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Department of Mathematics, IIT Madras MA2031-Linear Algebra For Engineers Assignment-III

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148 views

Department of Mathematics, IIT Madras MA2031-Linear Algebra For Engineers Assignment-III

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hellokitty
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Department of Mathematics, IIT Madras

MA2031-Linear Algebra for Engineers


Assignment-III

1. Show that each of the maps given below is not an inner product on the given vector space.

(a) h𝑥, 𝑦i = 𝑎𝑐 for 𝑥 = (𝑎, 𝑏), 𝑦 = (𝑐, 𝑑) in R2 .


(b) h𝑥, 𝑦i = 𝑎𝑐 for 𝑥 = (𝑎, 𝑏), 𝑦 = (𝑐, 𝑑) in C2 .
∫1
(c) h𝑝, 𝑞i = 0 𝑝0 (𝑡)𝑞(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 for 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ R[𝑡].
∫1
(d) h𝑥, 𝑦i = 0 𝑥 0 (𝑡)𝑦0 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 for 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 1 [0, 1].
(e) h 𝑓 , 𝑔i = 0/2 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑔(𝑡) for 𝑓 , 𝑔 ∈ 𝐶 [0, 1].
∫ 1

2. Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖 𝑗 ] ∈ R2×2 . For 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ R2 , let 𝑓 𝐴 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 t 𝐴𝑥. Show that 𝑓 𝐴 is an inner product
on R2 iff 𝑎 12 = 𝑎 21 , 𝑎 11 > 0, 𝑎 22 > 0, and 𝑎 11 𝑎 22 − 𝑎 12 𝑎 21 > 0.
3. Let 𝐵 be a basis for a finite dimensional ips 𝑉 . Let 𝑦 ∈ 𝑉 be such that h𝑥, 𝑦i = 0 for all
𝑥 ∈ 𝐵. Show that 𝑦 = 0.
4. Let 𝑉 be an inner product space, and let 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑉 . Show the following:
(a) k𝑥 + 𝛼𝑦k = k𝑥 − 𝛼𝑦k for all 𝛼 ∈ F iff h𝑥, 𝑦i = 0.
(b) If k𝑥 + 𝑦k = k𝑥k + k𝑦k, then {𝑥, 𝑦} is a linearly dependent set.
5. Let 𝑉 be a complex ips. Show that Reh𝑖𝑥, 𝑦i = −Imh𝑥, 𝑦i for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑉 .
6. (Polarization Identity): Let 𝑉 be an ips over F. Let 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑉 . Show the following:
(a) If F = R, then 4h𝑥, 𝑦i = k𝑥 + 𝑦k 2 − k𝑥 − 𝑦k 2 .
(b) If F = C, then 4h𝑥, 𝑦i = k𝑥 + 𝑦k 2 − k𝑥 − 𝑦k 2 + 𝑖k𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦k 2 − 𝑖k𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦k 2 .
Í 2 Í𝑛 2 Í𝑛 (𝑎 / 𝑗) 2 .

7. For 1 ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑛, let 𝑎 𝑗 ≥ 0 and 𝑏 𝑗 ≥ 0. Show that 𝑛𝑗=1 𝑎 𝑗 𝑏 𝑗 ≤ 𝑗=1 ( 𝑗 𝑎 𝑗 ) 𝑗=1 𝑗

8. Let 𝑊 = {𝑥 ∈ R4 : 𝑥 ⊥ (1, 0, −1, 1), 𝑥 ⊥ (2, 3, −1, 2)}, where R4 is the real ips with standard
inner product. Show that 𝑊 is a subspace of R4 . Also, find a basis for 𝑊.
9. For vectors 𝑥, 𝑦 in a real ips, prove that 𝑥 + 𝑦 ⊥ 𝑥 − 𝑦 iff k𝑥k = k𝑦k.
10. Consider the standard basis for R𝑛 . Take 𝑥 = (𝑎 1 , . . . , 𝑎 𝑛 ). Verify Fourier expansion and
Parseval’s identity.
11. Take 𝑥 = (𝑛, 𝑛 −1, . . . , 1) ∈ R𝑛 . Consider the orthonormal set {𝑒 2 , . . . , 𝑒 𝑛−1 }. Verify Bessel’s
inequality.
12. Let {𝑢 1 , 𝑢 2 , . . . , 𝑢 𝑘 } be an orthogonal set in a real ips 𝑉 . Let 𝑎 1 , ..., 𝑎 𝑘 ∈ R. Is it rue that
𝑎𝑖 𝑢𝑖 k 2 = 𝑖=1 |𝑎𝑖 | 2 k𝑢𝑖 k 2 ?
Í𝑘 Í𝑘
k 𝑖=1
13. For a subset 𝑆 of an ips 𝑉, define 𝑆 ⊥ = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 : h𝑥, 𝑢i = 0, for all 𝑢 ∈ 𝑆}. Show the
following:
(a) 𝑉 ⊥ = {0} (b) {0}⊥ = 𝑉 (c) 𝑆 ⊥ is a subspace of 𝑉 (d) 𝑆 ⊆ 𝑆 ⊥⊥ .
14. Let 𝑊 be a subspace of a finite dimensional ips 𝑉 . Show the following:
(a) 𝑉 = 𝑊 + 𝑊 ⊥ (b) 𝑊 ∩ 𝑊 ⊥ = {0} (c) 𝑊 ⊥⊥ = 𝑊 .
15. Show that {sin 𝑡, sin(2𝑡), . . . , sin(𝑚𝑡)} is linearly independent in 𝐶 [0, 2𝜋].
16. Consider R3 with the standard inner product. Apply Gram-Schmidt process on the given
set of vectors.
(a) {(1, 2, 0), (2, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)} (b) {(1, 1, 1), (1, −1, 1), (1, 1, −1)}
17. Consider R3 with the standard inner product. In each of the following, find a vector of
norm 1 which is orthogonal to the given two vectors:
(a) (2, 1, 0), (1, 2, 1) (b) (1, 2, 3), (2, 1, −2) (c) (0, 2, −1), (−1, 2, −1).
4
18. Consider R with the standard inner product. In each of the following, find the set of all
vectors orthogonal to both 𝑢 and 𝑣.
(a) 𝑢 = (1, 2, 0, 1), 𝑣 = (2, 1, 0, −1) (b) 𝑢 = (1, 1, 1, 0), 𝑣 = (1, −1, 1, 1)
19. Consider C3with the standard inner product. Find an orthonormal basis for the subspace
spanned by the vectors (1, 0, 𝑖) and (2, 1, 1 + 𝑖).
20. Consider the polynomials 𝑢 0 (𝑡) = 1, 𝑢 1 (𝑡) = 𝑡, 𝑢 2 (𝑡) = 𝑡 2 in R2 [𝑡]. Using Gram-Schmidt
orthogonalization, find orthogonal polynomials obtained from 𝑢 1 , 𝑢 2 , 𝑢 3 with respect to
the inner product:
∫1
(a) h𝑝, 𝑞i = 0 𝑝(𝑡)𝑞(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 .
21. Find the best approximation of 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 from 𝑈 in the following:
(a) 𝑉 = R3 , 𝑣 = (1, 2, 1), 𝑈 = span {(3, 1, 2), (1, 0, 1)}.
(b) 𝑉 = R3 , 𝑣 = (1, −1, 1), 𝑈 = {(𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾) ∈ R3 : 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 0}.
(c) 𝑉 = R4 , 𝑣 = (1, 0, −1, 1), 𝑈 = span {(1, 0, −1, 1), (0, 0, 1, 1)}.
∫1
(d) 𝑉 = P3 [𝑡], 𝑣 = 𝑡 3 , 𝑈 = span {1, 1 + 𝑡, 1 + 𝑡 2 }, h𝑝, 𝑞i = 0 𝑝(𝑡)𝑞(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡.
(e) Find the QR decomposition of the following matrices:
1 0 1 1 0
(a) 𝐴 = ­1 1 0® (b) 𝐴 = ­1 1® .
© ª © ª

« 0 1 1¬ «1 1¬

*****

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