M1:-

Creativity- is a phenomenon in which something new and somehow valuable is formed. It is

same as creative process.
Creative process begins with -1. Brief, 2. Research, 3. Concept, 4. Production
1. Creative Brief: - is developed by client, designer or collaborated btw the two (client +
designer). It defines- goals, scope n vision. It identifies- target audience, objective,
schedule n any other details.
2. Research: - sometimes we have to do research abt the co. i.e. client’s brand n value,
personality, target audience, customer portfolio, aim, vision, goal, abt new customers
if the co. is undertaking them. And taking into acc, we hv 2 see abt their color,
imagery, typeface n logos. We also hv to look their industry n competition.

The better research you make here before diving into designing, the more likely
u r 2 create a successful project that will be relevant to ur client’s need.

3. Concept Development: - this phase doesn’t really hv any right/wrong way to go with.
It is as simple as to work with pen n paper, work digitally, or with the help of various
websites. It can also be combined (digital + traditional i.e. we can 1st draw on a paper
then use Photoshop to develop it.)

Source- books, web or so on. This is the process where r relatively free to create
anything without being creatively restrictive.

4. Production- final step of creative process. This is the phase where we can finally work
on our own idea. Turning the concept into our artwork.

Graphic design is the art of conveying a message through visual elements.

COMPOSITION THEORY

Fig: Pigment
Wheel
Color Composition-
1. 1st component – Hue
2. 2nd component – Saturation: it means intensity. By changing this, the color becomes
more/less intense.
3. 3rd component – Brightness. Also known as ‘luminosity’. By increasing/reducing it,
we create shades
 Primary colors – yellow, red, blue
 Secondary colors – green, orange, purple
 Tertiary colors - made by mixing the secondary n primary colors.
There r various harmony theories.
1. Monochromatic Harmony- it is based on single hue with variations to the value to the
luminosity. This ways shades are created without breaking the harmony.
 Monochromatic colour harmony uses only one colour with the variation in its
luminosity.
2. Analogous colors- colors that r side by side on the color wheel.
3. Complementary colors- it is one of the main fundamental rules in the graphic design.
Colors that r on the opposite on the color wheel r combined to make the contrast.

2 technical models: -
These r 2 diff. color mixing modes.
a. RGB (Red Green Blue) - used for monitors or other light emitting devices like TVs n
screens. This color mode should be used when the graphic is to be displayed on
mobiles, screens, etc.
b. CMYK (Cyan Magenta Yellow Black) – here ‘K’ denotes ‘Black’. Used for printing
materials. Most common n commercially available pigment color. Physical ink is
combined by the printer to achieve this. This is also known as “Subtractive Mixing”.
They seems similar but actually they r opposite to each other. RGB- we add energy based
colors together and in return we get white. CMYK- we r subtracting pigment based colors n
by combining all of them we get black.
Color Association: -
It is related to societies or cultures.
Eg- red- in western countries is used in sign for dangers n warnings, love n anger

TYPOGRAPHY
 In the word ‘Type’- T is uppercase, ype is lowercase. And it sits on baseline.
 Meanline- used to develop height n realtionship btw uppercase n lowercase.

 Typeface- also commonly referred as ‘font’. Eg- a particular font type can consists of
more than one type. Typeface have style. It is solely dependent on the creator of it.

Guidelines for topography:-

1. Headlines – eg in newspaper, it should
always be large n be placed on the same place
on every page. But in magazines its not strict
rule. It can be placed creatively on the front
cover wherever the designer wants to place.
2. No. of Typefaces – it should be restricted to
2/3. Exception- while working on
posters/magazines.
3. Readability – proper spacing, alignment n size of the texts.

LAYOUT AND SPACES

Design Space: -
 Dividing space compositions in a pic. - We use rule of third. We divide into 9
sections.
 In the rule of thirds, the subject is placed at the intersection of any of two lines.
Golden Ratio/Section: -

But sometimes it can’t be used everywhere. Eg- while desinging the banner, we can’t use
golden rule, instead we divide it into diff. blocks n we can sub-divide the sections too.

6 Principles of Design:-
1. Balance- the balance of elements of the design should be there. Asymmetry or
Symmetry.
2. Alignment- is the key to building visual order in the design. Having the elements
aligned, it creates a feeling of connection btw them.
3. Proximity- proximity btw the elements r used 2 create associations.
 Combining balance, alignment n proximity created tension/harmony in the pic.
4. Contrast- it can be used to highlight imp. Info. Or to guide the viewer’s attention.
5. Repetition- it can be used to bring consistency to a design.
6. Negative Space

 Characters are also known as Glyphs.

PRODUCTION TOOLS
Raster vs Vector files: -
 Raster imgs- most common type of img files n they r mostly used around the web as
they load quickly n r mostly small in size. They r all bitmap based files, like .jpeg n
.png. They r usually in vry high resolution. These file formats r built with pixels n can
actually be seen when zoomed
 Vector imgs- they r constructed by complicated parts/points.

 The img that should be exported should be in the following format give below in the
fig.

 Vector files should be saved in pdf, eps file type. Most recently SVG file type is
used.

 The most common and famous industrial apps used are- Adobe Illustrator, Photoshop
n Indesign.

a. Adobe Illustrator- it is a go to program when working with vector graphics. It has

the ability to import raster graphics. It can be used for- logos, posters, illustrations,
cartoons, artworks, characters in animations and to give effects to them.

b. Adobe Photoshop- it has great tools to work with raster graphics and photos. Its
functionality is very limited. For designing logos and all it is not recommended to use
this software. It is a great program to be used for posters, photos which requires heavy
manipulations, social media posts, magazines, brochures, photo editing n retouching
by the photographers, and digital painting by the artists. It is a great motivational tool
which should be mastered by any graphic designers.
c. Adobe Indesign- it can’t really work with vector graphics. But it works best to create
multi-page docs. , it can combine both vector n raster file made with illustrator n
Photoshop and can create professional flyers, books, brochures, presentations.
M2: -
 Click on the Photoshop app once and then click Alt + Ctrl + Shift to restore
the settings to default.
 To change the theme of Photoshop- Edit > Preferences > Interface.
 To create motion workspace- windows > workspace > motion.
 For painting workspace- windows > workspace > painting.
 To switch back to the default workspace i.e. essentials workspace – on the
right hand corner, below minimize, close, etc. buttons a tab is there from
where we can go to the default workspace.
 Pixels: digital on-screen graphics.
Inches: printed graphics.

A. Selection tools:-
 To select a part of the pic, use rectangular marquee tool. This is only to select
the part of the pic.
 To move the selected part – click on the selection tool (1st tool) and then drag
it. This will move the selected part of the pic. Fig. below shows it.
 We can select other shape in selection tool. For circle, select ellipses tool and
to draw a circle- click shift + drag the ellipses selection tool.

B. Lasso tools: -
 To select and edit the area – use lasso tool.
 To select the area apart from the already selected ones – click shift (before
using the tool) + select the ar. Wanted to select. To deselect the ar. – alt +
select the ar. To remove.
 Alt n Shift r the universal tool in Photoshop. Shift – to add, Alt – to subtract.
 Polygonal Lasso tool – we hv to click on the edges to select the ar. To deselect
– go to select tab > deselect.
 Magnetic lasso tool – it is like a smart lasso tool.
 Deselect short key – Ctrl + D

C. Quick Selection tool: -

 It is like a magic tool. In this a big circle appears as the cursor for selection.
We just hv to drag it around the img, it will automatically select the img.
 To deselect – Alt + the selected tool.
 Magic wand tool – it is the best tool to isolate the background frm the img. If
we select the color closest to the already selected ar., it will select that too.
 ‘contiguous’ option on the upper tab – if we uncheck that option n then we
select an ar with a color then it will select the all the ar in the pic of the same
color.
D. Manipulation tool: -
1. Crop tool –
 Used to crop out the pic.
 If we crop the pic n then move the pic with the move tool then we will
see than the background of that pic is diff and not the copped part.
 To revert back the pic to the normal one – 1st change the name of the
pic from ‘background’ to other name in the layers pane, right hand
side. This is so as this will unlock the pic and we will be able to revert
it. > go to the history button on the right side and then click on ‘make
layer’. This will make the pic back to the original one.

 The img. Shows the history button the right pane in Photoshop.

 If we do not want to remove the part cropped then uncheck the box on
the top bar named ‘delete cropped pixels’. Again if we crop the pic and
move with the move tool, the cropped part with still show in the crop
ar.
2. Slice tool –
 Used to slice the pic into different sections and parts.
3. Spot healing brush tool –
 this tool is great for correcting minor detail but u may find that if we
get a little carried away Photoshop won’t b able to distinguish what we
want n what we don’t want.
4. Healing brush tool –
 It is similar to the spot healing tool but it give more choice to choice
from the sample where we want to choose from. We have set a sample
location. To select the sample, we have to press Alt and now
Photoshop we get some idea how to heal it.
5. Patch tool –
 Kind of similar to the above tool but we need to select manually like
lasso tool then drag it to the side to set a sample. It makes quite
realistic changes than expected.
6. Content aware move tool –
 This tool allows us to move the content to other part in the pic and it
seems like that belonged there only.
 We select lasso tools and make selection of the part to be moved > go
to content aware move tool and then drag the part to the place where
we want to place it.
 One thing that has made this tools extra neat is that we can change
some of the settings even aftr selection. Gear wheel icon > the options
indicates that how much we r willing to compromise and let the
Photoshop take over. Structure – the higher it is, lesser the Photoshop
is going to take over. Colour – the higher it is, more the Photoshop is
going to take over to match its surroundings.
 When we r done we will deselect by pressing Ctrl + D.
7. Red eye tool –
 Red eye: is an unfortunate consequence of someone looking directly
into the camera as the flash goes off. It mostly happens in the
environment where there is low lighting and the camera have a flash
located very close to the lens.
 To remove red eye from the pic – click on the red portion and it will
directly remove it.
8. Clone stamp tool –
 Used to clone the thing in the pic if it looks patchy. Eg: a man’s pic
with
patchy
beard.
 To fix this: press Alt and then drag into the bearded ar to set a sample.
 We have to brush the beard in the patched ar, if we go any further with
this then we will get patches in the non-patchy ars.

9. Pattern stamp tool –

 If we want to make a specific pattern for the beard, we will use this
tool. In the patterns option there is nothing that looks like beard so we
will create our own pattern.
 To create own pattern: - select rectangular marquee tool and draw it
near the good part of the beard. To save it as a pattern- go to edit >
pattern > name it > ok
 Now deselect the marquee tool – Ctrl + D. Now go to the pattern stamp
tool and make the pattern in the patchy ars.
 This tool doesn’t work like a healing tool. It merely allows to define
pattern as a brush. If we get carried away and go the edges of the
pattern then it will be visible. So it is not a really right tool to use every
time if we don’t have command on it.
10. Eraser tool –
 It is basically a brush that erase the unnecessary part from the img.
 The best habit to use this tool is to duplicate the img as when we erase
the background sometimes we may erase the part of the main object in
the img n when we will try to undo it using the history panel.
 First, when we use this we can see that it erases the part in the pic. In
white but we can change the colour from the toolbox > set foreground
colour.
 Now when we unlock the background and then erases the pic, we get
checkboard type pattern in the background.
 As this tool is commonly referred as ‘destructive tool’, we hv to use
this tools vry cautiously.

Background eraser tool –

 If we use this tool to remove the background from the object in the
given pic, we might sometimes erase the edges of the object too.
 In order to prevent that, we will use this tool. For this, first duplicate
the img. Click the eye sign on the original background layer to hide it.
This is so as it gives instant access to the original
img. This prevents us to make the mistake of erasing
the object.
 To remove the background, select this tool and go to
the tab for the option single click erase.
 But this still
doesn’t remove the background vry accurately. Now to make it perfect
cut-out, start afresh > make the duplicate of the pic > click on the eye
symbol on the original layer > make a new blank layer from the bottom
most icon of new layer.
 Go to edit > fill > in use change it to ‘white’. A white layer is created.
Drag the white layer below the duplicate layer. Now start erasing the
background, we’ll get a white background. To make the brush smooth
change the brush settings to: - hardness- 50%, spacing- 5%, limits-
discontiguous.