Mr. M.

Madhusudhan
[email protected]

CLOUD COMPUTING
Introduction
Unit – I
System Modelling, Clustering and Virtualization

Course Objective: The evolution of Computer modelling

and Virtualization

Course Outcome: Comprehending Virtualization

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Introduction
• Networked and Distributed Computing
• System Models
―Concurrency
―Message Passing
―Resource Access
―Clusters
―Grids
―Data Centers
―Clouds
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Distributed Computing
• A distributed system is a model in which
components located on networked computers
communicate and coordinate their actions by
passing messages.
• The components interact with each other in order
to achieve a common goal. Three significant
characteristics of distributed systems are:
concurrency of components, lack of a global clock,
and independent failure of components.
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Distributed Computing…
• Examples of distributed systems vary from
SOA-based systems to massively multiplayer
online games to peer-to-peer applications.
• In distributed computing, a problem is divided
into many tasks, each of which is solved by one
or more computers, which communicate with
each other by message passing.

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Distributed Computing…

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Parallel computing
• Parallel computing is a type of computation in which
many calculations or the execution of processes are
carried out simultaneously.
• There are several different forms of parallel
computing: bit-level, instruction-level, data, and task
parallelism.

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Parallel computing
• Parallel computers can be roughly classified according to
the level at which the hardware supports parallelism,
with multi-core and multi-processor computers.
• Having multiple processing elements within a single
machine, while clusters, MPPs, and grids use multiple
computers to work on the same task.
• Specialized parallel computer architectures are
sometimes used alongside traditional processors, for
accelerating specific tasks.
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Cluster Computing
• A computer clustering is a collection of interconnected
stand-alone computers which can work together
collectively and cooperatively  as a single integrated
computing resource pool.
• Clustering explores massive parallelism at the job level
and achieves high availability- HA through stand-alone
operations.
• Benefits : Scalable, Performance, HA, Fault Tolerance,
Modular Growth, use of commodity component.

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Cluster Computing (SSI)…

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Resource Sharing in Clusters
• The shared-nothing configurations:
It simply connects two or more autonomous
computers via a LAN such as Ethernet

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Resource Sharing in Clusters…
• A shared-disk cluster :
The shared disk can hold checkpoint files or critical
system images to enhance cluster availability.
Without shared disks, check pointing, rollback
recovery, failover, and failback are not possible in a
cluster.

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Node Architecture
• In building large-scale clusters or MPP systems,
cluster nodes are classified into two categories:
• Compute nodes : Compute nodes appear in larger
quantities mainly used for large scale searching or
parallel floating-point computations.
• Service nodes : Service nodes could be built with
different processors mainly used to handle I/O, file
access, and system monitoring.

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Classification of clusters based on attributes
• Scalability
• Packaging
• Control
• Homogeneity
• Security
• Dedicated Vs Enterprise Clusters

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Grid computing
• Grid computing is the collection of computer
resources from multiple locations to reach a
common goal.

• The grid can be thought of as a distributed system

with non-interactive workloads that involve a large
number of files.

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Grid computing
• Grid computing is distinguished from conventional
high performance computing systems such as
cluster computing in that grid computers have each
node set to perform a different task/application.

• Grid computers also tend to be more

heterogeneous and geographically dispersed (thus
not physically coupled) than cluster computers.

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Grid computing
• Although a single grid can be dedicated to a
particular application, commonly a grid is used for a
variety of purposes.

• Grids are often constructed with general-purpose

grid middleware software libraries. Grid sizes can
be quite large.

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Grid computing

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Benefits of Grid Computing
• Exploiting underutilized resources
• Parallel CPU capacity
• Virtual organizations for collaboration and virtual
resources
• Access to additional resources
• Resource balancing
• Reliability
• Management
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Data Center
• A data center is a facility used to house computer
systems and associated components, such as
telecommunications and storage systems.

• It generally includes redundant or backup power

supplies, redundant data communications
connections, environmental controls (e.g., air
conditioning, fire suppression) and various security
devices.
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Data Center…
• A large data center is an industrial-scale operation
using as much electricity as a small town.

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Cloud Computing
• Cloud a collection of integrated and networked
hardware, software and Internet infrastructure.

• Cloud computing is the delivery of computing

services over the Internet, allow individuals and
businesses to use software and hardware that are
managed by third parties at remote locations.

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Cloud Computing Characteristics
• Shared / Pooled Resources
• Broad Network Access
• On-demand Self-service
• Scalable and Elastic
• Metered by use

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Conventional vs Cloud

• Manually Provisioned • Self-provisioned

• Dedicated Hardware • Shared Hardware
• Fixed Capacity • Elastic Capacity
• Pay for Capacity • Pay for Use
• Capital & Operational Expenses • Operational Expenses
• Managed via Sysadmins • Managed via APIs

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Benefits of Cloud Computing

• Cost Savings
• Scalability/Flexibility
• Reliability
• Maintenance
• Mobile Accessible

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Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
• Requires a constant Internet connection
• Does not work well with low-speed connections
• Features might be limited, Cost-based
• Can be slow
• Security
• Reliability -Stored data can be lost
• Continuously Evolving
• Lack of Standards

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Virtualization
Virtualization is “something which is not REAL, but
displays the full qualities of the REAL”.

Virtualization :
• Hardware Platform
• Operating System
• Storage Device
• Network Resources
• Software Implementation

Virtualization
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Virtualization…

App App App App App App

OS OS OS
Operating System
Hypervisor
Hardware Hardware

Traditional Stack Virtualized Stack

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Virtual Machines

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Virtualization…
Types of virtualization
Hardware virtualization
Desktop virtualization

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Virtualization…
Hardware Virtualization
In hardware virtualization, the host machine is the
actual machine on which the virtualization takes
place, and the guest machine is the virtual
machine. The words host and guest are used to
distinguish the software that runs on the actual
machine from the software that runs on the virtual
machine. The software or firmware that creates a
virtual machine on the host hardware is called a
hypervisor or Virtual Machine Manager.
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Virtualization…
Desktop virtualization
Desktop virtualization (sometimes called client virtualization) is a concept
which separates a personal computer desktop environment from a
physical machine using the client–server model of computing.

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Virtualization…

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Virtualization…

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Oracle VirtualBox

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Benefits of Virtualization
• Easier Manageability
• Elimination of Compatibility Issues
• Fault Isolation
• Increased Security
• Efficient use of Resources
• Portability
• Problem-Free Testing
• Rapid Deployment
• Reduced Costs
• The Ability to Separate Applications
• Easier Manageability and Improved Uptime
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Virtualization Technologies
• Ubuntu (Server Edition) • Linux
• Altiris • Desktop
• Windows Server • Hardware
• Software Virtualization Solution • Resource
• VMware (Desktop & Server) • Processor
• Intel • Application
• Redhat • Storage
• Softgrid • Para-virtualization
• Windows on Fedora • OS
• Security monitoring • Data storage
• Oracle • Thinstall
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Bio Computing

Topics
• Bio Computing
• DNA
• DNA computing
• Conventional vs DNA computer
• Application
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Why Bio Computing ??
• Moore’s Law states that silicon microprocessor
complexity will double in every 18 months.
• One day this will no longer hold true when
miniaturization limits are reached.
• Solving complex problems which today's
supercomputers are unable to perform in
stipulated period of time.
• Require a Successor to Silicon
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What is Biological Computing?
• Biological Computing means such a computing
process which use synthesized biological
components to store and manipulate data
analogous to processes inthe human body.
• The result is small ; faster computing process
that operates with great accuracy.
• Main biological component used in Biological
Computing is : DNA
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What is DNA?
• DNA Stands for DeOxyRiboNucleicAcid.
• A hereditary material found in almost all living
organisms.
• Located inside the nucleus of a cell.
• Helps in long term storage of information.
• DNA is stored as a code made of four chemical
bases(A,T,G ,C).
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Structure of DNA
• The two strands of DNA
molecule are anti parallel
where each strand runs
in opposite direction.
• Complementary base pairs
• Adenine(A) &Thymine(T)
Guanine(G)&Cytosine(C)
ABDULLAH
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Mobile Computing

• Rapid progress of mobile computing have become a

powerful trend in the development of many fields including
IT, commerce, industry, etc.
• Mobile devices have limited resources(e.g., battery life ,
storage,and bandwidth) and communications(e.g., mobility
and security).
• The limited resources significantly handicap the quality of
services offered by mobile computing.
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Mobile + Cloud Computing
• Cloud Computing has been identified as the next
generation’s computing infrastructure.
• Cloud Computing allows access to infrastructure,
platforms, and software provided by cloud providers at
low cost, in a non-demand fashion.
• Mobile Cloud Computing is introduced as an integration
of cloud computing in to the mobile environment, to
bring new types of services and facilities for mobile users.
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Mobile Cloud Computing -Definition
• “Mobile Cloud Computing at its simplest refers to an
infrastructure where both the data storage and the data
processing happen out side of the mobile device.
Mobile cloud applications move the computing power
and data storage away from mobile phones and into the
cloud, bringing applications and mobile computing to
not just smartphone users but a much broader range of
mobile subscribers”.
-Mobile Cloud Computing Forum (MCC-forum, 2011)
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How it Works?
• Data processing and storage are moved from
the mobile device to powerful and centralized
computing platforms located in clouds.
• They are accessed by mobile devices over a
wireless connection using an app or a web
browser.

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WiFi/ Cellular/ Wireless Cloud
Satellite Service Internet Service
Provider Provider

Application
Service
Mobile Provider
Device

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Videos in the Cloud
Record,
Encode and
Save Video

Upload Video

Edit &
Process
Video

Play Video
Stream On
Demand Save Video
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Google’s Voice Search
• When you talk to Android's voice recognition
software, the spectrogram of what you've said
is chopped up and uploaded to Google's cloud
servers.
• It's then processed, using the neural network
models.

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Mobile Cloud Computing Applications?
• Mobile Learning
• Mobile Commerce
• Mobile Gaming
• Mobile Healthcare
• Searching
• And a lot more…

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Quantum Computing?
• Quantum computers use atoms to
perform calculation.
• Here computation
depends on principle
of quantum theory
• Qubit

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What special about Quantum computer

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APPLICATIONS
•Cryptography

•Artificial intelligence

•Teleportation

•Quantum communication

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Optical Computing
• With the growth of computing technology the need of
high performance computers (HPC) has significantly
increased.
• Optical computing was a hot research area in 1980’s.But
the work tapered off due to materials limitations.
• An optical computer (also called a photonic computer) is
a device thatuses the PHOTONS in visible light or
infrared ( IR ) beams,rather than electric current, to
perform digital computations.
An optical computer (also called a photonic computer) is a device in visible light
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Silicon Machines…

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FUTURE TRENDS
The Ministry of Information Technology has
initiated a photonic development program.
Under this program some funded projects are
continuing in fiber optic high-speed network
systems. Research is going on for developing
new laser diodes, photo detectors, and
nonlinear material studies for faster switches.

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Nano Computing
• Nano computing describes computing that
uses extremely small, or nano scale, devices.
• Nano computing come from two
sources:
• It will be integrated into existing products
and technology (disk drives, for example).
• Fundamentally new products, software, and
architectures will be developed
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Types of nano computers
• Nano electronic computers
• Nano mechanical computers
• Nano chemical and biochemical computers
• Nano Quantum computers

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Devices of nano computing

ipad, iPhone, HP Slate, Android devices like ICD Gemini etc

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