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ECE424FL Activity 2 Notes

This document discusses analyzing electrical circuits using Laplace impedances. It provides the impedance equations for resistors, inductors, and capacitors in the s-domain. As an example, it analyzes a circuit with a resistor, inductor, and capacitor connected in series and parallel with DC and sinusoidal voltage sources. It shows the time domain plots and steady state solutions of the branch currents and voltages, demonstrating the initial and final behavior of inductors and capacitors.

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jefferson rosimo
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84 views

ECE424FL Activity 2 Notes

This document discusses analyzing electrical circuits using Laplace impedances. It provides the impedance equations for resistors, inductors, and capacitors in the s-domain. As an example, it analyzes a circuit with a resistor, inductor, and capacitor connected in series and parallel with DC and sinusoidal voltage sources. It shows the time domain plots and steady state solutions of the branch currents and voltages, demonstrating the initial and final behavior of inductors and capacitors.

Uploaded by

jefferson rosimo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECE424FL: FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEMS

Let the input be a 10Vdc turned on at t =0 such


CIRCUIT ANALYSIS that e(t) = 10u(t) volts.
USING LAPLACE IMPEDANCES
Plot the time-domain graph of the branch
In the s-domain, the impedances of the basic electrical currents and the component voltages and observe
components are follows: their behavior and note their initial value, steady state
Resistor: ZR(s) = R, where R is in Ohms value, value at t=0.5s, and value at t=1sec.
Inductor: ZL(s) = sL, where L is in Henrys
Determine the currents and voltages in the s-
Capacitor: ZC(s) = 1/(sC) where C is in Farads domain and plot them in the time-domain using
the SCILAB routine shown in the previous
The voltage-current relationship is V(s)=I(s) Z(s) such examples.
that I(s)=V(s)/Z(s) and Z(s)=V(s)/I(s). The Laplace
impedance is valid only if the inductor has no initial -->s=poly(0,'s')
current and the capacitor has no initial charge when //Declare the Laplace transform of the input
power is applied. The analysis of electrical circuits in -->Es=10/s
the s-domain is carried out using network theorems
such as KVL, KCL, Thevenin's Theorem, Norton's //Determine the Laplace impedances
Theorem, and others. -->R1=10; R2=15; L=0.25, C=0.1;
-->ZR1=R1
Example 1] -->ZR2=R2
-->ZL=L*s
Consider the circuit shown as -->ZC=1/(C*s)

Perform series-parallel analysis


//Combine ZL and ZR2 in series
// and then the series combination in parallel to
ZC
// and represent it as ZP
--->ZP=((ZR2+ZL)*ZC)/((ZR2+ZL)+ZC)
//Determine the total impedance
-->ZT=ZR1+ZP
//Determine the total current
-->I1=Es/ZT
R1=10Ω, R2=15Ω, L=0.25F, and C=0.1 //Determine the branch current I2
//using current division Note from the plot that i3(t) decays exponentially with
-->I2=I1*ZC/((ZR2+ZL)+ZC) an initial value of 1 Ampere and a steady -state value
-->I3=I1-I2 of 0 Ampere. At t=0.5s, i1(t)=0.436A and at t=1s,
//Determine the component voltages i1(t)=0.187A.
-->VR1=I1*ZR1
-->VR2=I2*ZR2 The branch currents satisfy KCL such that i1(t)=i2(t)
-->VL=I2*ZL +i3(t) for any t.
-->VC=I3*ZC
The branch with the inductor is initially open as
//Plot i1(t) for 0< t ≤ 20 indicated by an initial current of 0.
-->t=10^(-10):0.001:20;
-->i1=csim('impulse', t, tf2ss(I1)); The branch with the capacitor is open at steady-state
-->clf; plot2d(t,i1); xgrid; indicated by a steady-state current of 0.

Note from the plot that i1(t) decays exponentially This demonstrates the simplifying conditions that for
with an initial value of 1 Ampere and a steady- DC input voltage, the inductors act as open initially but
state value of 0.4 Ampere. At t=0.5s, i1(t)=0.659A and act as shorts at steady state and capacitors are shorted
at t=1s, i1(t)=0.511A. These values at the time initially but open at steady state.
instants of interest may be computed as follows:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-->t1=[10^-16; 1; 20] Let the input be replaced by e(t)=10sin(πt)u(t) and plot
-->i1=csim('impulse', t1, tf2ss(I1)) the total current i1(t). The only change in the previous
program is the declaration of the input as
//Plot i2(t) for 0 < t ≤ 5 -->Es=10*(%pi)/(s^2+(%pi)^2)
-->i2=csim('impulse', t, tf2ss(I2)); After plotting i1(t), plot also the input as a
-->clf; plot2d(t,i1); xgrid; reference for phase measurement.
-->e=10*sin( %pi*t);
Note from the plot that i2(t) increases from an initial -->plot2d(t,e); xgrid();
value of 0 to a steady-state value of 0.4 Ampere. At
t=0.5s, i2(t)=0.223A and at t=1s, i1(t)=0.324A. Note that the steady state amplitude of i1(t) is
0.901Amperes and leading the input voltage by
//Plot i3(t) for 0 < t ≤ 5 0.0894 seconds such that i1(t) can be expressed
-->i3=csim('impulse', t, tf2ss(I3)); as
-->clf; plot2d(t,i3); xgrid; i1(t)ss = 0.901sin(π(t + 0.0894)) Amperes
i1(t)ss=0.901sin(πt + 0.0894π) Amperes
i1(t)ss=0.901sin(πt + 16º) Amperes
in phasor form: I1=0.901∟16º

This is in agreement with the results of steady-state


AC circuit analysis where ZL=jωL and ZC=1/(jωC)
with ω=π radians/second. Using steady-state AC
circuit analysis, ZT=11.094 ∟-16º and I1=E/ZT =
(10 ∟ 0º)/(11.094 ∟-16º)= 0.901∟16º Amperes.

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