Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

Experiment # 09
Objective: To study the Over Voltage protection of DC power supply system (CLO 1)
Apparatus:
 Computer

 NI Trainer

 ERP (Labview) Software

 Connecting Wires

 Switch Gear

 Over Voltage Relay

 Indicating Relay

 Auxiliary Relay

 Auxiliary Multi Relay

Theory:
Overvoltage Protection

When the voltage in a circuit or part of it is raised above its design limit this condition is known as
Overvoltage. Overvoltages in a system may arise due to multiple reasons. To protect our system from
these we use overvoltage relays. Overvoltage relay is a relay designed to operate when its coil voltage
goes above a predetermined or preset value

Switchgear

It is a combination of electrical disconnect switches, fuses, or circuit breakers. It is used for switching
(Isolation) controlling and protecting the electrical circuits and equipment. Switchgear is used both to
energize and de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults. It also provides
isolation of the circuit from power supplies.

Auxiliary Relay

Relay that operates in response to the opening or closing of its operating circuit to assist another relay
or device in performing a function.

Auxiliary Multi Relay

It connects the different circuits and switch them on or off simultaneously. It cannot be seen in a
software. It has just the role of the intermediate relay.
Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

Control and Indicators

In the DC power supply Lab, there are following control and indicators.

Power Supply Voltage: The user can adjust the voltage generated with the power supply.

Power Supply Coil Voltage: Shows the voltage on the relay coil

Procedure:
1. To investigate the protection on DC power supply Tab, following steps should be done.

2. First of all, remove all the components from the stand that are not in used.

3. Then place the following components on the stand i.e. switch gear, auxiliary relay, auxiliary
multi relay, over voltage relay and indicating relay.

4. Connect the wires according to given instructions in the table.

5. Select a set point for OV Relay. (Preset value)

6. Then open lab on the software.

7. Turn on the main supply on the trainer.

8. Turn on the switch gear on the stand manually or remotely from the software too.

9. By changing the value of set point on OV relay take different readings.

Observation:
Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

Sequence of operation:
1. When the circuit is assembled and the software is running, it is needed to generate voltage with
the DC power supply. As a result of increasing the voltage until it will exceed the set point of the
overvoltage relay, the relay is tripped, as a result.

2. The indicating relay 1 and the auxiliary relay are tripped in parallel, as a result.

3. The 1-2 contacts of the auxiliary relay are open.

4. The switchgear protection starts operating.

5. The power of the whole circuit is switched off.

Conclusion:
Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

Experiment # 10
Objective: To study the Under-Voltage protection of generator using relays and circuit
breaker (CLO 1)
Apparatus:
 NI Trainer

 Connecting Wires

 Labview Software

 Switch Gear

 Generator Block

 Under Voltage Relay

 Time Relay

 Indicating Relay

 Auxiliary Relay

 Auxiliary Multi Relay

Theory:

Under voltages:

Undervoltage is defined as when the RMS ac voltage drops below 90% of the nominal voltage for more
than 1 minute. It is important to remember the definition of voltage sag, which is similar but it occurs
when the voltage drops to 90% of the nominal voltage for 0.5 cycles to 1 minute. So, a voltage sag
condition that lasts more than 1 minute becomes an undervoltage condition

Causes of under voltages:

Voltage drop in the generator generally can be caused by the following reasons. Due to the interruption
of the generators power production operating mode. In case the consumed power is greater than the
power produced by the generator. In case, if the generator parameters remain constant even when the
load increases

Under voltage Protection:

To protect our system from these undervoltage we use undervoltage relays. Undervoltage Relay is a
relay designed to operate when its coil voltage goes below a predetermined or preset value

Ingress Protection (IP Class):

It classifies the degree of protection provided against intrusion of solid and liquid objects in electrical
enclosure.
Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

Representation of Ingress Protection:

IP class is followed by two digits, The first digit stands for the level of protection that enclosure provide
against solid bodies. The second digit describe the degree of protection against the liquids.

Example:

If we write IP 44 then first “4” represents the solids ( upto 1mm objects) and 2 nd digit “4” represents the
liquid ( Spraying water or Splashing water).

Switchgear:

It is combination of electrical disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers. It is used for switching ,
controlling and protecting the electrical circuits and equipment. Switchgear is used both to energize and
de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults. It also provides isolation of circuit
from power supplies.

Time Relay:

Time relays are used in the relay protection to create an adjustable time delay when tripped, providing
the necessary sequence of operation of the circuit elements. Time relay is an auxiliary element in the
relay protection circuits and is intended to obtained a controllable time delay. These can be constructed
to delay armature motion on coil energization and de-energization or both.

Procedure:
To investigate the protection in the Generator tab, the following steps should be done:

1. Remove from the stand all the components that are not used in this lab.

2. Put the following components on the stand: Switchgear 1, Auxiliary Multi Relay, Undervoltage
Relay, Time Relay, Auxiliary Relay, Indicating Relay 1, Generator Block.

3. Open lab in the software

4. Assemble the scheme of the connections according to table.

5. Turn on the main supply on the trainer.

6. Turn on the component of the Switchgear 1 on the stand manually or remotely by the software.

7. Turn on the component of the Generator Block on the stand manually or remotely by the
software

8. By changing the value of set point on UV relay take different readings.

Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

Results:

Sequence of operation

1. When the voltage generated on the Generator is less than the setpoint voltage of the
Undervoltage Relay, the relay is tripped, as a result

2. Its 5-7 contacts are closed, as a result

3. The Time Relay is tripped, as a result

4. The Indicating Relay 1 and the Auxiliary Relay are tripped in parallel

5. The Switchgear Protection starts operating

6. The 1-2 contacts of the Switchgear 1 are open

7. The power of whole circuit is switched off

8. As a result, generator is switched off

Conclusion:
Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

Experiment # 11
Objective: To study the Undervoltage and Overvoltage Protection of Generator (CLO 1)
Apparatus:
1. NI Trainer

2. Connecting Wires

3. Labview Software

4. Switch Gear

5. Generator Block

6. Under Voltage Relay

7. Overvoltage Relay

8. Time Relay

9. Indicating Relay 1 and 2

10. Auxiliary Relay

11. Auxiliary Multi Relay

Theory:
Causes of under voltages

Voltage drop in the generator generally can be caused by the following reasons

1. Due to the interruption of the generators power production operating mode

2. In case the consumed power is greater than the power produced by the generator
3. In case, if the generator parameters remain constant even when the load increases

Under voltage Protection

To protect our system from these under voltages we use undervoltage relays. Undervoltage relay is a
relay designed to operate when its coil voltage goes below a predetermined or preset value.

Causes of Over voltages

The over voltages on the power station generators can be mainly caused in the following situations

1. In case of interruption of the power delivery by the generators

Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

2. In case the generator produces more power than the load consumes

3. Large load is being disconnected from the system

4. In case, if due to the external short circuit the generator is disconnected from the grid

over voltage Protection

To protect our system from over voltages we use overvoltage relays. Overvoltage relay is a relay
designed to operate when its coil voltage goes above a predetermined or preset value

Ingress Protection (IP Class)

It classifies the degree of protection provided against intrusion of solid and liquid objects in electrical
enclosure.

Representation of Ingress Protection

1. IP class is mainly followed by two digits

2. The first digit stands for the level of protection that enclosure provide against solid bodies.

3. The second digit describe the degree of protection against the liquids.

Example:

If we write IP 44 then first “4” represents the solids (upto or greater than 1mm objects) and 2 nd digit
“4” represents the liquid (Splashing water).

Time Relay

Time relays are used in the relay protection to create an adjustable time delay when tripped, providing
the necessary sequence of operation of the circuit elements. Time relay is an auxiliary element in the
relay protection circuits and is intended to obtained a controllable time delay. These can be constructed
to delay armature motion on coil energization and de-energization or both.

Generator Block

It contains generator and motor

Generator Rating

 12 V

 Max output Power 1461 W

Motor

IP 44

Power 0.37 kW

Control and Indicators

Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

Generator Set point: Used to adjust the excitation current of Generator.

Generator Voltage: Shows the voltage generated by Generator.

Procedure:
To investigate the protection in the Generator tab, the following steps should be done:

1. Remove from the stand all the components that are not used in this lab.

2. Put the following components on the stand: Switchgear, Auxiliary Multi Relay , Undervoltage
Relay, Overvoltage relay ,Time Relay, Auxiliary Relay, Indicating Relay, Generator Block.

3. Open lab from ERP folder in the software

4. Assemble the scheme of the connections according to table.

5. Turn on the main supply on the trainer.

6. Turn on the component of the Switchgear on the stand manually or remotely by the software.

7. Turn on the component of the Generator Block on the stand manually or remotely by the
software

8. By changing the value of set point on UV and OV relay take different readings.

Observation:

Sequence of operation

While doing the lab, when the protection of the lab is operating, the components of the protection
circuit are connected in the following order:
Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

1. The setpoints of the Undervoltage Relay and the Overvoltage Relay must be as follows: the
setpoint of the Undervoltage Relay must be less than the setpoint of the Overvoltage Relay and
after running the software the voltage generated with the generator must be more than the
setpoint of the Undervoltage Relay and less than the setpoint of the Overvoltage Relay.

2. When the voltage generated with the Generator is less than the setpoint of the undervoltage
Relay, the undervoltage relay is tripped, as a result its 1-3 contacts are closed.

3. The Time relay is tripped and its 1-2 contacts are closed.

4. The Indicating Relay 1 and the Auxiliary Relay are tripped in parallel, as a result its 1-2 and 3-4
contacts are opened.

5. The Switchgear Protection and the Generator Protection start operating, as a result the power of
the whole circuit is switched off.

6. When the voltage generated with the Generator is more than the setpoint of the Overvoltage
Relay, the Overvoltage relay is tripped, as a result its 1-3 contacts are closed.

7. The Indicating Relay 2 and the Auxiliary Relay are tripped in parallel, as a result its 1-2 contacts
are open

8. The Switchgear Protection starts operating, as a result its 1-2 contacts are opened.

9. The power of the whole circuit is switched off

For Restarting the Lab:

To restart the lab and take different readings, it’s necessary to turn on the Switchgear 1, reset the flag,
and the voltage generated with the Generator should be more than the Undervoltage relay setpoint.
Only after this, the lab will start operating .

Conclusion:
Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

Experiment # 12
Objective: Introduction to ETAP and to perform load flow analysis
Apparatus:

 Laptop/PC
 ETAP software

Theory:
ETAP stands for Electrical Transient Analyzer Program. ETAP is the wide analysis software for designing,
simulation, analysis, operation, generation, protection, and distribution of power systems. It is
considered as a high impact tool for power simulations. It gives

1. Total integration of data

2. Reality operation visualization

3. Data entry simplicity

4. Ease to engineers to work on different disciplines of power system

By using ETAP:

1. we can study faults and short circuit analysis

2. perform protection of power system by using different relays
3. Relay coordination function

load flow analysis

1. Load flow analysis helps us to ensure that power system is adequately designed to satisfy your
performance criteria.

2. Load flow analysis calculates bus voltages, branch power factors, currents and power flows
throughout electrical system.

3. ETAP allows power sources with unlimited power grids and generator connections.

4. ETAP allows you to select from several load flow calculations methods in order you achieve the
most efficient and accurate results.

5. Load flow studies are commonly used to investigate, component or circuit loading, bus voltage
profiles, real and reactive power flows, power system losses

Procedure:
1. Open the ETAP software and create any new file
2. On the edit mode, draw a one-line diagram
Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

3. The toolbar at the right side consists of different components.

4. Firstly select a busbar and place it on the edit window
5. Then select transformer and place it on the edit window
6. Select transmission line or the cable to connect the components.
7. In case of cable, enter the length required for a single cable.
8. Similarly, for all, once completed click on the components to enter their ratings
9. In the impedence column, enter impedence (in our case its mostly 0.1 to 0.5) and apply it for the
rest of the components
10. Once the one-line diagram is completed, click on the load flow analysis which is on the left side
of toolbar.
11. And then run the simulation from the toolbar on the right side.
12. Results and observations are recorded.

Observation:

Conclusion:
Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

Experiment # 13
Objective: To perform the Short Circuit Analysis using ETAP
Apparatus:

 Laptop/PC
 ETAP software

Theory:
Short Circuit currents

Short circuit currents are currents that introduce large amount of destructive energy in form of heat into
a power system. The reliability and safety of electric power distribution systems depend on accurate and
through knowledge of short circuit fault currents that can be present, and on the ability of protective
devices to interrupt these currents. Short circuit analysis is required to ensure that existing and new
equipment ratings are adequate to withstand the available short circuit energy available at each point in
the electrical system.

A short circuit analysis will help to ensure that personnel and equipment are protected by establishing
proper interrupting ratings of protecting devices (circuit breaker and fuses).

1. On large systems, short circuit analysis is required to determine both the switchgear ratings and
the relay settings.

2. No substation equipment can be installed without knowledge of complete short circuit values
for the entire power distribution system.

3. The short circuit calculations must be maintained and periodically updated to protect the
equipment and the lives.

Benefits of Short circuit analysis

• Reduces the risk a system could face and helps to avoid losses.

• Increase the safety and reliability of the power system and related equipment.

• Evaluates the application of protective devices and equipment.

• Identifies problem areas in the system.

Procedure:
1. Open the ETAP software and create any new file
2. On the edit mode, draw a one-line diagram
Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

3. The toolbar at the right side consists of different components.

4. Firstly select a busbar and place it on the edit window
5. Then select transformer and place it on the edit window
6. Select transmission line or the cable to connect the components.
7. In case of cable, enter the length required for a single cable.
8. Similarly, for all, once completed click on the components to enter their ratings
9. In the impedence column, enter impedence (in our case its mostly 0.1 to 0.5) and apply it for the
rest of the components
10. On completing the one-line diagram, now click on the short circuit analysis which is beside the
load flow analysis.
11. And then run the simulation from the toolbar on the right side.
12. Results and observations are recorded.

Results:

Conclusion:
Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

Experiment # 14
Objective: Modeling of overcurrent relay using ETAP
Apparatus:

 Laptop/PC
 ETAP software

Theory:
OVER CURRENT RELAY

Overcurrent relay provides a special type of protection which is used to protect costly apparatus from
the effect of huge current flow. Overcurrent relays are relays which operate during the excess current
flow through the network and trips the circuit of circuit breaker which isolates the faulty part of network
from healthy part.

This relay is designed to operate when its current exceeds a predetermined value. In typical applications
the OC relay is connected to a current transformer and calibrated to operate at or above a specific
current level. When the relay operates one or more contacts will operate and energize to trip a circuit
breaker.

Overcurrent relay Working

• In this experiment we will connect one current transformer to OC relay.

• When a fault occurs in the system, the amount of current flowing through that section increases
and current transformer provides the relay a sense of fault.

• After sensing fault, relay operates CB and isolates faulty system from normal system.
Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

Results:

Procedure:
1. Open the ETAP software and create any new file
2. On the edit mode, draw a one-line diagram
3. The toolbar at the right side consists of different components.
4. Firstly, select a busbar and place it on the edit window
5. Then select transformer and place it on the edit window
6. Select transmission line or the cable to connect the components.
7. In case of cable, enter the length required for a single cable.
8. Similarly, for all, once completed click on the components to enter their ratings
9. In the impedance column, enter impedance (in our case its mostly 0.1 to 0.5) and apply it for the
rest of the components
10. Insert circuit breakers in the system
11. Insert a CT and connect an over current relay
12. Click on OCR, its manufacture and model type
13. Click on function as overcurrent
14. Adjust the time delay and pick up time
Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

15. Observation is recorded.

Conclusion:
After generating a one-line diagram, we connect a current transformer which is an instrument
transformer used to limit current in a readable from and then we connect an overcurrent relay, the ratio
is to be kept as 100:1 or 100:5, let any be high primary side but the secondary should we of 1 or 5. On
clicking the overcurrent relay, we add any desirable line, then choose a device and select circuit breakers
and modifying the actions either close or open. On clicking the OCR, we can also choose which type
function is required from the overcurrent relay. On running the one-line diagram, we click on fault
insertion to insert any fault at any location. It is observed that on placing the fault, the circuit breaker
trips showing that overcurrent has occurred. The trip signal is provided by the OCR.
Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

Experiment # 15
Objective: To study the Transformer Differential Protection using ETAP (CLO1)
Apparatus:

 Computer
 ETAP
Theory:
Differential protection

• Differential protection is based on fact that any fault within an electrical equipment would cause
the current entering in it, to be different from that leaving it .

• Thus, we can compare two currents and issue a trip output if difference exceeds predetermined
set value.

Transformer differential Protection

• Due to the absence of moving or spinning parts, the transformers are very reliable devices.
However, during their operation, it is possible and in practice, there can happen faults and
disturbances of their normal operation conditions.

• That is why these devices should be equipped with the relevant relay protection, which is called
differential relay.

Differential Protection

• The principle of the differential protection operation can be inferred from its name; the Latin
word "differentia" means difference.

• We can say that this protection reacts to the difference of the currents. On both sides of the
power transformer, the CTs are attached.

• In an ideal case, that difference will be equal to zero.

Differential Protection

• If an internal short circuit occurs, the sum of the secondary currents of CTs will flow through the
relay coil, instead of the difference. This current will be enough to trip the relay, which will
switch out both the primary and secondary circuit breakers of the protected transformer

Differential RELAY

• In this experiment we will model a Differential relay in ETAP which provides essential protection
against faults.
Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

• One CT is connected on primary and other CT on secondary side of transformer. These CT are
directly connected to D.R that is sensing difference between secondary side currents of both
CTs.

Result:

Procedure:
16. Open the ETAP software and create any new file
17. On the edit mode, draw a one-line diagram
18. The toolbar at the right side consists of different components.
19. Firstly, select a busbar and place it on the edit window
20. Then select transformer and place it on the edit window
21. Select transmission line or the cable to connect the components.
22. In case of cable, enter the length required for a single cable.
23. Similarly, for all, once completed click on the components to enter their ratings
24. In the impedance column, enter impedance (in our case its mostly 0.1 to 0.5) and apply it for the
rest of the components
25. Insert circuit breakers in the system
26. Select two current transformers placing it above and below the transformer respectively
Abdulnaffay Khan 2k16-ele-59

27. Connect an OCR in from the two CTs.

28. Click on OCR, its manufacture and model type
29. Click on function as differential
30. Adjust the time delay and pick up time
31. Observation is recorded.

Conclusion:
It is observed that on clicking the inserting the fault on the transformer, the differential relay trips circuit
breaker 1 and then it trips the circuit breaker 2. It can be analyzed through the sequence of operation
and the reports can be generated in PDF or any other desired format.