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Sampling Techniques

This document discusses various sampling techniques used in research. It describes probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic random sampling. It also covers non-probability sampling techniques including convenience sampling, quota sampling, judgement sampling, snowball sampling, and self-selection sampling. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each method and discusses sources of sampling errors and how to reduce them.

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Krystelle Joy Zipagan
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261 views

Sampling Techniques

This document discusses various sampling techniques used in research. It describes probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic random sampling. It also covers non-probability sampling techniques including convenience sampling, quota sampling, judgement sampling, snowball sampling, and self-selection sampling. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each method and discusses sources of sampling errors and how to reduce them.

Uploaded by

Krystelle Joy Zipagan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Sampling is the process of selecting observations (a sample) to provide an adequate description and
inferences of the population.
Sample
o It is a unit that is selected from population
o Represents the whole population
o Purpose to draw the inference
Sampling Frame
o Listing of population from which a sample is chosen

PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
 All subsets of the frame are given an equal probability.
 Random number generators
Advantages:
o Minimal knowledge of population needed
o Easy to analyze data
Disadvantages:
o Low frequency of use
o Does not use researcher’s expertise
o Larger risk of random error
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
 Population is divided into two or more groups called strata
 Subsamples are randomly selected from each strata
Advantages:
 Assures representation of all groups in sample population
 Characteristics of each stratum can be estimated and comparisons made
Disadvantages:
 Requires accurate information on proportions of each stratum
 Stratified lists costly to prepare
CLUSTER SAMPLING
 The population is divided into subgroups (clusters) like families.
 A simple random sample is taken from each cluster.
Advantages:
 Can estimate characteristics of both cluster and population.
Disadvantages:
 The cost to reach an element to sample is very high
 Each stage in cluster sampling introduces sampling error-the more stages there are, the
more error there tends to be.
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
 Order all units in the sampling frame
 Then every nth number on the list is selected
 N=Sampling Interval
Advantages:
 Moderate cost; moderate usage
 Simple to draw sample
 Easy to verify
Disadvantages:
 Periodic ordering required
MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
 Carried out in stages
 Using smaller and smaller sampling units in each stage
Advantages:
 More accurate
 More effective
Disadvantages:
 Costly
 Each stage in sampling introduces sampling error-the more stages there are, the more error
there tends to be
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLES
 The probability of each case being selected from the total population is not known.
 Units of the sample are chosen on the basis of personal judgement or convenience.
 There are NO statistical techniques for measuring random sampling error in a non-
probability sample.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLES
A. Convenience Sampling
B. Quota Sampling
C. Judgemental Sampling(Purposive Sampling)
D. Snowball Sampling
E. Self-selection Sampling
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
 Convenience sampling involves choosing respondents at the convenience of the researcher.
Advantages:
 Very low cost
 Extensively used/understood
Disadvantages:
 Variability and bias cannot be measured or controlled
 Projecting data beyond sample not justified
 Restriction of Generalization
QUOTA SAMPLING
 The population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified
sampling.
Advantages
 Used when research budget is limited
 Very extensively used/understood
 No need for list of population elements
Disadvantage
 Variability and bias cannot be measured/controlled
 Time consuming
 Projecting data beyond sample not justified
JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING
 Researcher employs his or her own “expert” judgement about.
Advantages:
 There is a assurance of quality response
 Meet the specific objective.
Disadvantages:
 Bias selection of sample may occur
 Time consuming process
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
 The researcher starts with a key person and introduce the next one to become a chain.
Advantages:
 Low cost
 Useful in specific circumstances and for locating rare populations
Disadvantages:
 Not independent
 Projecting data beyond sample not justified
SELF-SELECTION SAMPLING
 It occurs when you allow each case usually individuals, to identify their desire to take part in
the research.
Advantages:
 More accurate
 Useful in specific circumstances to serve the purpose.
Disadvantages
 More costly due to advertising
 Mass are left
SAMPLING ERRORS
 The errors which arise due to the use of sampling surveys are known as the sampling errors.
Two types of sampling errors
 Biased Errors- due to selection of sampling techniques; size of the sample.
 Unbiased Errors/ Random sampling errors- differences between the members of the
population included or not included.
METHODS OF REDUCING SAMPLING ERRORS
 Specific problem selection.
 Systematic documentation of related research.
 Effective enumeration
 Effective pre testing
 Controlling methodological bias.
 Selection of appropriate sampling techniques
 NON-SAMPLING ERRORS
 Non-sampling errors refers to biases and mistakes in selection of sample.
CAUSES FOR NON-SAMPLING ERRORS
 Sampling operations
 Inadequate of response
 Misunderstanding the concept
 Lack of knowledge
 Concealment of the truth
 Loaded questions
 Processing errors
 Sample size

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