LAB 5 INTRODUCTION TO PACKET TRACER AND CISCO

ROUTER

Hub
A hub is probably the most common Physical layer device found on networks. A hub serves as a
central connection point for several network devices. It repeats what it receives on one port to all
other ports, including the port on which the signal was received, so that the transmitting device
may monitor and recover from collisions because every device in the network connects directly
to the hub through a single cable.

Any transmission received on one port will be sent out all the other ports in the hub
(broadcasting), including the receiving pair for the transmitting device, so that CSMA/CD on the
transmitter can monitor for collisions.

Bridge
A bridge is a network device, operating at the Data Link layer, that logically separates a single
network into two segments, but it lets the two segments appear to be one network to higher layer
protocols. The primary use for a bridge is to keep traffic meant for devices on one side of the
bridge from passing to the other side.

Switch
The switch is more intelligent than a hub in that it can actually understand the frames that pass
through it. Switch builds a table of the MAC addresses of all the devices connected to it. When
two devices attached to the switch want to communicate, the sending device sends its data on to
its local segment. This data is heard by the switch (similar to the way a hub functions).
However, when the switch receives the data it examines the Data Link header for the MAC
address of the destination device and forwards it to the correct port. This process triggers a
function within the switch that opens a virtual pipe between ports that can use the full bandwidth
of the topology.

Switches have risen to the high level of popularity because of their ability to prevent collisions
from occurring between the devices attached directly to their ports, thus increasing overall
network throughput and efficiency. This stems from the fact that every port on a switch is in a
different collision domain.
A collision domain is that group of devices whose frames could potentially collide with one
another.
Hub Switch
Layer in the OSI model: Physical layer(Layer 1 Data Link Layer (Layer 2 devices)
Device)
Transmission Type: Only Broadcast At Initial Level Broadcast then
Uni-cast & Multicast
Table: There is no MAC table in Hub, Store MAC address in lookup
Hub can't learn MAC address. table, Switch can Learn MAC
address.
Usage : LAN LAN
Ports: 4 ports 24/48 ports
Collision: In Hub collision occur. In Full Duplex mode no
Collision occurs.
Transmission Mode: Half duplex Full duplex
Collision Domain: Hub has One collision In Switch, every port has its own
domain. collision domain.
Cost: Cheaper than switches 3-4 times costlier than Hub
Broadcast Domain: Hub has one Broadcast Switch has one broadcast domain
Domain.
Router
Routers are Network layer devices that connect multiple networks or segments to form a larger
internetwork. They are also the devices that facilitate communication within this internetwork.

The mail functions of routers as a gateway that connect LAN to WAN either it can make intelligent
decisions about how best to get network data to its destination based on network performance data
that it gathers from the network itself. Routers do not propagate broadcasts from one of their ports to
another, meaning that each port on a router is in a different broadcast domain.

Router Switch
Layer: Network Layer (Layer 3 Data Link Layer (Layer 2
devices) devices)
Transmission Type: At Initial Level Broadcast then Uni-cast At Initial Level Broadcast then Uni-cast
& Multicast & Multicast
Table: Store IP address in Routing table and Store MAC address in lookup table
maintain address at its own. and maintain address at its own,
Switch can Learn MAC address.

Usage: LAN & WAN LAN

Collision: No collisions. In Full Duplex Switch no
Collision occurs.
Ports: 2/4/8 24/48 ports
Transmission Mode: Full duplex Full duplex
Data Transmission form: Packet Frame (L2 Switch) Frame &
Packet (L3 switch)
Speed: 1-10 Mbps(Wireless) 100 10/100Mbps, 1Gbps
Mbps (Wired)
Broadcast Domain: Every port has its own Switch has one broadcast domain.
Broadcast domain.
Routing Decision: Take faster Routing Decision Take more time for complicated
routing Decision

Layer 3 Switches
A Network layer device that has received much media attention of late is the Layer 3 Switch.

The Layer 3 part of the name corresponds to the Network layer of the OSI model. It performs the
multiport, virtual LAN, data-pipelining functions of a standard Layer 2 Switch, but it can also perform
basic routing functions between virtual LANs.
Gateways
A gateway is any hardware and software combination that connects dissimilar network environments.
Gateways are the most complex of network devices because they perform translations at multiple layers
of the OSI model. Router considered as a gateway because it combine LAN environment and WAN
environment
Packet Tracer
Packet Tracer is a protocol simulator developed by Dennis Frezzo and his team at Cisco Systems.
Packet Tracer (PT) is a powerful and dynamic tool that displays the various protocols used in
networking, in either Real Time or Simulation mode. This includes layer 2 protocols such as
Ethernet and PPP, layer 3 protocols such as IP, ICMP, and ARP, and layer 4 protocols such as TCP
and UDP. Routing protocols can also be traced.

Before starting to follow the procedures below you should:

1. Download Packet Tracer Simulation Tool on your PC.

2. To get familiar with the Packet Tracer environment, watch this video named "Interface
Overview" from the Help Tutorials.

Introduction to the Packet Tracer Interface using a Hub Topology

Step 1: Start Packet Tracer and Entering Simulation Mode

Step 2: Choosing Devices and Connections

We will begin building our network topology by selecting devices and the media in which to
connect them. Several types of devices and network connections can be used. For this lab we will
keep it simple by using End Devices, Switches, Hubs, and Connections. Single click on each group
of devices and connections to display the various choices.
Step 3: Building the Topology – Adding Hosts
Single click on the End Devices.

• Single click on the Generic host.

• Move the cursor into topology area. You will notice it turns into a plus “+” sign. Single click
in the topology area and it copies the device.
Add three more hosts.
Step 4: Building the Topology – Connecting the Hosts to Hubs and Switches

• Adding a Hub: Select a hub, by clicking once on Hubs and once on a Generic hub.

• Connect PC0 to Hub0 by first choosing Connections. Click once on the Copper Straight-
through cable.

Perform the following steps to connect PC0 to Hub0:

1. Click once on PC0

2. Choose Fast Ethernet
3. Drag the cursor to Hub0
4. Click once on Hub0 and choose Port0
5. Notice the green link lights on both the PC0 Ethernet NIC and the Hub0 Port0 showing that the
link is active.
Repeat the steps above for PC1 connecting it to Port1 on Hub0. (The actual hub port you choose
does not matter.)

Adding a Switch

Select a switch, by clicking once on Switches and once on a 2950-24 switch.

Add the switch by moving the plus sign "+" below PC2 and PC3 and click once.
• Connect PC2 to Switch0 by first choosing Connections. Click
once on the Copper Straight-through cable.
• Perform the following steps to connect PC2 to Switch0:
1. Click once on PC2
2. Choose FastEthernet
3. Drag the cursor to Switch0
4. Click once on Switch0 and choose FastEthernet0/1
5. Notice the green link lights on PC2 Ethernet NIC and amber light Switch0 FastEthernet0/1
port. The switch port is temporarily not forwarding frames, while it goes through the
stages for the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) process.
6. After a about 30 seconds the amber light will change to green indicating that the port has
entered the forwarding stage. Frames can now be forwarded out the switch port.

• Repeat the steps above for PC3 connecting it to Port3 on switch0 on port FastEthernet0/2.
(The actual switch port you choose does not matter.)
• Move the cursor over the link light to view the port. Fa means FastEthernet, 100 Mbps
Ethernet.

Step 5: Configuring IP Addresses and Subnet Masks on the Hosts

Before we can communicate between the hosts we need to configure IP Addresses

and Subnet Masks on the devices.

Click once on PC0.

• Choose the Config tab. It is here that you can change the name of PC0. It is also here where
you would enter a Gateway IP Address, also known as the default gateway. We will discuss
this later, but this would be the IP address of the local router. If you want, you can enter the
IP Address 192.168.1.1.

• Click on FastEthernet. Although we have not yet discussed IP Addresses, add the IP Address
to 192.168.1.10. Click once in the Subnet Mask field to enter the default Subnet Mask. You
can leave this at 255.255.255.0. We will discuss this later.
Also, notice this is where you can change the Bandwidth (speed) and

Duplex of the Ethernet NIC (Network Interface Card). The default is Auto (autonegotiation), which
means the NIC will negotiate with the hub or switch. The bandwidth and/or duplex can be
manually set by removing the check from the Auto box and choosing the specific option.

Bandwidth – Auto

If the host is connected to a hub or switch port which can do 100 Mbps, then the Ethernet NIC on
the host will choose 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet). Otherwise, if the hub or switch port can only do 10
Mbps, then the Ethernet NIC on the host will choose 10 Mbps (Ethernet).

Duplex – Auto

Hub: If the host is connected to a hub, then the Ethernet NIC on the host will choose Half Duplex.
Switch: If the host is connected to a switch, and the switch port is configured as Full Duplex (or
Autonegotiation), then the Ethernet NIC on the host will choose Full Duplex. If the switch port is
configured as Half Duplex, then the Ethernet NIC on the host will choose Half Duplex. (Full Duplex
is a much more efficient option.) The information is automatically saved when entered.
• Repeat these steps for the other hosts. Use the information below for IP Addresses and
Subnet Masks.

Host IP Address Subnet Mask

PC0 192.68.1.10 255.255.255.0
PC1 192.68.1.11 255.255.255.0
PC2 192.68.1.12 255.255.255.0
PC3 192.68.1.13 255.255.255.0

• Verify the information: To verify the information that you entered, move the Select tool
(arrow) over each host.

•
• Deleting a Device or Link: To delete a device or link, choose the Delete tool and click on the
item you wish to delete.

Step 6: Connecting Hub0 to Switch0

• To connect like-devices, like a Hub and a Switch, we will use a Cross-over cable. Click once
the Cross-over Cable from the Connections options.

• Move the Connections cursor over Hub0 and click once.

• Select Port2 (actual port does not matter).

• Move the Connections cursor to Switch0.

• Click once on Switch0 and choose FastEthernet0/3 (actual port does not matter).
The link light for switch port FastEthernet0/3 will begin as amber and eventually change to green
as the Spanning Tree Protocol transitions the port to forwarding.
Network Simulation

In this part, we are going to use the simulator to simulate traffic between hosts. For this scenario, delete
the switch and host PC3, then connect host PC2 to the hub.

Task 1 Observe the flow of data from PC0 to PC1 by creating network traffic.

a. Switch to Simulation Mode by selecting the tab that is partially hidden behind the Real Time
tab in the bottom right-hand corner. The tab has the icon of a stopwatch on it.

NOTE: When Simulation Mode is chosen, a Simulation Panel will appear on the right side of the
screen. This panel can be moved by moving the cursor at the top of the panel until it
changes and then double-clicking on it. The panel can be restored to the original location
by double-clicking on the Title bar. If the panel is closed, click on the Event List button.

b. Click on Edit Filters, and then select All/None to deselect every filter. Then choose ARP and
ICMP and click in the workspace to close the Edit Filters window.
c. Select a Simple PDU by clicking the closed envelope in the Common Tools Bar on the right.

Move to PC0 and click to establish the source. Move to PC1 and click to establish the destination.
Notice that two envelopes are now positioned beside PC0. This is referred to as a data traffic
scenario. One envelope is an ICMP packet, while the other is an ARP packet. The Event List in the
Simulation Panel will identify exactly which envelope represents ICMP and which represents an
ARP.

A scenario may be deleted by clicking on the Delete button in the Scenario panel.
Multiple scenarios can be created by clicking on the New button in the Scenario panel. The
scenarios can then be toggled between without deleting.

d. Select Auto Capture / Play from the Simulation Panel Play Controls.

Below the Auto Capture / Play button is a horizontal bar, with a vertical button that controls the
speed of the simulation. Dragging the button to the right will speed up the simulation, while
dragging is to the left will slow down the simulation.

e. Choose the Reset Simulation button in the Simulation window.

Notice that the ARP envelope is no longer present. This has reset the simulation but has not
cleared any configuration changes or MAC / ARP table entries.

f. Choose the Capture / Forward button.

Notice that the ICMP envelope moved forward one device and stopped. The Capture / Forward
button will allow you to move the simulation one step at a time.

g. Choose the Power Cycle Devices button on the bottom left, above the device icons.

h. Choose Yes
Notice that both the ICMP and ARP envelopes are now present. The Power Cycle Devices will
clear any configuration changes not saved and clear the MAC / ARP tables.

Task 2 View ARP Tables on each PC.

a. Choose the Auto Capture / Play button and allow the simulation to run completely.
b. Click on PC-0 and select the Desktop tab.

c. Select the Command Prompt and type the command arp -a.
d. Notice that the MAC address for PC2 is in the ARP table (to view the MAC address of PC2,
click on PC2 and select the Config tab).
e. To examine the ARP tables for PC1 and PC2in another way, click on the Inspect Tool.

Then click on PC1 and the ARP table will appear in a new window.
Note that PC2 does not have an entry in the ARP table yet. Close the ARP Table window.

f. Click on PC2 to view the ARP table. Then

close the ARP Table window.

Task 3 Adding routers and NOTE: To deactivate the Inspect Tool, click on
the Select Tool
a . In the Network installing modules

Component Box, click on the router.

b. Select an 1841 router.

c. Move the cursor to the Logical Workspace and click on the desired location.
NOTE: If multiple instances of the same device are needed press and hold the Ctrl button, click on the
desired device, and then release the Ctrl button. A copy of the device will be created and can now be
move to the desired location.

d. Click on the router to bring up the Configuration Window. This window has three modes:
Physical, Config, and CLI (Physical is the default mode).

The Physical mode is used to add modules to a device, such as a WAN Interface Card (WIC). The Config
mode is used for basic configuration. Commands are entered in a simple GUI format, with actual
equivalent IOS commands shown in the lower part of the window. The CLI mode allows for advanced
configuration of the device. This mode requires the user to enter the actual IOS commands just as they
would on a live device.

e. In the Physical mode, click on the router power switch to turn the device off.

f. Select the WIC-2T module and drag it to Slot 0 on the router. Then drag a WIC Cover to
Slot1.
g. Power the device back on.
h. Click on the Network Component Box and select Connections. Then select a
Copper Straight - through connection to connect the router to the hub.

NOTE: The Smart Connection can be used to automatically select the appropriate
cable type. However, the user will have no choice as to which interface the connection is
assigned to; it will take the first available appropriate interface.

i. Click on the hub and choose Port 3. Then click on the router and choose interface
FastEthernet 0/0.

Task 4 Basic router configuration

a. Click on the Config mode tab of Router0 to begin configuring the device.
b. After the device has finished booting, change the display name of the router to CISCO_1.
Changing the display name does not affect the configuration. NOTE: If the device hangs
up in the booting process, save the activity. Then close the application and reopen the file.
c. Click in the Hostname field and type CISCO_1, and then press the TAB key. Note the
equivalent IOS command is entered in the lower portion of the window.
d. Click on interface FastEthernet 0/0 and assign the IP address 192.168.1.1, then press the
TAB key. Enter the subnet mask 255.255.255.0.
e. Click the Port Status to On to enable the port (no shutdown).

Task 5 Create a copy of the existing router complete with WIC modules already in place
a. Make sure that the existing router is selected (it will be grayed out).
b. In the Main Tool Bar click on the Copy tool.

c. Click on the Paste tool and the copied device will appear in the work
area.

d. Drag
the new device to the desired location.
e. Click on the Network Component Box and select Connections. Then select the Serial DCE
connection.

f. Click on the CISCO_1 router and connect to the Serial 0/0/0 interface.
g. Click on the new router (copy CISCO_1) and connect to the Serial 0/0/0 interface.
Task 6 Configuring the WAN link
a. Click on the CISCO_1 router and select the Config mode
b. Select interface Serial 0/0/0
c. Configure the interface Serial 0/0/0 with the IP address 192.168.2.1, then press the TAB key
and enter the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 on the interface.
d. Set the clock rate to 56000
e. Click the Port Status to On to enable the port (no shutdown).
f. Click on the new router and select the Config mode.
g. Change the Display Name and Hostname to CISCO_2.
h. Configure the interface Serial 0/0/0 with the IP address 192.168.2.2, then press the TAB key
and enter the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 on the interface.
i.Click the Port Status to On to enable the port (no shutdown).
NOTE: The link lights on the serial link should change from red to green to indicate the link is active.

Task 7 Configure the routing protocol

a. Click on the CISCO_1 router and select the Config tab. Then click on RIP and add the network
address 192.168.1.0 and 192.168.2.0.
b. Click on the CISCO_2 router and select the Config tab. Then click on RIP and add the network
address 192.168.2.0.
NOTE: To configure RIP routing protocol, you add the directly connected networks ID IP addresses to
each router.

c. Go to each PC and set the Default Gateway to 192.168.1.1

NOTE: The default gateway is the fastethernet port which the PC is connected to.

Task 8 Set the default gateway on the PCs

a. Click on PC0 and select the Config tab. Enter the default gateway address 192.168.1.1.
b. Click on PC1 and select the Config tab. Enter the default gateway address 192.168.1.1.
c. Click on PC2 and select the Config tab. Enter the default gateway address 192.168.1.1.
Task 9 Test the connectivity of the network
a. Click on the Simulation mode.

b. Select a Simple PDU and click on PC-A as the source, then click on Cisco_2 as the destination.
The ping should be successful.
c. Test the ICMP packet sent from PC1 to CISCO_1 (first open the simulation mode and then
open the info box that appears on the event list window to the right of the ICMP packet
sent from PC1 to CISCO_1).

Task 10 Save the Packet Tracer file

a. Save the Packet Tracer file as PT Basic.