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(Backup) ITEC3116-SNAL-Lecture 08 - File System Hierarchy

This document provides an overview of the Linux file system structure and hierarchy. It discusses key directories like /, /bin, and /dev. / contains the root directory and all other directories branch off from it. /bin contains essential commands, while /dev stores device files that represent hardware components. The lecture continues explaining additional subdirectories and how they are organized according to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.

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Hassnain Ijaz
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54 views21 pages

(Backup) ITEC3116-SNAL-Lecture 08 - File System Hierarchy

This document provides an overview of the Linux file system structure and hierarchy. It discusses key directories like /, /bin, and /dev. / contains the root directory and all other directories branch off from it. /bin contains essential commands, while /dev stores device files that represent hardware components. The lecture continues explaining additional subdirectories and how they are organized according to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.

Uploaded by

Hassnain Ijaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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System and Network

Administration Linux based

File System Hierarchy


Lecture 8-Week 4,
May 2020.
Recap of the previous Lecture
File System Structure
 Ubuntu Terminal/Bash
 Linux File System
 I Nodes
Agenda for Today’s Class
File System Structure
 File System Structure and
Hierarchy
 Structure and commands of
Subdirectories
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

 Started by Dennis Ritchie, 1993


 Defines the main directories and their
contents in most Linux-based
systems.

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FHS

 There is not any drive i.e. C:, D:, E:,


and so on.
 All directories are under “/”
 “/” is the Root Directory
 It is possible
 to have multiple partitions
 to multiple filesystems

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The Hierarchical Structure of
the Linux File System
The Role of the Linux File
System
- The data is organized and can be easily
located .
- The data can be easily retrieved at any
later point in time .
-The integrity of the data is preserved .
The “/”

 The primary hierarchy in FHS


 The root of tree of filesystem
 All paths start form here
 There is only one “/” in filesystem
 /root is root user’s home directory,
which is not same as /

8
The “/”

boot bin dev etc lib proc root sbin tmp usr var

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 Notice that the topmost directory in the
structure is the / directory, that is called
the root directory.
 Beneath the root directory, there are a
series of subdirectories.
 Specifications for how these directories
are to be named contained in the
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS).
/boot

 Linux kernel
 Boot loader configuration
 If you lost boot
 You cannot boot your OS

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/boot

boot

vmlinuz-2.6.12 config-2.6.12 grub

grub.conf

12
/bin
 Contains several useful commands that are
of use to both the system administrator as
well as non-privileged users.
 Usually contains the shells like bash, csh,
etc.... and commonly used commands like
cp, mv, rm, ls.
 There are no (real) subdirectories in /bin

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bin

bin

bash bzip2 cat ... gzip ls mv rm

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1. /bin …(cont)

 cat  hostname  rm
 chgrp  kill  rmdir
 chmod  ln  sed
 chown  login  sh
 ls  stty
 cp
 mkdir
 date  su
 mknod
 dd  more  sync
 df  mount  true
 dmesg  mv  umount
 echo  ps  uname
 false  pwd
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/bin detail

 cat → Utility to concatenate files to standard output


 chmod → Utility to change file access permissions
 cp → Utility to copy files and directories
 date → Utility to print or set the system date and time
 df → Utility to report filesystem disk space usage
 echo → Utility to display a line of text
 false → Utility to do nothing, unsuccessfully

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/bin detail (cont)

 hostname → Utility to show or set the system's host name


 kill → Utility to send signals to processes
 ln → Utility to make links between files
 login → Utility to begin a session on the system
 ls → Utility to list directory contents
 mkdir → Utility to make directories
 more → Utility to page through text
 mount → Utility to mount a filesystem
 mv → Utility to move/rename files

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/bin detail (cont)

 pwd → Utility to print name of current working directory


 rm → Utility to remove files or directories
 rmdir → Utility to remove empty directories
 sh → The Bourne command shell
 su → Utility to change user ID
 sync → Utility to flush filesystem buffers
 true → Utility to do nothing, successfully
 umount → Utility to unmount file systems
 uname → Utility to print system information

18
/dev

 Usually is the location of device files


 A device and a file both can be read from and
written to. So config a device is same with edit
a file. EXP: sending data to /dev/ttyS0 that
means you are sending data to a
communication device, such as a modem.
 'block devices' are devices that store or hold
data
 'character devices' can be thought of as
devices that transmit or transfer data

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/dev … detail

 /dev/ttyS0 → Device connected to Com1 (Modem, mouse,..)


 /dev/psaux → PS/2 mouse connection
 /dev/lp0 → First parallel port
 /dev/dsp → Sound card (digital signal processor)
 /dev/usb → USB device nodes.
 /dev/sda → First SCSI device
 /dev/scd → First SCSI CD-ROM device
 /dev/cdrom → CD-ROM drive
 /dev/fd0 → floppy drive
 /dev/had → The partition on primary hdd

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Sub Directories……

 The lecture will continue in the next


class

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