantly as soon as the
dh/dt = rate of change of the water flood plain at level h-h1 is flooded, especially if the
ratio of the storage width B to the width of the river
level in time [m/day]
bed Br is large

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STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Discharge :  Validation of Rating Equations :

 Fitting of Rating Curve  Validation of Rating Equations :  Fitting of Rating Curve  Single Channel Ratting Curve
 Validation of Rating Equations  Validation of Rating Equations  Ratting Curve With Backwater Constant-
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve  Extrapolation of Rating Curve fall correction
 Stage-Discharge Computation  Stage-Discharge Computation  Ratting Curve With Backwater Normal-fall
correction
 Ratting Curve With Unsteady fall
correction
 Compound Channel Ratting Curve

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STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Discharge :  Validation of Rating Equations :

 Fitting of Rating Curve  Validation of Rating Equations :  Fitting of Rating Curve
 Validation of Rating Equations  Validation of Rating Equations
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve  Extrapolation of Rating Curve
 Stage-Discharge Computation  Stage-Discharge Computation

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STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Discharge :  Logarithmic Scale Method:

 Extrapolation of Rating Curve :
 Fitting of Rating Curve  Fitting of Rating Curve If the hydraulic characteristics of the control
 Validation of Rating Equations  Validation of Rating Equations section do not change beyond the measured
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve Extrapolation of rating curves is  Extrapolation of Rating Curve range, the power type stage-discharge
 Stage-Discharge Computation  Stage-Discharge Computation relation is assumed to remain valid in the
required because the range of level lower and upper end.
over which gauging has been carried out does not cover the full
range of observed levels. The rating curve may fall short at both the
lower and the upper end. Extreme flows are often the most
important for design and planning and it is important that the best
possible estimates are made.
Extrapolation is not simply a question of extending the rating from
existing gauging to extreme levels (although in some cases this may
be acceptable); a different control may apply, the channel geometry
may change, flow may occur over the floodplain and form and
vegetation roughness coefficients may change.
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STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Logarithmic Scale Method:  Stage-Discharge :  Logarithmic Scale Method:

 Fitting of Rating Curve If the hydraulic characteristics of the control  Fitting of Rating Curve If the hydraulic characteristics of the control
 Validation of Rating Equations section do not change beyond the measured  Validation of Rating Equations section do not change beyond the measured
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve range, the power type stage-discharge  Extrapolation of Rating Curve range, the power type stage-discharge
 Stage-Discharge Computation relation is assumed to remain valid in the  Stage-Discharge Computation relation is assumed to remain valid in the
lower and upper end. lower and upper end.

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Central Water Commission Central Water Commission

STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Logarithmic Scale Method:  Stage-Discharge :  Logarithmic Scale Method:

 Fitting of Rating Curve If the hydraulic characteristics of the control  Fitting of Rating Curve If the hydraulic characteristics of the control
 Validation of Rating Equations section do not change beyond the measured  Validation of Rating Equations section do not change beyond the measured
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve range, the power type stage-discharge  Extrapolation of Rating Curve range, the power type stage-discharge
 Stage-Discharge Computation relation is assumed to remain valid in the  Stage-Discharge Computation relation is assumed to remain valid in the
lower and upper end. lower and upper end.

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STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Logarithmic Scale Method:  Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Area Velocity:

 Fitting of Rating Curve If the hydraulic characteristics of the control  Fitting of Rating Curve Where extrapolation is needed either well
 Validation of Rating Equations section do not change beyond the measured  Validation of Rating Equations beyond the measured range, or there are
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve range, the power type stage-discharge  Extrapolation of Rating Curve known changes in the hydraulic
 Stage-Discharge Computation relation is assumed to remain valid in the  Stage-Discharge Computation characteristics of the control section, then
lower and upper end. a combination of stage-area and stage-
velocity curves may be used. Stage-area and stage-mean velocity curves are extended
separately. For stable channels the stage-area relationship is fixed and is determined
by survey up to the highest required stage. The stage-velocity curve is based on
current meter gauging within the measured range and, since the rate of increase in
velocity at higher stages diminishes rapidly this curve can be extended without much
error for in-bank flows. Discharge for a given (extended) stage is then obtained by the
product of area and mean velocity read using extrapolated stage-area and stage-mean
velocity curves.
This method may be used for extrapolation at both the upper and lower end of
the rating.

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Central Water Commission Central Water Commission

STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Area Velocity:  Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Area Velocity:

 Fitting of Rating Curve Where extrapolation is needed either well beyond the  Fitting of Rating Curve Where extrapolation is needed either well beyond the
measured range, or there are known changes in the measured range, or there are known changes in the
 Validation of Rating Equations  Validation of Rating Equations
hydraulic characteristics of the control section, then a hydraulic characteristics of the control section, then a
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve combination of stage-area and stage-velocity curves  Extrapolation of Rating Curve combination of stage-area and stage-velocity curves
 Stage-Discharge Computation may be used. Stage-area and stage-mean velocity  Stage-Discharge Computation may be used. Stage-area and stage-mean velocity
curves are extended separately. For stable channels curves are extended separately. For stable channels
the stage-area relationship is fixed and is determined the stage-area relationship is fixed and is determined
by survey up to the highest required stage. The stage- by survey up to the highest required stage. The stage-
velocity curve is based on current meter gauging velocity curve is based on current meter gauging
within the measured range and, since the rate of within the measured range and, since the rate of
increase in velocity at higher stages diminishes rapidly increase in velocity at higher stages diminishes rapidly
this curve can be extended without much error for in- this curve can be extended without much error for in-
bank flows. Discharge for a given (extended) stage is bank flows. Discharge for a given (extended) stage is
then obtained by the product of area and mean then obtained by the product of area and mean
velocity read using extrapolated stage-area and stage- velocity read using extrapolated stage-area and stage-
mean velocity curves. mean velocity curves.
This method may be used for extrapolation at both This method may be used for extrapolation at both
the upper and lower end of the rating. the upper and lower end of the rating.

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STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Area Velocity:  Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Area Velocity:

 Fitting of Rating Curve Where extrapolation is needed either well beyond the  Fitting of Rating Curve Where extrapolation is needed either well beyond the
measured range, or there are known changes in the measured range, or there are known changes in the
 Validation of Rating Equations  Validation of Rating Equations
hydraulic characteristics of the control section, then a hydraulic characteristics of the control section, then a
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve combination of stage-area and stage-velocity curves  Extrapolation of Rating Curve combination of stage-area and stage-velocity curves
 Stage-Discharge Computation may be used. Stage-area and stage-mean velocity  Stage-Discharge Computation may be used. Stage-area and stage-mean velocity
curves are extended separately. For stable channels curves are extended separately. For stable channels
the stage-area relationship is fixed and is determined the stage-area relationship is fixed and is determined
by survey up to the highest required stage. The stage- by survey up to the highest required stage. The stage-
velocity curve is based on current meter gauging velocity curve is based on current meter gauging
within the measured range and, since the rate of within the measured range and, since the rate of
increase in velocity at higher stages diminishes rapidly increase in velocity at higher stages diminishes rapidly
this curve can be extended without much error for in- this curve can be extended without much error for in-
bank flows. Discharge for a given (extended) stage is bank flows. Discharge for a given (extended) stage is
then obtained by the product of area and mean then obtained by the product of area and mean
velocity read using extrapolated stage-area and stage- velocity read using extrapolated stage-area and stage-
mean velocity curves. mean velocity curves.
This method may be used for extrapolation at both This method may be used for extrapolation at both
the upper and lower end of the rating. the upper and lower end of the rating.

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Manning Cross-Section Properties STAGE-DISCHARGE

STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Discharge :  Manning Cross-Section Properties:

 Manning Cross-Section Properties:
 Fitting of Rating Curve  Fitting of Rating Curve A slight variation of the stage-area-velocity method
A slight variation of the stage-area-velocity method is the use of Manning’s equation for steady flow. In
 Validation of Rating Equations is the use of Manning’s equation for steady flow. In  Validation of Rating Equations
terms of the mean velocity the Manning equation
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve terms of the mean velocity the Manning equation  Extrapolation of Rating Curve may be written:
 Stage-Discharge Computation may be written:  Stage-Discharge Computation

Since for higher stages the value of Km S1/2

Since for higher stages the value of Km S1/2 becomes nearly constant, the equation can be
becomes nearly constant, the equation can be rewritten:
rewritten:

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Manning Cross-Section Properties STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :
 With Rating Curve
 Fitting of Rating Curve
 Validation of Rating Equations
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve
 Stage-Discharge Computation

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STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Discharge :
 With Rating Curve  With Rating Curve
 Fitting of Rating Curve  Fitting of Rating Curve
 Validation of Rating Equations  Validation of Rating Equations
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve  Extrapolation of Rating Curve
 Stage-Discharge Computation  Stage-Discharge Computation

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STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Discharge :
 With Rating Curve  With Rating Curve
 Fitting of Rating Curve  Fitting of Rating Curve
 Validation of Rating Equations  Validation of Rating Equations
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve  Extrapolation of Rating Curve
 Stage-Discharge Computation  Stage-Discharge Computation

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Central Water Commission Central Water Commission

STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Discharge :
 With Rating Curve  With Rating Curve
 Fitting of Rating Curve  Fitting of Rating Curve
 Validation of Rating Equations  Validation of Rating Equations
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve  Extrapolation of Rating Curve
 Stage-Discharge Computation  Stage-Discharge Computation

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STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Discharge Computation :

 With Rating Curve
 Fitting of Rating Curve  Fitting of Rating Curve  With Ratting Curve:
 Validation of Rating Equations  Validation of Rating Equations  Weirs & Flumes
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve  Extrapolation of Rating Curve
 Stage-Discharge Computation  Stage-Discharge Computation

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With Ratting Curve STAGE-DISCHARGE With Ratting Curve STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Discharge Computation :  Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Discharge Computation :

 Fitting of Rating Curve  With Ratting Curve:  Fitting of Rating Curve  With Ratting Curve:
 Validation of Rating Equations  Weirs & Flumes  Validation of Rating Equations  Weirs & Flumes
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve  Extrapolation of Rating Curve
 Stage-Discharge Computation  Stage-Discharge Computation

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With Ratting Curve STAGE-DISCHARGE STAGE-DISCHARGE

 Stage-Discharge :  Stage-Discharge Computation :  Stage-Discharge :  Weirs & Flumes:

 Fitting of Rating Curve  With Ratting Curve:  Fitting of Rating Curve
 Validation of Rating Equations  Weirs & Flumes  Validation of Rating Equations
 Extrapolation of Rating Curve  Extrapolation of Rating Curve
 Stage-Discharge Computation  Stage-Discharge Computation

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Central Water Commission Central Water Commission

COMPILATION AND GENERATION Aggregation COMPILATION AND GENERATION

 Compilation And Generation :  Aggregation :

 Aggregation Aggregation to longer time intervals is required
 Disaggregation for validation and analysis. For validation small
persistent errors may not be detected at the
 Creation of Derived Series
small time interval of observation but may
 Computation of Areal Rainfall more readily be detected at longer time
 Calculation of Evatranspitation intervals.

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COMPILATION AND GENERATION COMPILATION AND GENERATION

 Compilation And Generation :  Disaggregation :  Compilation And Generation :  Disaggregation :

 Aggregation  Aggregation
 Disaggregation DISAGREGATION OF DATA TO SHORTER  Disaggregation DISAGREGATION OF DATA TO SHORTER
INTERVALS INTERVALS
 Creation of Derived Series  Creation of Derived Series
 Computation of Areal Rainfall  Computation of Areal Rainfall
 Calculation of Evatranspitation  Calculation of Evatranspitation

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COMPILATION AND GENERATION COMPILATION AND GENERATION

 Compilation And Generation :  Compilation And Generation :  Creation of Derived Series :

Creation of Derived Series : The annual, seasonal or monthly maximum
 Aggregation  Aggregation
The annual, seasonal or monthly series are frequently required for flood
 Disaggregation  Disaggregation
 Creation of Derived Series
maximum series are frequently  Creation of Derived Series
analysis, whilst minimum series may be
required for drought analysis.
 Computation of Areal Rainfall required for flood analysis, whilst  Computation of Areal Rainfall This process allows the user to get data series
 Calculation of Evatranspitation minimum series may be required  Calculation of Evatranspitation from different data series selected previously. It
for drought analysis. will be possible getting this type of data series:
This process allows the user to get
data series from different data
series selected previously. It will be
possible getting this type of data
series:

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COMPILATION AND GENERATION COMPILATION AND GENERATION

 Compilation And Generation :  Creation of Derived Series :  Compilation And Generation Computation of Areal Rainfall :
 Aggregation The annual, seasonal or monthly maximum : Rain-gauges generally measure rainfall at individual
series are frequently required for flood  Aggregation points. However, many hydrological applications
 Disaggregation
analysis, whilst minimum series may be
 Creation of Derived Series  Disaggregation require the average depth of rainfall occurring over
required for drought analysis.
 Computation of Areal Rainfall  Creation of Derived an area which can then be compared directly with
This process allows the user to get data series
 Calculation of Evatranspitation from different data series selected previously. It Series runoff from that area. The area under consideration
will be possible getting this type of data series:  Computation of Areal can be a principal river basin or a component sub-
Rainfall basin. Occasionally, average areal rainfall is required
 Calculation of for country, state or other administrative unit, and
Evatranspitation the areal average is obtained within the appropriate
political or administrative boundary.
Since rainfall is spatially variable and the spatial
distribution varies between events, point rainfall
does not provide a precise estimate or
representation of the areal rainfall. The areal rainfall
will always be an estimate and not the true rainfall
depth irrespective of the method.
(Conti…..)
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Central Water Commission Central Water Commission

COMPILATION AND GENERATION COMPILATION AND GENERATION

 Compilation And Generation Computation of Areal Rainfall :  Compilation And Generation : Computation of Areal Rainfall :
:  Aggregation There are a number of methods which can be
There are a number of methods which can be employed for estimation of the areal rainfall
 Aggregation employed for estimation of the areal rainfall  Disaggregation including:
 Disaggregation including:  Creation of Derived Series 1. Equal Station Weight Method
 Creation of Derived 1. Equal Station Weight Method  Computation of Areal Rainfall 2. User Specified Station Weight Method
Series 3. Thiessen polygon method.
2. User Specified Station Weight Method  Calculation of Evatranspitation 4. Kriging Method
 Computation of Areal 3. Thiessen polygon method. These methods for estimation of areal average
Rainfall 4. Kriging Method rainfall compute the weighted average of the point
 Calculation of These methods for estimation of areal average rainfall values; the difference between various
Evatranspitation methods is only in assigning the weights to these
rainfall compute the weighted average of the individual point rainfall values, the weights being
point rainfall values; the difference between primarily based on the proportional area represented
various methods is only in assigning the weights by a point gauge.
to these individual point rainfall values, the
weights being primarily based on the
proportional area represented by a point gauge.

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COMPILATION AND GENERATION COMPILATION AND GENERATION

 Compilation And Generation : Equal Station Weight Method:  Compilation And Generation : User Specified Station Weight Method:
 Aggregation This is the simplest of all the methods and as  Aggregation In the arithmetic averaging method, all rainfall
the name suggests the areal average stations are assigned equal weights. To account
 Disaggregation  Disaggregation
Rainfall depth is estimated by simple averaging for orographic effects and especially where
 Creation of Derived Series of all selected point rainfall values for  Creation of Derived Series rain-gauges are predominantly located in the
 Computation of Areal Rainfall the area under consideration. That is:  Computation of Areal Rainfall lower rainfall valleys, it is sometimes required
 Calculation of Evatranspitation  Calculation of Evatranspitation to weight the stations differently. In this case,
instead of equal weights, user defined weights
Where: can be assigned to the stations under
Pat= estimated average areal rainfall depth at consideration. . The estimation of areal average
time t rainfall depth can be made as follows:
Where:
Pit = individual point rainfall values considered
ci = weight assigned to individual
for an area, at station i ( for i = 1,N) and time
raingauge station i (i = 1,N).
t,
To account for under-representation
N = total number of point rainfall stations
by gauges located in valleys the
considered
weights do not
necessarily need to add up to 1.

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COMPILATION AND GENERATION COMPILATION AND GENERATION

 Compilation And Generation : Thiessen polygon:  Compilation And Generation : Thiessen polygon:
 Aggregation This widely-used method was proposed by A.M.  Aggregation Areal rainfall is thus estimated by first
 Disaggregation Thiessen in 1911. The Thiessen polygon method  Disaggregation multiplying individual station totals by their
 Creation of Derived accounts for the variability in spatial distribution  Creation of Derived Thiessen weights and then summing the
Series of gauges and the consequent variable area Series weighted totals as follows:
 Computation of Areal which each gauge represents. The areas  Computation of Areal
Rainfall representing each gauge are defined by drawing Rainfall
 Calculation of lines between adjacent stations on a map. The  Calculation of
Evatranspitation perpendicular bisectors of these lines form a Evatranspitation
pattern of polygons (the Thiessen polygons) with Where:
one station in each polygon. Stations outside the Pm= estimated average areal rainfall depth
basin boundary should be included in the Pi= Individual Rainfall values
analysis as they may have polygons which extend Ai = the area of Thiessen polygon for station i A =
into the basin area. The area of a polygon for an total area under consideration
individual station as a proportion of the total
basin area represents the Thiessen weight for
that station. (Conti………)
(Conti….)
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COMPILATION AND GENERATION COMPILATION AND GENERATION

 Compilation And Generation : Thiessen polygon:  Compilation And Generation : Kriging Method:
 Aggregation The polygons are computed based on the catchment  Aggregation The Kriging Method is an interpolation method. It
boundary contour and the station locations. The provides rainfall estimates (or estimates of
 Disaggregation catchment boundary is a characteristic of a Catchment  Disaggregation
any other variable) at points (point-kriging) or
 Creation of Derived Series which is selected from the catchment list box.  Creation of Derived Series
If for a time step at one or more of the point rainfall blocks (block-kriging) based on a weighted
 Computation of Areal Rainfall  Computation of Areal Rainfall average of observations made at surrounding
stations an observation is missing then automatically a
 Calculation of Evatranspitation missing value will be entered for the areal rainfall.  Calculation of Evatranspitation stations. In this section point-kriging will be
The combination of point rainfall stations and weights to discussed. In the application of the kriging
compute the areal rainfall are stored in the database to method for areal rainfall estimation and drawing
be used at a later stage for different time periods. of isohyets a dense grid is put over the
The Thiessen method is objective and readily catchment. By estimating the rainfall for the
computerized but is not ideal for mountainous areas
gridpoints the areal rainfall is simply determined
where physiographic effects are significant or where rain-
gauges are predominantly located at lower elevations of as the average rainfall of all grid points within the
the basin. Altitude weighted polygons (including altitude catchment. In addition, in view of the dense grid,
as well as areal effects) have been devised but are not it is very easy to draw isohyets based on
widely used. (Conti….) the rainfall values at the grid points.
(Conti…)

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COMPILATION AND GENERATION COMPILATION AND GENERATION

 Compilation And Generation : Kriging Method:  Compilation And Generation : Kriging Method:
 Aggregation At each gridpoint the rainfall is estimated from:  Aggregation The weights are different for each grid point and
 Disaggregation  Disaggregation observation station. The weight given to a
particular observation station k in estimating the
 Creation of Derived Series  Creation of Derived Series
where: Pe0 = rainfall estimate at some gridpoint rainfall at gridpoint “0” depends on the
 Computation of Areal Rainfall  Computation of Areal Rainfall gridpoint-station distance and the spatial
“0”
 Calculation of Evatranspitation  Calculation of Evatranspitation correlation structure of the rainfall field. The
w0,k = weight of station k in the estimate of the
rainfall at point “0” kriging method provides weights, which have the
Pk = rainfall observed at station k following properties:
N = number of stations considered in the  The weights are linear, i.e. the estimates are a
estimation of Pe0 weighted linear combinations of the available
observations
 The weights lead to unbiased estimates of the
rainfall at the grid points, i.e. the expected
estimation error at all grid points is zero
 The weights minimise the error variance at all
(Conti…) grid points.
(Conti…)

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COMPILATION AND GENERATION COMPILATION AND GENERATION

 Compilation And Generation :  Calculation of Evatranspitation  Compilation And Generation :  Calculation of Evatranspitation
 Aggregation  Aggregation
 Disaggregation  Disaggregation
 Creation of Derived Series  Creation of Derived Series
 Computation of Areal Rainfall  Computation of Areal Rainfall
 Calculation of Evatranspitation  Calculation of Evatranspitation

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Central Water Commission Central Water Commission

COMPILATION AND GENERATION FITTING RATTIN CURVE SEDIMENT RATIN EQUATION

 Sediment Rating Equation :
 Compilation And Generation :  Calculation of Evatranspitation  Fitting Rating Curve
 Computation of Sediment  Fitting Rating Curve:
 Aggregation
 Disaggregation
 Creation of Derived Series
 Computation of Areal Rainfall
 Calculation of Evatranspitation

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FITTING RATTIN CURVE SEDIMENT RATIN EQUATION FITTING RATTIN CURVE

 Sediment Rating Equation :  Sediment Rating Equation :

 Fitting Rating Curve:  Fitting Rating Curve:
 Fitting Rating Curve  Fitting Rating Curve
 Computation of Sediment  Computation of Sediment

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Central Water Commission Central Water Commission

FITTING RATTIN CURVE FITTING RATTIN CURVE

 Sediment Rating Equation :  Sediment Rating Equation :

 Fitting Rating Curve (Conti..)  Fitting Rating Curve (Conti..)
 Fitting Rating Curve  Fitting Rating Curve
 Computation of Sediment  Computation of Sediment

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FITTING RATTIN CURVE COMPUTATION OF SEDIMENT

 Sediment Rating Equation :  Computation of Sediment

 Fitting Rating Curve (Conti..)  Sediment Rating Equation :
 Fitting Rating Curve
 Fitting Rating Curve
 Computation of Sediment
 Computation of Sediment

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COMPUTATION OF SEDIMENT COMPUTATION OF SEDIMENT

 Sediment Rating Equation :  Computation of Sediment  Sediment Rating Equation :  Computation of Sediment
 Fitting Rating Curve  Fitting Rating Curve
 Computation of Sediment  Computation of Sediment

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COMPUTATION OF SEDIMENT

 Sediment Rating Equation :  Computation of Sediment

 Fitting Rating Curve
 Computation of Sediment

THANK YOU

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Page 101
राष्ट्रीय जऱ अकादमी
ऩण
ु े स्थथत राष्ट्रीय जऱ अकादमी, केन्द्रीय जऱ आयोग की एक
विशिष्ट्ट संथथा है । जऱ संसाधन ऺेत्र से जड
ु े राज्य तथा केन्द्र
सरकार में विविध थतर ऩर काययरत अशियंताओं के प्रशिऺण के ऺेत्र
में राष्ट्रीय जऱ अकादमी एक “उत्कृष्ट्ट केन्द्र” के रूऩ में कायय कर
रही है । राष्ट्रीय जऱ अकादमी जऱ संसाधन के विकास एिं प्रबन्द्धन
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आयोजन के साथ-साथ केन्द्रीय जऱ अशियंत्रण (िगय ‘क’) सेिा के
अंतगयत चयननत अधधकाररयों के शऱए ऱम्बी अिधध का प्रिेिन
काययक्रम िी आयोस्जत करता है ।

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संबंध में जानकारी प्राप्त की जा सकती है ।