Csec

Physical Education SBA

Year 2020

Name of candidate: Marvin Ayindi Patterson

School: The Guyana Education Trust College
Candidate #:0900860154
Centre#:090086
Teacher:sir franklin
Title: Referee
Territory: Guyana
What is an referee?
An referee is an official who watches a game or match closely
to ensure that the rules are adhered to and(in some sports) to
arbitrate on matters arising from the play.

Referee duties and responsibilities

Oversee games
The main role of a referee is to make sure that the rules of the
game they are officiating are being followed by all players. A
referee will explain rules as needed and ensure that all
participants understand these rules.

Track time of event

In most cases, games or sporting competitions play out over a
determined amount of time. It is typically up to the referee to
indicate the start and end of a game and to keep track of the
time throughout the event. It is up to the referee to decide if a
game needs more than the allotted time to complete.

Inspect Equipment
Referees will usually conduct an inspection of equipment to
make sure that it all meets the specifications of the
organizations in which the games are being played.
The Guyana Education Trust College carried out a football
competition within the school. They had five teams one team
from each class, 5 aside game. The teams were well equipped
and the game was already to start. I was seleted to be the
referee for the games, I was equip with a stopwatch, a whistle
and a yellow and red card.

The first match was form one(1) against form two(2),but teams
played very well but the first formers came out victorious.

The second match was third form against fourth form, the
games was intense for the first half. For the third former team
kemuel received a yellow card for fouling alex. In the second
half the third former won 2-1, they proceeded to the next
round.

The third math was the first formers against fifth formers,
surprisingly randy scored against the fifth formers in the
opening 2 minutes of the game. Coming to the end of the first
half jamal did a dangerous move for the ball, he slide from the
back of Andrew brown and hooked his leg, jamal was given a
straight red card for that tackle. Brown was being looked after
by the medics on the side of the field
The first formers still won the game. The other match was
called off because of a player being injured and couldn’t play so
the first formers won the school football competition
Physical Education
School Base Assessment(SBA)
Year 2020

Name of candidate: Marvin Ayindi Patterson

Candidate #:0900860154
School: The Guyana Education Trust College
Centre#:090086
Title: Discuss three sports (Football,tennis,basketball)
Teacher: R. franklin
Territory: Guyana
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement.............................................................3
Introduction.......................................................................4
History of tennis................................................................5
History of basketball..........................................................9
Rules of basketball..........................................................12
Referee Basketball...........................................................17
Referee Basketball Foul Signals.......................................21
Other Referee Signals......................................................24
How long is a basketball game?......................................26
Equipment.......................................................................30
The basketball court........................................................34
The history of football (soccer).......................................38
Equipment for football....................................................47
Football field....................................................................52
Rules of the game football..............................................56
Number of Soccer Players...............................................59
Length of match..............................................................62
Acknowledgement

Having someone to help with your project is a blessing. I would

like to thank my parents for their corporation in helping me
with this research. All were very nice and understand what was
taking place. Also thank the teacher and students for the
guidelines and the effort of helping me put this project
together.   

Introduction
In this school base assessment you will be looking at
three different sports football(soccer), tennis, and
basketball. The equipment that are use to play and the
rules, also the diagrams on the courts and field of the
games or sports.
History of tennis

Tennis is one of the most popular individual sports in the

world. In tennis the player uses a racquet to hit a ball
over a net into the opponents court. The ball must be
kept in play and can only bounce one time on the court
surface before the opponent must strike the ball back
over the net. The standard ball is made up of felt over
hollow rubber. Tennis is often played with one player per
side (singles) or with two players per side (doubles).

An early version of Tennis started out in the 16th century

in France where players would yell "tenez" when starting
a game giving the game the name Tennis. Later the game
would be refined in England in the 19th century as lawn
tennis to more resemble the sport we play today.

Tennis Competition

Tennis is played by people over the world as a great form

of exorcize and recreation. There are also many levels of
professional play in tournaments around the world.
There are four top tournaments called the Grand Slam
Tournaments. These are Wimbledon, the US Open, The
Australian Open, and the French Open. Millions of people
watch these tournaments making tennis a great
spectator sport as well. Recently, tennis was added to
the Olympics as an official sport.

Tennis is a sport that has transcended age groups and is

enjoyed by young kids as well as senior citizens.

The Tennis Court

The basic area where tennis is played is call the court.
This is a rectangular flat surface of varying types
including concrete, grass, and clay. The standard tennis
court is 78 feet long and 27 feet wide for singles
matches. For doubles matches the width of the court is
increased to 36 feet. A 3 feet 6 inch high net is stretched
across the court, dividing the court in half. Tennis courts
can be found in public parks, schools, and country clubs
throughout the world. They can be outside or inside
allowing for fresh air when the weather is good and year
round play when the weather is bad.

There are three main types of tennis court surfaces. Each

surface allows for a different style of play to excel as the
bounce and speed of the ball can vary dramatically.
These surfaces are:

Hardcourt: This term includes many different surfaces

including concrete, asphalt, wood, and Astroturf, just to
name a few. Hardcourts are generally fast courts that
have a good consistent bounce of the ball. Hardcourts
are the most popular type of courts and most likely the
court most amateur tennis players use.
Clay: The clay surface is usually considered a slow surface
because tennis balls lose speed when they hit the court.
This surface also causes the ball to bounce higher than
on other surfaces. This can make for long tennis rallies.

Grass: Grass courts are the most traditional form of court

as today's tennis was originally played on grass. Grass is
considered fast like the hard courts, but the grass can be
uneven and cause the ball to bounce funny making it
difficult to return hard shots.
History of basketball

Basketball is one of the most popular sports in the world. It is

played with a ball and a hoop. Players score points by shooting
the ball through the hoop.

Basketball has become popular for a number of reasons:

Basketball is fun to play: Basketball has a very fast and exciting

pace of play. Also, each player on the court gets to play both
offense and defense and the roles of each player are only
loosely defined. Much of basketball easily can be practiced (like
shooting or dribbling) with one person making it easy to learn.
The sport also is great for one-on-one play all the way up to 5-
on-5, so you don't need a big crowd to get a good game going.
Simple equipment: With basketball all you need are a ball and a
hoop. Many playgrounds throughout the world (especially in
the USA) have hoops making it easy to get a game going with
just a ball.

Basketball is fun to watch: Some of the world’s greatest

athletes are basketball players. The game is fast-paced and full
of excitement and lots of scoring.

Basketball is an all-weather sport: Basketball is often played

outside in parks or in driveways, but is also a winter sport
played indoors. So you can play basketball year round.

Basketball History

Basketball was invented in 1891 by Jim Naismith He invented

the sport for indoors play at the YMCA during the
Massachusetts winter. The first game was played with a soccer
ball and two peach baskets for goals.

The sport spread from the YMCA to colleges where the first
basketball leagues were formed. As the sport gained popularity
at the college level professional leagues were formed and, in
1936, basketball became an Olympic sport. Today the NBA
(National Basketball Association) is one of the most popular
professional sports leagues in the world.

Basketball has had a number of players that have help make

basketball popular as a spectator sport including Magic
Johnson, Larry Bird, Wilt Chamberlain, and Oscar Robinson.
Perhaps the most famous and arguably the greatest basketball
player of all time is Michael Jordan.
Rules of basketball

The rules of basketball can vary slightly depending on the

level of play (for example professional rules differ from
college rules) or where the game is played (international
rules are different from USA professional rules). These
rule differences, however, are usually just variations on
the basic game of basketball and the majority of the rules
discussed below can be applied to most any game of
basketball played.

The winner of a basketball game is the team with the

most points. You get points by throwing the basketball
through the opponent's hoop or basket. In regular play a
basket made from within the three point line is worth 2
points and a basket shot from outside the three point
line is worth three points. When shooting a free throw,
each free throw is worth 1 point.
Rules for the offense

The basketball team on offense is the team with the

basketball. When a player has the basketball there are
certain rules they must follow:

1) The player must bounce, or dribble, the ball with one

hand while moving both feet. If, at any time, both hands
touch the ball or the player stops dribbling, the player
must only move one foot. The foot that is stationary is
called the pivot foot.

2) The basketball player can only take one turn at

dribbling. In other words, once a player has stopped
dribbling they cannot start another dribble. A player who
starts dribbling again is called for a double-dribbling
violation and looses the basketball to the other team. A
player can only start another dribble after another player
from either team touches or gains control of the
basketball. This is usually after a shot or pass.

3) The ball must stay in bounds. If the offensive team

looses the ball out of bounds the other team gets control
of the basketball.

4) The players hand must be on top of the ball while

dribbling. If they touch the bottom of the basketball
while dribbling and continue to dribble this is called
carrying the ball and the player will lose the ball to the
other team.

5) Once the offensive team crosses half court, they may

not go back into the backcourt. This is called a backcourt
violation. If the defensive team knocks the ball into the
backcourt, then the offensive team can recover the ball
legally.

Defensive Rules

The team on defense is the team without the basketball.

1) The main rule for the defensive player is not to foul. A

foul is described as gaining an unfair advantage through
physical contact. There is some interpretation that has to
be made by the referee, but, in general, the defensive
player may not touch the offensive player in a way that
causes the offensive player to lose the ball or miss a shot.

Rules for everyone

1) Although the foul rule is described above as a

defensive rule, it applies exactly the same to all players
on the court including offensive players.

2) Basketball players cannot kick the ball or hit it with

their fist.

3) No player can touch the basketball while it is traveling

downward towards the basket or if it is on the rim. This is
called goaltending. (touching the ball on the rim is legal
in some games).

Every player on the court is subject to the same rules

regardless of the position they play. The positions in
basketball are just for team basketball strategy and there
are no positions in the rules.
Basketball Court
Referee Basketball
Violations Signals

Basketball traveling violation referee signal

Walking or traveling
(not bouncing the ball while walking)

Basketball double dribble violation referee signal

Illegal or double dribble
Carrying or palming signal

Over and back (half-court violation)

Five second violation signal

Ten seconds (taking more than 10 seconds to get the ball

over half court)

Referee kicking signal for basketball

Kicking (intentionally kicking the ball)
Three seconds (offensive player is in the lane or key for
more than 3 seconds)
Referee Basketball Foul Signals

Hand check foul

Holding foul
Blocking signal

Pushing foul
Charging or player control foul

Intentional foul
Technical foul or "T" (generally for misconduct or
unsportsmanlike behavior)
Other Referee Signals

No Score
Jump Ball

30 second time out Start clock

Three point attempt

Stop clock

Three point score

Note on Basketball Referees

Keep in mind that the referees are there to make the

game better. Without officials the game would be no fun
at all and they are doing the best they can. They WILL
make mistakes. Basketball is a difficult game to referee.
That's just how it is. Getting angry, yelling at the ref, and
throwing a fit does no good and will not help you or your
team. Just keep playing and listen to the refs regardless
of whether you agree with the call or not. Move on to
the next play. They are doing the best they can and are
trying to make the game enjoyable for all.
How long is a basketball game?

Basketball games are played a set amount of time. It's

different for different leagues and levels of play:
 High School - High school basketball games are made
up of four 8-minute quarters or two 16-minute
halves.
 College - NCAA college basketball games consists of
two 20 minute halves. This is the same for the WNBA
and international games.
 NBA - NBA games are made up of four 12-minute
quarters.
When does the clock run?

The clock runs whenever the ball is in play. The clock is

stopped whenever the ball goes out of bounds, a foul is
called, free throws are being shot, and during time outs.
When the ball is inbound, the clock starts once a player
touches the ball.

In the NBA the clock stops after a made shot during the
last two minutes of the game and overtime. For college it
stops during the last minute of the game and overtime.

Overtime

If the game is tied after regulation time, there will be

overtime. Overtime is 5 minutes long in most leagues.
Additional overtimes will be added until one team ends
up on top.

The Shot Clock

In order to speed up the game and to prevent teams

from stalling, a shot clock was added. This is how long
you have to shoot the ball. If the ball changes possession
or hits the rim of the basket, the shot clock starts over.
The length of the shot clock is different for different
basketball leagues:
 NCAA College Men - 35 seconds
 NCAA College Women - 30 seconds
 NBA - 24 seconds
Not all states have a shot clock for high school. Where
they do, it generally follows the NCAA rules.
Time outs

30 second time out signal

In order to give your team some rest, call a play, or just

stop the game for a while, teams can call a time out.
There are different rules on time outs for different
leagues:

High School - Players on the floor or the coach can call a

time out. There are five time outs per game including
three 60-second time outs and two 30-second time outs.

NCAA College - There are a different number of time outs

depending on whether the game is on TV or not. This is
because during a TV game there are media time outs so
the TV channel can show ads. For a TV game each team
gets one 60-second time out and four 30-second time
outs. For a non-TV game each team has four 75-second
and two 30-second time outs.

NBA - In the NBA each basketball team has six full time
outs and one 20-second time out per half. Only a player
in the game can call a time out.
Equipment

One of the great things about basketball is that you

don't need a lot of equipment to play. Just get a ball
and find a goal and you can start a pick up game.
However, there are some official rules about what
equipment you need when playing competitively.

The Ball

Professional leagues such as the NBA have very

precise parameters for the official basketball they
use. This includes color, material, size, air pressure,
and bounce. The main thing to know about the
basketball is the size. There are different sizes for
different ages as well as for boys and for girls.

Standard Men’s Basketball (Size 7) - This is the

size used by the NCAA men, boys high school, as
well as the NBA. It has a circumference between
29.5 and 30 inches and weighs between 20 and 22
ounces.

Standard Women’s Basketball (Size 6) - This is

the basketball used by NCAA women, girl’s high
school, and the WNBA. It is between 28.5 and 29
inches in circumference and weighs 18-20 ounces.

Junior Basketball (Size 5) - The junior size

basketball is for boys and girls between the ages of
8-12. It is between 27.25 to 27.75 inches in
circumference and weighs 14-16 ounces.

Mini Basketball (Size 3) - For young children ages

5-8, the mini ball is 22 to 22.5 inches in
circumference and weighs 10.5 to 11.25 ounces.
The Basket

The basket is made up of the backboard, rim, and

net. The rim is 18 inches in diameter. A regulation
backboard is 72 inches wide by 48 inches tall,
although you will find backboards can vary in size.

The rim should be 10 feet from the ground. Typically

a 10 foot rim is used from ages 6th grade and older.
For younger kids you can lower the goal so that they
can take a proper shot at the goal. For kindergarten
through second grade children you can try a 6-foot
goal. Then move it up to 8 feet for 3rd and 4th
grade. Try nine feet for 5th grade. Of course, this
depends on the size, strength, and skill of the player.

The basketball net hooks onto eight rungs on the

bottom of the rim. It hangs down around 15 to 18
inches. The net helps to slow the ball coming
through the hoop and also to help see whether a
basket was made or not.

The Uniform

The basketball uniform generally consists of a tank

top and shorts. You also need socks and some good
basketball type sneakers. Basketball sneakers are
good for all the starting and stopping required in the
game. You can choose high tops, low tops, or three
quarter height shoes. If you play under the basket a
lot you may want high tops to help protect you from
getting a twisted ankle.

You should not wear a watch or a shirt with buttons

while playing basketball. These can scratch or get
caught on other players. Also, you may want to wear
a mouthpiece to protect your teeth.

The basketball court

Basketball courts vary in size depending on the gym and
the level of play. However, some features remain the
same. The size and height of the basket, the distance
from the free throw line, etc.

Here is a picture of the dimensions and areas of the court

used for high school basketball:

Size of the Basketball Court

 NCAA college and NBA - 94 feet long by 50 feet wide
 High School - 84 feet long by 50 feet wide
 Junior High - 74 feet long by 42 feet wide
Three Point Arc

The three point arc is a certain distance from the basket.

Any shot made outside of the arc is worth three points
instead of the normal two. The distance from the basket
to the three point arc changes for different levels of
basketball play:
 NBA - 23 feet 9 inches at the top, 22 feet at the sides
 Men's NCAA college - 20 feet 9 inches
 WNBA - 20 feet 6 inches
 High School and Women's NCAA college - 19 feet 9
inches
Free Throw Line

The free throw line is located 15 feet from the

backboard. After certain types of fouls or violations,
players will be awarded a shot, or shots, from the free
throw line.

The Free Throw Lane or Key

The area between the free throw line and the base line is
called the "lane" or the "key". How wide the key is
depends on the level of play. It is 12 feet wide for college
and high school basketball, but 16 feet wide in the NBA.

Offensive players are only allowed to be in the lane for 3

seconds before a shot hits the rim or they will get called
for a three-second violation. Also, players line up on the
side of the free throw lane during free throws. They are
not allowed to enter the lane for a rebound until the
shooter releases the shot.

The FIBA international free throw lane used to be

trapezoidal shaped. This was changed recently and now
they use the NBA shaped lane.

Free Throw and Center Circle

The circle at the top of the key is used for jump balls on
that end of the court. The center circle is for the jump
ball at the start of the game or jump balls at the center of
the court.
Out of Bounds

The bounds of the basketball court are described by the

sidelines, running the length of the court, and the base
lines (or end lines) at the end of the court.
The history of football (soccer)

Football (or soccer as the game is called in some parts of the world) has
a long history. Football in its current form arose in England in the
middle of the 19th century. But alternative versions of the game existed
much earlier and are a part of the football history.

Early history and the precursors of football

The first known examples of a team game involving a ball, which was
made out of a rock, occurred in old Mesoamerican cultures for over
3,000 years ago. According to the sources, the ball would symbolize the
sun and the captain of the losing team would be sacrificed to the gods.

The first known ball game which also involved kicking took place In
China in the 3rd and 2nd century BC under the name Cuju. Cuju was
played with a round ball on an area of a square. It later spread to Japan
and was practiced under ceremonial forms.

Other earlier variety of ball games had been known from Ancient
Greece. The ball was made by shreds of leather filled with hair (the first
documents of balls filled with air are from the 7th century). In the
Ancient Rome, games with balls were not included in the
entertainment on the big arenas, but could occur in exercises in the
military. It was the Roman culture that would bring football to the
British island (Britannica). It is, however, uncertain in which degree the
British people were influenced by this variety and in which degree they
had developed their own variants.

The game of football takes its form

The most admitted story tells that the game was developed in England
in the 12th century. In this century, games that resembled football
were played on meadows and roads in England. Besides from kicks, the
game involved also punches of the ball with the fist. This early form of
football was also much more rough and violent than the modern way of
playing. An important feature of the forerunners to football was that
the games involved plenty of people and took place over large areas in
towns (an equivalent was played in Florence from the 16th century
where it was called Calcio). The rampage of these games would cause
damage on the town and sometimes death. These would be among the
reasons for the proclamations against the game that finally was
forbidden for several centuries. But the football-like games would
return to the streets of London in the 17th century. It would be
forbidden again in 1835, but at this stage the game had been
established in the public schools.

It took, however, long time until the features of today’s football had
been taken into practice. For a long time there was no clear distinction
between football and rugby. There were also many variations
concerning the size of the ball, the number of players and the length of
a match.

The game was often played in schools and two of the predominant
schools were Rugby and Eton. At Rugby the rules included the
possibility to take up the ball with the hands and the game we today
know as rugby has its origin from here. At Eton on the other hand the
ball was played exclusively with the feet and this game can be seen as a
close predecessor to the modern football. The game in Rugby was
called “the running game” while the game in Eton was called “the
dribbling game”.

An attempt to create proper rules for the game was done at a meeting
in Cambridge in 1848, but a final solution to all questions of rules was
not achieved. Another important event in the history of football came
about in 1863 in London when the first Football association was formed
in England. It was decided that carrying the ball with the hands wasn't
allowed. The meeting also resulted in a standardization of the size and
weight of the ball. A consequence of the London meeting was that the
game was divided into two codes: association football and rugby.

The game would, however, continue to develop for a long time and
there was still much flexibility concerning the rules. For one thing, the
number of players on the pitch could vary. Neither were uniforms used
to distinguish the appearance of the teams. It was also common with
players wearing caps – the header was yet to be a part of the game yet.
Further reading: The development of football rules.

Another important difference at this stage could be noticed between

English and Scottish teams. Whereas the English teams preferred to run
forward with the ball in a more rugby fashion, the Scottish chose to
pass the ball between their players. It would be the Scottish approach
that soon became predominant.
The sport was at first an entertainment for the British working class.
Unprecedented amounts of spectators, up to 30,000, would see the big
matches in the late 19th century. The game would soon expand by
British peoples that traveled to other parts of the world. Especially in
South America and India would the interest in football become big.

The first football clubs

Football clubs have existed since the 15th century, but unorganized and
without official status. It is therefore hard to decide which the first
football club was. Some historians suggest that it was the Foot-Ball Club
formed 1824 in Edinburgh. Early clubs were often formed by former
school students and the first of this kind was formed in Sheffield in
1855. The oldest among professional football clubs is the English club
Notts County that was formed in 1862 and still exists today.

An important step for the emergence of teams was the industrialization

that led to larger groups of people meeting at places such as factories,
pubs and churches. Football teams were established in the larger cities
and the new railroads could bring them to other cities.

In the beginning, football was dominated by public school teams, but

later, teams consisting by workers would make up the majority.
Another change was successively taking place when some clubs became
willing to pay the best players to join their team. This would be the
start of a long period of transition, not without friction, in which the
game would develop to a professional level.
The motivation behind paying players was not only to win more
matches. In the 1880s the interest in the game has moved ahead to a
level that tickets were sold to the matches. And finally, in 1885
professional football was legalized and three years later the Football
League was established. During the first season, 12 clubs joined the
league, but soon more clubs became interested and the competition
would consequently expand into more divisions.

For a long time, the British teams would be dominant. After some
decades, clubs from Prague, Budapest and Sienna would be the
primarily contenders to the British dominance.

As with many things in history, women were for a long time excluded
from participating in games. It was not before the late 19th century
that women started to play football.

The first competitions

Historic football game in pictures other milestones were now to follow.
Football Association Challenge Cup (FA Cup) became the first important
competition when it was run in 1871. The following year a match
between two national teams was played for the first time. The match
that involved England and Scotland ended 0-0 and was followed by
4,000 people at Hamilton Crescent (the picture shows illustrations from
this occasion).
Twelve years later, in 1883, the first international tournament took
place and included four national teams: England, Ireland, Scotland and
Wales.

Football was for a long time a British phenomenon, but it gradually

spread to other European countries. The first game that took place
outside Europe occurred in Argentina in 1867, but it was foreign British
workers who were involved and not Argentinean citizens.

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) was

founded in 1904 and a foundation act was signed by representatives
from France, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and
Switzerland. England and the other British countries did not join FIFA
from the start, they had invented the game and saw no reason to
subordinate to an association. Still, they joined in the following year,
but would not partake in the World Cup until 1950.

Domestic leagues occurred in many countries. The first was, as already

mentioned, the English Football League which was established in 1888.
The leagues would by time expand by more divisions, which were based
on team performance.

In 1908 would football for the first time be included as an official sport
in the Olympic Games. Until the first FIFA World Cup was played in
1930, the Olympic Games football tournament would rank as the most
prestigious on a national level. Women's football was not added until
1996.
Black players
As in many other sports the white male was predominant for a long
time. In football black players started being present relatively early and
in comparison with, for example, tennis, football has traditionally been
known as a sport with a mix of black and white players.

In Britain, Andrew Watson is known to be the first black player, and he

played in the Scottish club Queen’s Park in the 1880s.

A game of passion
Audience Few other sports show examples of passion to that extent as
football. The arenas are flocked by shearing people; and in front of
television even more are watching carefully and sometimes with great
enthusiasm.

Already in the late 19th century, Goodison Park was built in England in
purpose of hosting football games. In 1894, the FA Cup final between
Notts County and Bolton Wanderers was attended by 37,000 people. A
milestone in the development of football stadiums is the construction
of Maracanã Stadium. In the year of 1950 the imposing stadium in Rio
de Janeiro was ready for almost 200,000 people. No other sport has
seen stadiums of that capacity built to host its games.

There have been two different traditions of fan culture on the arenas:
the British and the South American. The British fans adopted the
tradition of singing, the repertoire was inspired from pub and working
songs among other areas. The South Americans on the other hand
would adopt the carnival style which included firecrackers and
fireworks, and also the modern phenomena of Bengali fires. Fans in
other countries have later adopted a mixture of these traditions.

The great modern competitions

No other sport event besides the Summer Olympic Games can today
measure itself with the FIFA World Cup. The first edition of the FIFA
World Cup was played in 1930 in Uruguay and has since then returned
every fourth year (with two exceptions due to the Second World War).
In 1991 the first World Cup for women was held in China and has since
then also returned every fourth year.

Today the biggest global tournament for clubs is the Champions League
(played since 1992), the former European Cup (1955–1991).

Globalization of the biggest sport in the world

In the late 19th century, only a few national football teams existed;
England and Scotland had the first active teams that played games
against each other in the 1870s. Today there are 211 national
associations included in the Fédération Internationale de Football
Association (FIFA), the world governing body of the sport. Another
proof of the globalization could be seen in the increase of nations
participating in the World Cup qualifiers: from 32 in 1934 to over 200 in
2014.
The world regions have been divided into six confederations:
Confédération Africaine de Football (CAF), Asian Football Confederation
(AFC), Union des Associations Européennes de Football (UEFA), The
Confederation of North, Central America and Caribbean Association
Football (CONCACAF), Oceania Football Confederation (OFC), and
Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL).

The name of the game: football or soccer?

In most parts of the world, football is used as the name for the “chess
of the green pitch”, the biggest sport in the world. In the United States
and Canada, however, soccer is used instead as a distinction from
American football. A more formal name sometimes used is association
football, but in popular speech, it is either football or soccer.
Equipment for football

The Soccer Ball

The soccer ball is spherical (round) and made of leather. For FIFA
soccer, the ball must have a circumference of 27 to 28 inches and weigh
between 14 and 16 ounces. However, there are other sizes that are
used for different ages of kid's competition.
Size 3 - this is generally the smallest ball and is used for players under 8
years old. Its circumference is 23-24 inches.
Size 4 - Used for players 8 to 12 years old. It has a 25 to 26 inch
circumference.
Size 5 - This is the standard sized ball (27 - 28 inches) and is usually used
for players older than 12.
Black and white soccer ball
Uniforms and Kit

The uniforms for soccer players consist of a jersey and shorts. Players
on the same team wear the same colored uniforms generally with a
number and name on the back of the jersey. The goalkeepers wear a
uniquely colored jersey so they will stand out to referees during play.

When you take everything that soccer players wear together, it's called
the "kit". The kit includes the jersey, shorts, socks, cleats and shoes,
and shin guards. Goalkeepers often wear gloves as well.

Shin Guards
Shin guards, or shin pads, are required. They help protect the front of
the leg, or shin, from getting injured and bruised. Shin guards must fit
under the socks. Goalies and forwards generally have the lightest
weight shin guards while midfielders and, especially, defensemen wear
heavier, more sturdy shin guards.

Try to get shin guards that are comfortable and don't hinder your
running too much, but at the same time offer good protection. Even if
they seem really uncomfortable at first, you will get used to them after
a while, and when you get kicked in the shin really hard, you will be
glad you have them!

Football boots
Football boots, called cleats or soccer shoes in North America, are an
item of footwear worn when playing football. Those designed for grass
pitches have studs on the outsole to aid grip. From simple and humble
beginnings football boots have come a long way and today find
themselves subject to much research, development, sponsorship and
marketing at the heart of a multi-national global industry. Modern
"boots" are not truly boots in that they do not cover the ankle - like
most other types of specialist sports footwear, their basic design and
appearance has converged with that of sneakers since the 1960s.

Other Equipment Rules

Players are responsible for wearing equipment that will not endanger
themselves or other players. This includes wearing jewelry or sharp
spikes on the shoes.
Football field
How big is the soccer field?

The soccer field, or football pitch, is flexible in size. It is

100 to 130 yards (90-120m) long and 50 to 100 yards (45-
90m) wide. In international play the field dimensions are a
bit stricter in that the length must be 110 to 120 yards (100
- 110m) long and 70 to 80 yards (64 - 75m) wide.

An additional rule is that the length has to be longer than

the width, so you couldn't have a square field of 100 yards
by 100 yards.

Even though these are the official rules, many kid's soccer
games are played on even smaller fields than the
minimum. Although the length and width are flexible, other
areas of the field are generally fixed in size.

The Goal

At each end of the field is the goal. The goal is 8 yards

wide and 8 feet high and is placed at the center of the goal
line. They have nets to catch the ball so you don't have to
chase it, plus it helps the referee to determine if a goal
was scored.
The Boundary

The boundary of the field is drawn with lines. The lines on

sides, or the long side of the field, are called the touch
lines or side lines. The lines at the end of the field are
called the goal lines or end lines.

The Center

At the middle of the field is the center line which cuts the
field in half. At the very center of the field is the center
circle. The center circle is 10 yards in diameter.

The Goal Area

Areas around the goal
 Goal Area - The goal area is a box that extends 6
yards out from the goal posts. Free kicks are taken
from this area.
 Penalty Area - The penalty area is a box that extends
18 yards out from the goal posts. In this area the
goalkeeper may use their hands. Also, any penalty by
the defense in this area will result in a penalty kick
from the penalty mark.
 Penalty Mark - This is the spot where the ball is
placed for penalty kicks. It is at the center of the goal
and 12 yards away from the goal line.
 Penalty Arc - This is a small arc at the top of the
penalty box. Players other than the goalkeeper and
kicker may not enter this area during a penalty kick.
The Corners

At each corner is a flag post and a corner arc. The corner

arc is 1 yard in diameter. The ball must be placed within
this arc for corner kicks. Flag posts must be at least 5 feet
tall to prevent injury.

Rules of the game football

When the ball is in play the rules of soccer are fairly
simple. You cannot touch the ball with your hands or arms
intentionally unless you are the goalie. You cannot foul
another player or be offside (these soccer rules are
described below). Other than that, the main rules of soccer
are around the starting and stopping of play.

The Starting and Stopping of Soccer Play

At the start of a soccer period or after a goal, there is a

kick-off from the center circle. At the kick-off all of the
soccer players must be on their side of the field (the side
they are defending). Only the player kicking the kick-off is
allowed inside the center circle. After the kick-off the ball
will be in play until the ball goes out of bounds or the
referee calls a penalty.

Other ways of restarting soccer include:

Throw-in: When the soccer ball has gone out of bounds,

the team that last touched the ball loses possession and
the opposing team gets to throw-in the ball from the point
where the ball crossed out of bounds.

Corner kick: When the defending team last touches the

ball and it crosses the goal line (and not scoring a goal),
the opposing team gets to kick the ball from the corner of
the field.

Goal kick: When the offensive team last touches the ball

before it crosses the goal line, the goalie gets to kick the
ball from the goal box.

Penalty kick: When a foul occurs in the penalty area, the

fouled team is awarded a penalty kick.

Soccer Fouls

Soccer fouls can be any number of unfair advantages

taken by a player that are called by the referee. These can
include tripping, pushing, and touching the ball with the
hands. Free kicks or penalty kicks may be awarded to the
opposing soccer team. Very unsportsmanlike behavior
may result in a yellow card or a red card. Players that get
red cards are ejected from the game.
Offside Rule

The offensive player is offside if they are nearer to the

opponent's goal line than both the second and last
opponent and the soccer ball.

Out of Bounds

Out of bounds occurs when the ball completely crosses

over the boundary line.

Throw-in

When throwing the ball in at throw-in, the ball must be

thrown from behind and over the head using both hands.
When the ball leaves the thrower's hands, both of his/her
feet must be touching the ground.

Number of Soccer Players

In a typical soccer game there are 11 players for each team. One player
is designated as the goalkeeper. The rest of the players are not
mentioned in the rules. Player positions and roles are defined by the
team and coach, not by the rules.

Some kids' soccer teams may have fewer players per side, especially if
the fields are small. Generally, the younger the age group, the less
players. Under 12 leagues may go with 8 per side, while under 10
leagues may go with as few as 6 per side.

Goalkeeper

The goalkeeper, or goalie, is the only "special" player on the field. This
is because goalies have special abilities such as using their hands within
the penalty area. Any player on the field can become the goalie as long
as they notify the referee. The goalie is also supposed to wear a
different colored jersey than the rest of the players to help identify who
is the goalie.

Substitutions

There are strict rules for substitutions in professional and international

play. These might be different that what is allowed in a youth league. In
many youth soccer leagues substitutions are unlimited. This is so the
coach can be sure to allot a fair amount of playing time to each player.
Also, high school soccer generally allows for unlimited substitutions.
In international play, the general spirit of the rule is that
substitutions are for injured players. However, you can
substitute for anyone. One thing to keep in mind is that once a
player is substituted for and leaves the field, the player cannot
return. For this reason, substitutes are not used as much as in
other sports. They are often used near the end of the game to
get a fresh player or two into the game.

To Substitute a Player
 You can substitute when there is a normal stoppage of
play.
 Let the referee know you want to substitute.
 The player leaving the game has exited the field.
 Wait for the referee's signal that says you can now enter
the game.
 Enter the game at the center line.
Note: if you enter the game without the referee's
permission, you could get a yellow card.
Length of match
A typical professional soccer match will consist of two
periods each 45 minutes long with a half-time of 15 minutes.
Each soccer league may have different times. Youth leagues will
generally have shorter periods. High school matches are
generally two 40 minute periods or four 20 minute periods.
Youth soccer games are often two 20 minute periods or four 10
minute periods.

Additional Time

The referee can allow for time lost due to substitutions,

injuries, or one team wasting time. This rule was added because
players would start to stall, fake injuries, or take a long time
making substitutions once they had the lead. Now the referee
can just add that time to the end of the period.

The end of the period is also extended to allow for a penalty

kick, if needed.

A Tie Game

If the score is tied at the end of the second period, different

things may happen depending on the rules of the soccer
league. In some leagues the game is called a draw and is over.
In other leagues they may go straight to penalty kicks. In FIFA
World Cup Soccer they have an overtime period and then move
to penalty kicks.

Overtime in World Cup FIFA

Sometimes extra periods are added in the case of a tie. Often

this is two periods of 15 minutes each.

Penalty Kicks

Often times the winner of a tie game is determined by penalty

kicks. Generally each team gets 5 shots on goal, with each team
taking an alternate turn. A different player must take each shot.
The team with the most points after 5 shots wins. More shots
can be added, if needed.