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GATE SOLVED PAPER
Electronics & Communication
Communication System
e eri
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Copyright © By NODIA & COMPANY
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Information contained in this book has been obtained by authors, from sources believes to be reliable. However,
neither Nodia nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information herein, and Nodia nor its
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is published with the understanding that Nodia and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting
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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

2013 ONE MARK

Q. 1 The bit rate of a digital communication system is R kbits/s . The modulation used
is 32-QAM. The minimum bandwidth required for ISI free transmission is

n
(A) R/10 Hz (B) R/10 kHz

g.i
(C) R/5 Hz (D) R/5 kHz

2013 TWO MARKS

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Q. 2 Let U and V be two independent zero mean Gaussain random variables of

(A) 4/9
(C) 2/3
4 9 e eri
variances 1 and 1 respectively. The probability P ^3V F 2U h is
(B) 1/2
(D) 5/9
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Q. 3 Consider two identically distributed zero-mean random variables U and V . Let
the cumulative distribution functions of U and 2V be F ^x h and G ^x h respectively.
Then, for all values of x
(A) F ^x h G-^x h # 0 (B) F ^x h G
-^x h $ 0
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(C) ^F (x) G - (x)h .x # 0 (D) ^F (x) G- (x)h .x $ 0

Q. 4 Let U and V be two independent and identically distributed random variables

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such that P ^U =1h + P ^U = 1h 1=. The = H ^U V

- entropy + h in bits is
2
(A) 3/4 (B) 1
(C) 3/2 (D) log 2 3
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Common Data for Questions 5 and 6:

Bits 1 and 0 are transmitted with equal probability. At the receiver, the pdf of
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the respective received signals for both bits are as shown below.
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Q. 5 If the detection threshold is 1, the BER will be

(A) 1 (B) 1
2 4
(C) 1 (D) 1
8 16

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Q. 6 The optimum threshold to achieve minimum bit error rate (BER) is

(A) 1 (B) 4
2 5

(C) 1 (D) 3
2

2012 ONE MARK

Q. 7 The power spectral density of a real process X (t) for positive frequencies is shown
below. The values of E [X 2 (t)] and E [X (t)] , respectively, are

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(A) 6000/ , 0p
(C) 6400/ , p20/ ( p2 )
e eri
(B) 6400/ , 0p
(D) 6000/ , p20/ ( p2 )
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Q. 8 In a baseband communications link, frequencies upto 3500 Hz are used for
signaling. Using a raised cosine pulse with 75% excess bandwidth and for no
inter-symbol interference, the maxi mum possible signaling rate in symbols per
En

second is
(A) 1750 (B) 2625
(C) 4000 (D) 5250
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Q. 9 A source alphabet consists of N symbols with the probability of the first two
symbols being the same. A source encoder increases the probability of the first
e decreases that of the second by . eAfter encoding,
symbol by a small amount and
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the entropy of the source

(A) increases (B) remains the same
(C) increases only if N =
2 (D) decreases
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Q. 10 Two independent random variables X and Y are uniformly distributed in the

interval 6 1-, 1@. The probability that max 6X, Y @ is less than 1/2 is
(A) 3/4 (B) 9/16
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(C) 1/4 (D) 2/3

2012 TWO MARKS

Q. 11 A BPSK scheme operating over an AWGN channel with noise power

spectral density of N 0 /2, uses equiprobable signals s1 (t) = 2E sin ( c tw) and
T
s2 (t) = 2-E sin ( c tw) over the symbol interval (0, T). If the local oscillator in a
T
coherent receiver is ahead in phase by 45c with respect to the received signal, the
probability of error in the resulting system is
(A) Q c 2E m (B) Q c E m
N0 N0

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

(C) Q c E E
2N 0 m
(D) Q c
4N 0 m
Q. 12 A binary symmetric channel (BSC) has a transition probability of 1/8. If the
binary symbol X is such that P (X 0) = 9/10, then
= the probability of error for
an optimum receiver will be
(A) 7/80 (B) 63/80
(C) 9/10 (D) 1/10

Q. 13 The signal m (t) as shown is applied to both a phase modulator (with k p as the
phase constant) and a frequency modulator (with k f as the frequency constant)

n
having the same carrier frequency.

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e eri
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The ratio k p /k f (in rad/Hz) for the same maximum phase deviation is
(A) 8 p (B) 4 p
(C) 2 p (D) p
En

Statement for Linked Answer Question 14 and 15 :

The transfer function of a compensator is given as
arn

s
Gc (s) = a+
s b+
Q. 14 Gc (s) is a lead compensator if
(A) a 1, b = 2 = (B) a 3, b = 2 =
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(C) a =3, b- 1 = - (D) a 3, b = 1 =

Q. 15 The phase of the above lead compensator is maximum at

(A) 2 rad/s (B) 3 rad/s
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(C) 6 rad/s (D) 1/ 3 rad/s

ww

2011 ONE MARK

Q. 16 An analog signal is band-limited to 4 kHz, sampled at the Nyquist rate and

the samples are quantized into 4 levels. The quantized levels are assumed to be
independent and equally probable. If we transmit two quantized samples per
second, the information rate is
(A) 1 bit/sec (B) 2 bits/sec
(C) 3 bits/sec (D) 4 bits/sec

Q. 17 The Column -1 lists the attributes and the Column -2 lists the modulation
systems. Match the attribute to the modulation system that best meets it.

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Column -1 Column -2
P. Power efficient transmission of signals 1. Conventional AM
Q. Most bandwidth efficient transmission of 2. FM
voice signals
R. Simplest receiver structure 3. VSB
S. Bandwidth efficient transmission of signals 4. SSB-SC
with significant dc component
(A) P-4, Q-2, R-1, S-3

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(B) P-2, Q-4, R-1, S-3
(C) P-3, Q-2, R-1, S-4

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(D) P-2, Q-4, R-3, S-1

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2011 TWO MARKS

eri
Q. 18 X (t) is a stationary random process with auto-correlation function
RX ( ) exp ( = t 2). This process
- p through the
is passed t system shown below.
The power spectral density of the output process Y (t) is
e
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En

2 2
(A) (4 f 1) exp ( + pf 2) -(B) (4 2 2
f exp ( - pf 2)
1) p - p
2 2 2 2
(C) (4 f 1) exp ( + pf ) -(D) (4 f 1)pexp ( - pf ) - p
arn

Q. 19 A message signal m (t) cos 2000 t =4 cos 4000 pt modulates +the carrier p
c (t) =cos 2 fcpt where fc = 1 MHz to produce an AM signal. For demodulating
the generated AM signal using an envelope detector, the time constant RC of the
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detector circuit should satisfy

(A) 0.5 ms < RC < 1 ms (B) 1 s μ<< RC < 0.5 ms
(C) RC << 1 s μ (D) RC >> 0.5 ms
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Statement for Linked Answer Questions: 20 and 21

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A four-phase and an eight-phase signal constellation are shown in the figure

below.

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Q. 20 For the constraint that the minimum distance between pairs of signal points be d
for both constellations, the radii r 1 , and r 2 of the circles are
(A) r 1 0.707d, r2 = 2.782d (B)=r 1 0.707d, r 2 = 1.932d =
(C) r 1 0.707d, r 2 = 1.545d (D) = r 1 0.707d, r 2 = 1.307d =

Q. 21 Assuming high SNR and that all signals are equally probable, the additional
average transmitted signal energy required by the 8-PSK signal to achieve the
same error probability as the 4-PSK signal is
(A) 11.90 dB (B) 8.73 dB
(C) 6.79 dB (D) 5.33 dB

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g.i
2010 ONE MARK

Q. 22 Suppose that the modulating signal is m (t) = 2 cos (2 fmpt) and the carrier signal
is xC (t) =
AC cos (2 fCpt), which one of the following is a conventional AM signal

n
without over-modulation

eri
(A) x (t) =AC m (t) cos (2 fCpt)
(B) x (t) AC [1 =m (t)] cos (2 fCpt+)
(C) x (t) AC cos (2 fC t) =AC m (t) cos (2 pfC t) + p
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4
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(D) x (t) AC cos (2 fm t) cos (2 pfC t) =AC sin (2 fm t) sinp(2 fC t) p +

Q. 23 Consider an angle modulated signal

x (t) 6 cos [2 # 106 t =2 sin (800 pt)] 4 cos (800 t) + p
En

The average power of x (t) is

(A) 10 W (B) 18 W
(C) 20 W (D) 28 W
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Q. 24 Consider the pulse shape s (t) as shown below. The impulse response h (t) of the
filter matched to this pulse is
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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

2010 TWO MARKS

Statement for linked Answer Question : 25 and 26 :

Consider a baseband binary PAM receiver shown below. The additive channel
noise n (t) is with power spectral density Sn (f ) N 0 /2 = 10 20- W/Hz . The
= low-
pass filter is ideal with unity gain and cut-off frequency 1 MHz. Let Yk represent
the random variable y (tk ).
Yk = Nk , if transmitted bit bk = 0
Yk a =Nk if transmitted
+ bit bk =1

n
Where Nk represents the noise sample value. The noise sample has a probability
density function, PNk (n) = 0.5 ea -na (This has mean zero and variance 2/ 2a

g.i
). Assume transmitted bits to be equiprobable and threshold z is set to
a/2 = 10 6-V .

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1-
Q. 25 The value of the parameter a
(in V ) is
(A) 1010 (B) 107
En

-
10 -
20
(C) 1.414 # 10 (D) 2 # 10

Q. 26 The probability of bit error is

arn

(A) 0.5 # e 3-.5 (B) 0.5 # e 5-

(C) 0.5 # e 7- (D) 0.5 # e -

10

Q. 27 The Nyquist sampling rate for the signal

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sin (500 t)p sin (700) t p

s (t) = is given by
tp # tp
(A) 400 Hz (B) 600 Hz
(C) 1200 Hz (D) 1400 Hz
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Q. 28 X (t) is a stationary process with the power spectral density Sx (f ) >

0 , for all f .
The process is passed through a system shown below
ww

Let Sy (f ) be the power spectral density of Y (t). Which one of the following
statements is correct
(A) Sy (f ) >0 for all f
(B) Sy (f ) =0 for f >
1 kHz

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

(C) Sy (f ) =
0 for f nf0, f0 = 2 kHz kHz, n any
= integer
(D) Sy (f ) =
0 for f (2n =1) f0 1 kHz+, n any integer
=

2009 ONE MARK

Q. 29 For a message siganl m (t) = cos (2 fmpt) and carrier of frequency fc , which of the
following represents a single side-band (SSB) signal ?
(A) cos (2 fm t) cos (2 pfc t) p cos (2 fcpt)
(B)
(C) cos [2 (p
fc f+ m) t] + (2 fm t) cos (2 pfc t)
(D) [1 cos p

n
2009 TWO MARKS

g.i
Q. 30 Consider two independent random variables X and Y with identical distributions.
The variables X and Y take values 0, 1 and 2 with probabilities 12 , 14 and 1
4

n
respectively. What is the conditional probability P (X Y + 2 X Y= 0) ? - =

eri
(A) 0 (B) 1/16
(C) 1/6 e (D) 1

Q. 31 A discrete random variable X takes values from 1 to 5 with probabilities as shown

in the table. A student calculates the mean X as 3.5 and her teacher calculates
gin
the variance of X as 1.5. Which of the following statements is true ?

k 1 2 3 4 5
P (X =
k) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
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(A) Both the student and the teacher are right

(B) Both the student and the teacher are wrong
arn

(C) The student is wrong but the teacher is right

(D) The student is right but the teacher is wrong
Q. 32 A message signal given by m (t) ( 12 ) cos 1 t =( 12 ) sin w2 t amplitude - modulated
- w
with a carrier of frequency Cwto generator s (t)[ 1 m + (t)] cos c tw. What is the
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power efficiency achieved by this modulation scheme ?

(A) 8.33% (B) 11.11%
(C) 20% (D) 25%
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Q. 33 A communication channel with AWGN operating at a signal to noise ration

SNR > 1 > and bandwidth B has capacity C1. If the SNR is doubled keeping
ww

constant, the resulting capacity C2 is given by

(A) C2 . 2C1 (B) C2 . C1 B +
(C) C2 . C1 2+B (D) C2 . C1 + 0.3B

Common Data For Q. 34 and 35 :

The amplitude of a random signal is uniformly distributed between -5 V and 5 V.
Q. 34 If the signal to quantization noise ratio required in uniformly quantizing the
signal is 43.5 dB, the step of the quantization is approximately
(A) 0.033 V (B) 0.05 V
(C) 0.0667 V (D) 0.10 V

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Q. 35 If the positive values of the signal are uniformly quantized with a step size of 0.05
V, and the negative values are uniformly quantized with a step size of 0.1 V, the
resulting signal to quantization noise ration is approximately
(A) 46 dB (B) 43.8 dB
(C) 42 dB (D) 40 dB

2008 ONE MARK

Q. 36 Consider the amplitude modulated (AM) signalAc cos c t 2+cos wm t cos c t . For w
demodulating the signal using envelope detector, the minimum value of Ac should

n
be

g.i
(A) 2 (B) 1
(C) 0.5 (D) 0

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2008 TWO MARKS

eri
The probability density function (pdf) of random variable is as shown below
Q. 37
e
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The corresponding commutative distribution function CDF has the form

En
arn
w .Le

Q. 38 A memory less source emits n symbols each with a probability p. The entropy of
the source as a function of n
(A) increases as log n (B) decreases as log ( n1 )
ww

(C) increases as n (D) increases as n log n

Q. 39 Noise with double-sided power spectral density on K over all frequencies is passed
through a RC low pass filter with 3 dB cut-off frequency of fc . The noise power
at the filter output is
(A) K (B) Kfc
(C) k fcp (D) 3

Q. 40 Consider a Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC) with probability of error being p

. To transmit a bit, say 1, we transmit a sequence of three 1s. The receiver will
interpret the received sequence to represent 1 if at least two bits are 1. The
probability that the transmitted bit will be received in error is

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

(A) p3 3p2 (1 +p) - (B) p3

(C) (1 p-3) (D) p3 p2 (1 +p) -

Q. 41 Four messages band limited to W, W, 2W and 3W respectively are to be

multiplexed using Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). The minimum bandwidth
required for transmission of this TDM signal is
(A) W (B) 3W
(C) 6W (D) 7W

Q. 42 Consider the frequency modulated signal

10 cos [2 # 105 t 5 sin (2 p# 1500t) +7.5 sin (2 # 1000t)]

n
p +
with carrier frequency of 105 Hz. The modulation index is

g.i
(A) 12.5 (B) 10
(C) 7.5 (D) 5

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Q. 43 The signal cos ct 0+.5 cos wm t sin ct is w w
(A) FM only (B) AM only
(C) both AM and FM

Common Data For Q. 40 to 46 :

e eri (D) neither AM nor FM
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A speed signal, band limited to 4 kHz and peak voltage varying between +5
V and 5- V, is sampled at the Nyquist rate. Each sample is quantized and
represented by 8 bits.
En

Q. 44 If the bits 0 and 1 are transmitted using bipolar pulses, the minimum bandwidth
required for distortion free transmission is
(A) 64 kHz (B) 32 kHz
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(C) 8 kHz (D) 4 kHz

Q. 45 Assuming the signal to be uniformly distributed between its peak to peak value,
the signal to noise ratio at the quantizer output is
(A) 16 dB (B) 32 dB
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(C) 48 dB (D) 4 kHz

Q. 46 Assuming the signal to be uniformly distributed between its peak to peak value,
the signal to noise ratio at the quantizer output is
w

(A) 1024 (B) 512

(C) 256 (D) 64
ww

2007 ONE MARK

Q. 47 If R ( ) tis the auto correlation function of a real, wide-sense stationary random

process, then which of the following is NOT true
(A) R ( ) R ( = )t - t
(B) R ( ) t# R (0)
(C) R ( ) =R (- )t - t
(D) The mean square value of the process is R (0)

Q. 48 If S (f) is the power spectral density of a real, wide-sense stationary random

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

process, then which of the following is ALWAYS true?

(A) S (0) # S (f) (B) S (f) $ 0
#- 3 S (f) df
3
(C) S ( f) - S (f) = - (D) =
0

Q. 49 If E denotes expectation, the variance of a random variable X is given by

(A) E [X2] E-2 [X] (B) E [X2] E
+2 [X]
(C) E [X2] (D) E2 [X]

2007 TWO MARKS

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Q. 50 A Hilbert transformer is a

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(A) non-linear system (B) non-causal system
(C) time-varying system (D) low-pass system

Q. 51 In delta modulation, the slope overload distortion can be reduced by

n
(A) decreasing the step size (B) decreasing the granular noise

eri
(C) decreasing the sampling rate (D) increasing the step size

Q. 52 The raised cosine pulse p (t) is used for zero ISI in digital communications. The
e
expression for p (t) with unity roll-off factor is given by
p (t) = sin 4 Wt p
gin
4 Wtp (1 16 - W2 t2)

The value of p (t) at t =1 is

4W
En

(A) 0-.5 (B) 0

(C) 0.5 (D) 3

Q. 53 In the following scheme, if the spectrum M (f) of m (t) is as shown, then the
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spectrum Y (f) of y (t) will be

w .Le
ww

Q. 54 During transmission over a certain binary communication channel, bit errors

occur independently with probability p. The probability of AT MOST one bit in
error in a block of n bits is given by

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

(A) pn (B) 1 p-n

(C) np (1 p) n - 1 -(1 p) n + (D)+1 (1 -p) n -

Q. 55 In a GSM system, 8 channels can co-exist in 200 kHz bandwidth using TDMA.
A GSM based cellular operator is allocated 5 MHz bandwidth. Assuming a
frequency reuse factor of 1 , i.e. a five-cell repeat pattern, the maximum number
5
of simultaneous channels that can exist in one cell is
(A) 200 (B) 40
(C) 25 (D) 5

n
Q. 56 In a Direct Sequence CDMA system the chip rate is 1.2288 # 106 chips per second.
If the processing gain is desired to be AT LEAST 100, the data rate

g.i
(A) must be less than or equal to 12.288 # 103 bits per sec
(B) must be greater than 12.288 # 103 bits per sec
(C) must be exactly equal to 12.288 # 103 bits per sec

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(D) can take any value less than 122.88 # 103 bits per sec

Common Data For Q. 57 and 58 :

eri
Two 4-array signal constellations are shown. It is given that 1 fand 2 fconstitute
e
an orthonormal basis for the two constellation. Assume that the four symbols
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in both the constellations are equiprobable. Let N0 denote the power spectral
2
density of white Gaussian noise.
En
arn
.Le

Q. 57 The if ratio or the average energy of Constellation 1 to the average energy of

Constellation 2 is
(A) 4a2 (B) 4
(C) 2 (D) 8
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Q. 58 If these constellations are used for digital communications over an AWGN channel,
then which of the following statements is true ?
ww

(A) Probability of symbol error for Constellation 1 is lower

(B) Probability of symbol error for Constellation 1 is higher
(C) Probability of symbol error is equal for both the constellations
(D) The value of N0 will determine which of the constellations has a lower
probability of symbol error

Statement for Linked Answer Question 59 and 60 :

An input to a 6-level quantizer has the probability density function f (x) as shown
in the figure. Decision boundaries of the quantizer are chosen so as to maximize the
entropy of the quantizer output. It is given that 3 consecutive decision boundaries

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

are’ 1-'.'0' and '1' .

Q. 59 The values of a and b are

(A) a = 1 and b =1 (B) a = 1 and b =3
6 12 5 40

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(C) a = 1 and b =1 (D) a = 1 and b =1

g.i
4 16 3 24
Q. 60 Assuming that the reconstruction levels of the quantizer are the mid-points of
the decision boundaries, the ratio of signal power to quantization noise power is

n
(A) 152 (B) 64
9 3

eri
(C) 76 (D) 28
3 e
2006 ONE MARK
gin
Q. 61 A low-pass filter having a frequency response H (j ) = A ( w) e j ( f) does
w
w
not produce
any phase distortions if
(A) A ( ) C w3, ( ) = k 3 w f(B) A (=) w C w2, ( ) =wk w f = w
2 -1
(C) A ( ) C w, ( ) = k w f(D) A=( )w C, w( ) = kw f =w
En

2006 TWO MARKS

arn

Q. 62 A signal with bandwidth 500 Hz is first multiplied by a signal g (t) where

3
g (t) / ( =1) k (td -10 - 4 k)
0.5 # -
R =- 3
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The resulting signal is then passed through an ideal lowpass filter with
bandwidth 1 kHz. The output of the lowpass filter would be
(A) (td) (B) m (t)
(C) 0 (D) m (t) (td)
w

Q. 63 The minimum sampling frequency (in samples/sec) required to reconstruct the

ww

following signal from its samples without distortion

p t 3 =7 sin 2 100
x (t) 5` sin 2 100 p t 2 would be
tp j ` tp j
+
(A) 2 # 103 (B) 4 # 103
(C) 6 # 103 (D) 8 # 103

Q. 64 The minimum step-size required for a Delta-Modulator operating at 32k samples/

sec to track the signal (here u (t) is the unit-step function)
x (t) = 125[ u (t) u (t -1) + (250t)[-u (t 1) u (t 2)] - - -
so that slope-overload is avoided, would be
(A) 2 - 10 (B) 2 - 8
(C) 2 - 6 (D) 2 - 4

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Q. 65 A zero-mean white Gaussian noise is passes through an ideal lowpass filter of

bandwidth 10 kHz. The output is then uniformly sampled with sampling period
ts =0.03 msec. The samples so obtained would be
(A) correlated (B) statistically independent
(C) uncorrelated (D) orthogonal

Q. 66 A source generates three symbols with probabilities 0.25, 0.25, 0.50 at a rate of
3000 symbols per second. Assuming independent generation of symbols, the most
efficient source encoder would have average bit rate is
(A) 6000 bits/sec (B) 4500 bits/sec

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(C) 3000 bits/sec (D) 1500 bits/sec

g.i
Q. 67 The diagonal clipping in Amplitude Demodulation (using envelop detector) can
be avoided it RC time-constant of the envelope detector satisfies the following
condition, (here W is message bandwidth and w is carrier frequency both in rad/

n
sec)
(A) RC <1 (B) RC >1

eri
W W
(C) RC < 1 (D) RC > 1
w w
e
Q. 68 A uniformly distributed random variable X with probability density function
gin
fx (x) 1 pu (x =5) u (x 5)] + - -
10
where u (.) is the unit step function is passed through a transformation given in
the figure below. The probability density function of the transformed random
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variable Y would be
arn

(A) fy (y) 1 [u (y =2.5) u (y 2.25+

)] - -
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5
(B) fy (y) 0.5 (y) =0.5 (dy 1) + d -
(C) fy (y) 0.25 (y =2.5) 0.25 (dy 2.5+
) 5 (y) + d -
(D) fy (y) 0.25 (y =2.5) 0.25 (dy 2.5+
) 1 [u (y 2.5)+ u (y 2d.5)] - +
w

10
Q. 69 In the following figure the minimum value of the constant "C" , which is to be
ww

added to y1 (t) such that y1 (t) and y2 (t) are different , is

(A) 3 (B) 3
2
2
(C) 3 (D) 3
12 L

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Q. 70 A message signal with bandwidth 10 kHz is Lower-Side Band SSB modulated

106 Hz. The resulting signal is then passed through a
with carrier frequency fc1 =
Narrow-Band Frequency Modulator with carrier frequency fc2 = 109 Hz.
The bandwidth of the output would be
(A) 4 # 10 4 Hz (B) 2 # 106 Hz
(C) 2 # 109 Hz (D) 2 # 1010 Hz

Common Data For Q. 71 and 72 :

Let g (t) = p (t)*( pt), where * denotes convolution & p (t) u (t) =u (t 1) lim - -

n
z"3
with u (t) being the unit step function

g.i
Q. 71 The impulse response of filter matched to the signal s (t) g (t) = (1d 2)* g (-
t) -
is given as :
(A) s (1 t-) (B) s (1 -t) -

n
(C) s-(t) (D) s (t)

Q. 72

modulation index would be

e eri
An Amplitude Modulated signal is given as
xAM (t) 100 [p (t) =0.5g (t)] cos c tw +
in the interval 0 # t # 1. One set of possible values of modulating signal and
gin
(A) t, 0.5 (B) t, 1.0
(C) t, 2.0 (D) t2, 0.5
En

Common Data For Q. 73 and 74 :

The following two question refer to wide sense stationary stochastic process
arn

Q. 73 It is desired to generate a stochastic process (as voltage process) with power

spectral density S ( ) 16/ (16 = w2) by driving a Linear-Time-Invariant
+ w system
by zero mean white noise (As voltage process) with power spectral density being
constant equal to 1. The system which can perform the desired task could be
.Le

(A) first order lowpass R-L filter

(B) first order highpass R-C filter
(C) tuned L-C filter
w

(D) series R-L-C filter

Q. 74 The parameters of the system obtained in previous Q would be

ww

(A) first order R-L lowpass filter would have R =

4 W L =1H
(B) first order R-C highpass filter would have R = 4 W
C = 0.25F
(C) tuned L-C filter would have L = 4H C = 4F
(D) series R-L-C lowpass filter would have R = 1 ,WL =4H , C =4F

Common Data For Q. 75 an 76 :

Consider the following Amplitude Modulated (AM) signal, where fm <
B
XAM (t) 10 (1 =0.5 sin 2 fm t) cos
+ 2 pfc t p
Q. 75 The average side-band power for the AM signal given above is

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(A) 25 (B) 12.5

(C) 6.25 (D) 3.125

Q. 76 The AM signal gets added to a noise with Power Spectral Density Sn (f) given in
the figure below. The ratio of average sideband power to mean noise power would
be :

n
g.i
(A) 25 (B) 25

n
8N0 B 4N0 B
(C) 25 (D) 25

eri
2N0 B N0 B

2005 ONE MARK

e
Q. 77 Find the correct match between group 1 and group 2.
gin
Group 1 Group 2
P. {1 km + (t) A sin ( c tw)} W. Phase modulation
Q. km (t) A sin ( c tw) X. Frequency modulation
R. A sin { c tw km
+ (t)} Y. Amplitude modulation
En

t
S. A sin ; c tw k+# m (t) dt E Z. DSB-SC modulation
-3
(A) P Z, Q -Y, R X, S -W - -
arn

(B) P W, Q -X, R Y, S Z- - -
(C) P X, Q -W, R Z, S -Y - -
(D) P Y, Q -Z, R W, S -X - -
.Le

Q. 78 Which of the following analog modulation scheme requires the minimum

transmitted power and minimum channel bandwidth ?
(A) VSB (B) DSB-SC
(C) SSB (D) AM
w

2005 TWO MARKS

ww

Q. 79 A device with input X (t) and output y (t) is characterized by: Y (t) = x2 (t). An
FM signal with frequency deviation of 90 kHz and modulating signal bandwidth
of 5 kHz is applied to this device. The bandwidth of the output signal is
(A) 370 kHz (B) 190 kHz
(C) 380 kHz (D) 95 kHz

Q. 80 A signal as shown in the figure is applied to a matched filter. Which of the

following does represent the output of this matched filter ?

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n
n g.i
Q. 81
e eri
Noise with uniform power spectral density of N0 W/Hz is passed though a filter
gin
H ( ) 2 exp ( =j wtd ) followed by
- an ideal passwfilter of bandwidth B Hz. The
output noise power in Watts is
(A) 2N0 B (B) 4N0 B
(C) 8N0 B (D) 16N0 B
En

Q. 82 An output of a communication channel is a random variable v with the probability

density function as shown in the figure. The mean square value of v is
arn
.Le

(A) 4 (B) 6
(C) 8 (D) 9
w

Q. 83 A carrier is phase modulated (PM) with frequency deviation of 10 kHz by a

ww

single tone frequency of 1 kHz. If the single tone frequency is increased to 2 kHz,
assuming that phase deviation remains unchanged, the bandwidth of the PM
signal is
(A) 21 kHz (B) 22 kHz
(C) 42 kHz (D) 44 kHz

Common Data For Q. 84 and 85 :

Asymmetric three-level midtread quantizer is to be designed assuming equiprobable
occurrence of all quantization levels.

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Q. 84 If the probability density function is divide into three regions as shown in the
figure, the value of a in the figure is
(A) 1 (B) 2
3 3

n
(C) 1 (D) 1
2 4

g.i
Q. 85 The quantization noise power for the quantization region between a-and a+in
the figure is
(A) 4 (B) 1

n
81 9
5 (D) 2

eri
(C)
81 81

2004 ONE MARK

e
Q. 86 In a PCM system, if the code word length is increased from 6 to 8 bits, the signal
gin
to quantization noise ratio improves by the factor
(A) 8 (B) 12
6
(C) 16 (D) 8
En

Q. 87 An AM signal is detected using an envelop detector. The carrier frequency and

modulating signal frequency are 1 MHz and 2 kHz respectively. An appropriate
value for the time constant of the envelop detector is
arn

(A) 500 secm m

(B) 20 sec
m
(C) 0.2 sec m
(D) 1 sec

An AM signal and a narrow-band FM signal with identical carriers, modulating

.Le

Q. 88
signals and modulation indices of 0.1 are added together. The resultant signal can
be closely approximated by
(A) broadband FM (B) SSB with carrier
w

(C) DSB-SC (D) SSB without carrier

Q. 89 In the output of a DM speech encoder, the consecutive pulses are of opposite

ww

polarity during time interval t1 # t # t2 . This indicates that during this interval
(A) the input to the modulator is essentially constant
(B) the modulator is going through slope overload
(C) the accumulator is in saturation
(D) the speech signal is being sampled at the Nyquist rate

Q. 90 The distribution function Fx (x) of a random variable x is shown in the figure. The
probability that X = 1 is

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(A) zero (B) 0.25

(C) 0.55 (D) 0.30

2004 TWO MARKS

n
Q. 91 A 1 mW video signal having a bandwidth of 100 MHz is transmitted to a receiver

g.i
through cable that has 40 dB loss. If the effective one-side noise spectral density
at the receiver is 10 - 20 Watt/Hz, then the signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver is
(A) 50 dB (B) 30 dB

n
(C) 40 dB (D) 60 dB

eri
Consider the signal x (t) shown in Fig. Let h (t) denote the impulse response of
Q. 92
the filter matched to x (t), with h (t) being non-zero only in the interval 0 to 4 sec.
The slope of h (t) in the interval 3 t < 4 sec is<
e
gin
En

(A) 1 sec - 1 (B) 1-sec - 1

arn

2
(C) 1-sec - 1 (D) 1 sec - 1
2
Q. 93 A source produces binary data at the rate of 10 kbps. The binary symbols are
.Le

represented as shown in the figure.

The source output is transmitted using two modulation schemes, namely Binary
PSK (BPSK) and Quadrature PSK (QPSK). Let B1 and B2 be the bandwidth
requirements of the above rectangular pulses is 10 kHz, B1 and B2 are
w
ww

(A) B1 =
20 kHz, B2 =
20 kHz (B) B1 =
10 kHz, B2 =
20 kHz
(C) B1 =
20 khz, B2 =
10 kHz (D) B1 =
10 kHz, B2 =
10 kHz

Q. 94 A 100 MHz carrier of 1 V amplitude and a 1 MHz modulating signal of 1 V

amplitude are fed to a balanced modulator. The ourput of the modulator is
passed through an ideal high-pass filter with cut-off frequency of 100 MHz. The
output of the filter is added with 100 MHz signal of 1 V amplitude and 90c phase

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shift as shown in the figure. The envelope of the resultant signal is

(A) constant (B) 1 + (2 #p 106 t)

sin

(C) 5 sin (2 - p 106 t) - (D) 5 cos+ (2 #p 106 t)

4 4
Q. 95 Two sinusoidal signals of same amplitude and frequencies 10 kHz and 10.1 kHz

n
are added together. The combined signal is given to an ideal frequency detector.

g.i
The output of the detector is
(A) 0.1 kHz sinusoid (B) 20.1 kHz sinusoid
(C) a linear function of time (D) a constant

n
Q. 96 Consider a binary digital communication system with equally likely 0’s and 1’s.

eri
When binary 0 is transmitted the detector input can lie between the levels 0-.25
V and 0+.25 V with equl probability : when binary 1 is transmitted, the voltage
at the detector can have any value between 0 and 1 V with equal probability. If
e
the detector has a threshold of 0.2 V (i.e., if the received signal is greater than 0.2
V, the bit is taken as 1), the average bit error probability is
gin
(A) 0.15 (B) 0.2
(C) 0.05 (D) 0.5

A random variable X with uniform density in the interval 0 to 1 is quantized as

En

Q. 97
follows :
If 0 # X # 0.3 , xq =
0
If 0.3 < X # 1, xq =
0.7
arn

where xq is the quantized value of X.

The root-mean square value of the quantization noise is
(A) 0.573 (B) 0.198
(C) 2.205 (D) 0.266
.Le

Q. 98 Choose the current one from among the alternative A, B, C, D after matching an
item from Group 1 with the most appropriate item in Group 2.
Group 1 Group 2
w

1. FM P. Slope overload
2. DM m
Q. -law
ww

3. PSK R. Envelope detector

4. PCM S. Hilbert transform
T. Hilbert transform
U. Matched filter
(A) 1 - T, 2 - P, 3 - U, 4 - S (B) 1 - S, 2 - U, 3 - P, 4 - T
(C) 1 - S, 2 - P, 3 - U, 4 - Q (D) 1 - U, 2 - R, 3 - S, 4 - Q

Q. 99 Three analog signals, having bandwidths 1200 Hz, 600 Hz and 600 Hz, are sampled
at their respective Nyquist rates, encoded with 12 bit words, and time division
multiplexed. The bit rate for the multiplexed. The bit rate for the multiplexed
signal is
(A) 115.2 kbps (B) 28.8 kbps

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(C) 57.6 kbps (D) 38.4 kbps

Q. 100 Consider a system shown in the figure. Let X (f) and Y (f) and denote the Fourier
transforms of x (t) and y (t) respectively. The ideal HPF has the cutoff frequency
10 kHz.

n
n g.i
eri
The positive frequencies where Y (f) has spectral peaks are
(A) 1 kHz and 24 kHz (B) 2 kHz and 24 kHz
(C) 1 kHz and 14 kHz (D) 2 kHz and 14 kHz
e
gin
2003 ONE MARK

Q. 101 The input to a coherent detector is DSB-SC signal plus noise. The noise at the
detector output is
En

(A) the in-phase component (B) the quadrature - component

(C) zero (D) the envelope

Q. 102 The noise at the input to an ideal frequency detector is white. The detector is
arn

operating above threshold. The power spectral density of the noise at the output
is
(A) raised - cosine (B) flat
.Le

(C) parabolic (D) Gaussian

Q. 103 At a given probability of error, binary coherent FSK is inferior to binary coherent
PSK by.
(A) 6 dB (B) 3 dB
w

(C) 2 dB (D) 0 dB
ww

2003 TWO MARKS

Q. 104 Let X and Y be two statistically independent random variables uniformly

distributed in the ranges ( 1-, 1) and ( 2-, 1) respectively. Let Z X =Y . Then+
the probability that (z # 1-) is
(A) zero (B) 1
6
(C) 1 (D) 1
3 12

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Common Data For Q. 105 and 106 :

X (t) is a random process with a constant mean value of 2 and the auto correlation
function Rxx ( ) t 4 (e - 0.2 t=1). +
Q. 105 Let X be the Gaussian random variable obtained by sampling the process at
t = ti and let
Q ( )a # = 1 e dy -
3 x2
2

a 2 p
The probability that 6x # 1@ is
(A) 1 Q - (0.5) (B) Q (0.5)

n
(C) Q c 1 -c 1 m
2 2m
(D) 1 Q
2 2

g.i
Q. 106 Let Y and Z be the random variable obtained by sampling X (t) at t =
2 and
t = 4 respectively. Let W Y =Z . The variance
- of W is
(A) 13.36 (B) 9.36

n
(C) 2.64 (D) 8.00

Q. 107

(A) 0.768 V
(B) 12 # 10 - 6 V2
e eri
A sinusoidal signal with peak-to-peak amplitude of 1.536 V is quantized into 128
levels using a mid-rise uniform quantizer. The quantization-noise power is
(B) 48 # 10 - 6 V2
(D) 3.072 V
gin
Q. 108 Let x (t) 2 cos (800 ) =cos (1400 pt). x (t) is sampled+with the prectangular pulse
train shown in the figure. The only spectral components (in kHz) present in the
sampled signal in the frequency range 2.5 kHz to 3.5 kHz are
En
arn

(A) 2.7, 3.4 (B) 3.3, 3.6

(C) 2.6, 2.7, 3.3, 3.4, 3.6 (D) 2.7, 3.3
.Le

Q. 109 A DSB-SC signal is to be generated with a carrier frequency fc =1 MHz using a

non-linear device with the input-output characteristic V0 a0 vi =a1 vi3 where +
a0
and a1 are constants. The output of the non-linear device can be filtered by an
w

appropriate band-pass filter.

Let Vi Aci cos (2 fipct) =m (t) is the message signal. Then
+ the value of fci (in
ww

MHz) is
(A) 1.0 (B) 0.333
(B) 0.5 (D) 3.0

Common Data For Q. 110 and 111 :

Let m (t) = cos [(4 #p 103) t] be the message signal &
c (t) = 5 cos [(2 #p 106 t)] be the carrier.

Q. 110 c (t) and m (t) are used to generate an AM signal. The modulation index of the
Total sideband power
generated AM signal is 0.5. Then the quantity is
Carrier power

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(A) 1 (B) 1
2 4
(C) 1 (D) 1
3 8

Q. 111 c (t) and m (t) are used to generated an FM signal. If the peak frequency deviation
of the generated FM signal is three times the transmission bandwidth of the AM
signal, then the coefficient of the term cos [2 (p 1008 # 103 t)] in the FM signal (in
terms of the Bessel coefficients) is
(A) 5J4 (3) (B) 5 J8 (3)
2

n
5
(C) J8 (4) (D) 5J4 (6)
2

g.i
Q. 112 Choose the correct one from among the alternative A, B, C, D after matching an
item in Group 1 with most appropriate item in Group 2.
Group 1 Group 2

n
P. Ring modulator 1. Clock recovery

eri
Q. VCO 2. Demodulation of FM
R. Foster-Seely discriminator 3. Frequency conversion
S. Mixer 4. Summing the two inputs
e 5. Generation of FM
6. Generation of DSB-Sc
gin
(A) P 1; Q -3; R 2; S -4 -(B) P 6; Q-- 5; R 2; S = 3 - -
(C) P 6; Q -1; R 3; S -2 -(D) P 5; Q--6; R 1; S -3 - -

Q. 113 A superheterodyne receiver is to operate in the frequency range 550 kHz - 1650
En

kHz, with the intermediate frequency of 450 kHz. Let R = Cmax /Cmin denote the
required capacitance ratio of the local oscillator and I denote the image frequency
(in kHz) of the incoming signal. If the receiver is tuned to 700 kHz, then
arn

(A) R 4.41, I = 1600 = (B) R 2.10, I =1150 -

(C) R 3.0, I = 600 = (D) R 9.0, I = 1150 =

Q. 114 If Eb , the energy per bit of a binary digital signal, is 10 - 5 watt-sec and the one-
.Le

sided power spectral density of the white noise, N0 = 10 - 6 W/Hz, then the output
SNR of the matched filter is
(A) 26 dB (B) 10 dB
(C) 20 dB (D) 13 dB
w

Q. 115 The input to a linear delta modulator having a step-size 3 = 0.628 is a sine wave
ww

with frequency fm and peak amplitude Em . If the sampling frequency fx = 40 kHz,

the combination of the sine-wave frequency and the peak amplitude, where slope
overload will take place is
Em fm
(A) 0.3 V 8 kHz
(B) 1.5 V 4 kHz
(C) 1.5 V 2 kHz
(D) 3.0 V 1 kHz
Q. 116 r
If S represents the carrier synchronization at the receiver and represents the
bandwidth efficiency, then the correct statement for the coherent binary PSK is
(A) r = 0.5, S is required (B) r = 1.0, S is required
(C) r=
0.5, S is not required (D) r=
1.0, S is not required

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Q. 117 A signal is sampled at 8 kHz and is quantized using 8 - bit uniform quantizer.
Assuming SNRq for a sinusoidal signal, the correct statement for PCM signal
with a bit rate of R is
(A) R = 32 kbps, SNRq = 25.8 dB
(B) R = 64 kbps, SNRq = 49.8 dB
(C) R = 64 kbps, SNRq = 55.8 dB
(D) R =
32 kbps, SNRq =
49.8 dB

2002 ONE MARK

n
Q. 118 A 2 MHz sinusoidal carrier amplitude modulated by symmetrical square wave of

g.i
m . Which of the following frequencies will NOT be present in the
period 100 sec
modulated signal ?
(A) 990 kHz (B) 1010 kHz

n
(C) 1020 kHz (D) 1030 kHz

eri
+3
Q. 119 Consider a sample signal y (t) 5 # 10 - 6 # (t) / (td =nTs)
n =- 3
where x (t) = 10 cos (8 #p 103) t and Ts = m
100 sec.
e
When y (t) is passed through an ideal lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 5
gin
KHz, the output of the filter is
(A) 5 # 10 - 6 cos (8 #p 103) t (b) 5 # 10 - 5 cos (8 #p 103) t
(C) 5 # 10 - 1 cos (8 #p 103) t (D) 10 cos (8 #p 103) t
En

Q. 120 For a bit-rate of 8 Kbps, the best possible values of the transmitted frequencies
in a coherent binary FSK system are
(A) 16 kHz and 20 kHz (C) 20 kHz and 32 kHz
(C) 20 kHz and 40 kHz (D) 32 kHz and 40 kHz
arn

Q. 121 The line-of-sight communication requires the transmit and receive antennas to
face each other. If the transmit antenna is vertically polarized, for best reception
the receiver antenna should be
.Le

(A) horizontally polarized

(B) vertically polarized
(C) at 45c with respect to horizontal polarization
w

(D) at 45c with respect to vertical polarization

ww

2002 TWO MARKS

Q. 122 An angle-modulated signal is given by

2 # 106 t =30 sin 150t 40 cos 150t).
s (t) cos 2 (p +
The maximum frequency and phase deviations of s (t) are
(A) 10.5 kHz, 140 radp p
(B) 6 kHz, 80 rad
(C) 10.5 kHz, 100 radp (D) 7.5 kHz, 100 radp

Q. 123 In the figure m (t) 2 sin 2 t p, s (t) = cos 200 t pand n (t) sin 199 t p
= =
.
t t
The output y (t) will be

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(A) sin 2 t p (B) sin 2 t + sin pt cos 3 t p p

t t t
(C) sin 2 t + sin 0.5 pt cos 1.5 t p (D) psin 2 t +sin pt cos 0.75 t p p
t t t t
Q. 124 A signal x (t) =100 cos (24 #p 103) t is ideally sampled with a sampling period of
m ana then passed through an ideal lowpass filter with cutoff frequency of
50 sec
15 kHz. Which of the following frequencies is/are present at the filter output ?

n
(A) 12 kHz only (B) 8 kHz only

g.i
(C) 12 kHz and 9 kHz (D) 12 kHz and 8 kHz

Q. 125 If the variance x2 aof d (n) x (n) =x (n 1) is one-tenth

- -
the variance 2
xaof stationary

n
zero-mean discrete-time signal x (n), then the normalized autocorrelation function
Rxx (k)
at k =

eri
2
1 is
a
(A) x0.95 (B) 0.90
(C) 0.10 (D) 0.05
e
gin
2001 ONE MARK

Q. 126 A bandlimited signal is sampled at the Nyquist rate. The signal can be recovered
by passing the samples through
(A) an RC filter
En

(B) an envelope detector

(C) a PLL
arn

(D) an ideal low-pass filter with the appropriate bandwidth

Q. 127 The PDF of a Gaussian random variable X is given by

(x - 4)2

px (x) = 1 e - 18 . The probability of the event {X =

4} is
3 2 p
.Le

(A) 1 (B) 1
2 3 2 p
(C) 0 (D) 1
4
w

2001 TWO MARKS

ww

Q. 128 A video transmission system transmits 625 picture frames per second. Each frame
consists of a 400 # 400 pixel grid with 64 intensity levels per pixel. The data rate
of the system is
(A) 16 Mbps (B) 100 Mbps
(C) 600 Mbps (D) 6.4 Gbps

Q. 129 The Nyquist sampling interval, for the signal sin c (700t) + c (500t) is
sin
(A) 1 sec (B) psec
350 350
(C) 1 sec (D) psec
700 175

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Q. 130 During transmission over a communication channel, bit errors occur independently
with probability p. If a block of n bits is transmitted, the probability of at most
one bit error is equal to
(A) 1 (1 -p) n - (B) p (n +1)( 1 p)- -
(C) np (1 p-) n - 1 (D) (1 p) n -np (1 -1
p) n+ -

Q. 131 The PSD and the power of a signal g (t) are, respectively, Sg ( )wand Pg . The PSD
and the power of the signal ag (t) are, respectively,
(A) a2 Sg ( )wand a2 Pg (B) a2 Sg ( )wand aPg
(C) aSg ( )wand a2 Pg (D) aSg ( )wand aPs

n
g.i
2000 ONE MARK

Q. 132 The amplitude modulated waveform s (t) Ac [1 =Ka m (t)] cos c+tw is fed to an
ideal envelope detector. The maximum magnitude of K0 m (t) is greater than 1.

n
Which of the following could be the detector output ?

eri
(A) Ac m (t) (B) Ac2 [1 K+a m (t)] 2
(C) [Ac (1 +a m (t)]
K (D) Ac [1 +a m (t)] 2
K

Q. 133 The frequency range for satellite communication is

e
(A) 1 KHz to 100 KHz (B) 100 KHz to 10 KHz
gin
(C) 10 MHz to 30 MHz (D) 1 GHz to 30 GHz

2000 TWO MARKS

En

Q. 134 In a digital communication system employing Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), the
0 and 1 bit are represented by sine waves of 10 KHz and 25 KHz respectively.
These waveforms will be orthogonal for a bit interval of
arn

(A) 45 secm (B) 200 secm

(C) 50 secm (D) 250 secm

Q. 135 A message m (t) bandlimited to the frequency fm has a power of Pm . The power of
.Le

the output signal in the figure is

w
ww

(A) Pm cos q (B) Pm

2 4
2 2
(C) Pm sin q (D) Pm cos q
4 4
Q. 136 The Hilbert transform of cos 1t + w2 t is
sin w
(A) sin 1 t - w2 t
cos w + w2 t
(B) sin 1 t cos w
(C) cos 1 t - w2 t
sin w + w2 t
(D) sin 1 t sin w

Q. 137 In a FM system, a carrier of 100 MHz modulated by a sinusoidal signal of 5

KHz. The bandwidth by Carson’s approximation is 1 MHz. If y (t) = (modulated
waveform) 3 , than by using Carson’s approximation, the bandwidth of y (t) around
300 MHz and the and the spacing of spectral components are, respectively.

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(A) 3 MHz, 5 KHz (B) 1 MHz, 15 KHz

(C) 3 MHz, 15 KHz (D) 1 MHz, 5 KHz

1999 ONE MARK

Q. 138 The input to a channel is a bandpass signal. It is obtained by linearly modulating

a sinusoidal carrier with a single-tone signal. The output of the channel due to
this input is given by
y (t) (1/100) cos (100t =10 6-) cos (106 t 1.56) -
The group delay (tg) and the phase delay (t p) in seconds, of the channel are

n
(A) tg 10 6-, t p = 1.56 = (B) tg 1.56, t p = 10 6- =
8 6- 8
(C) tg 10 , t p = 1.56 # 10 = (D) tg 10 , t p = 1.56 =

g.i
Q. 139 A modulated signal is given by s (t) m1 (t) cos (2 fc t) =m2 (t) sin (2 pfc t) +
where the baseband signal m1 (t) and m2 (t) have bandwidths of 10 kHz, and

n
15 kHz, respectively. The bandwidth of the modulated signal, in kHz, is

eri
(A) 10 (B) 15
(C) 25 e (D) 30

Q. 140 A modulated signal is given by s (t) e at- cos [( c = D

w) t] u (t), w +
where a c and D ware positive constants,
w and c > >
D
w. The complex envelope
w
gin
of s (t) is given by
(A) exp ( at) exp [j ( c - D w) t] u (t) w +
(B) exp ( at - ) exp (j Dt)wu (t)
En

(C) exp (j Dt)wu (t)

(D) exp [j c + D w) t] w
arn

1999 TWO MARKS

Q. 141 The Nyquist sampling frequency (in Hz) of a signal given by

6 # 10 4 sin c2 (400t) * 106 sin c3 (100t) is
.Le

(A) 200 (B) 300

(C) 500 (D) 1000

Q. 142 The peak-to-peak input to an 8-bit PCM coder is 2 volts. The signal power-to-
w

quantization noise power ratio (in dB) for an input of 0.5 cos ( mwt) is
(A) 47.8 (B) 49.8
ww

(C) 95.6 (D) 99.6

Q. 143 The input to a matched filter is given by

"10 sin (2 #
p 106 t) 0 1 < 10 4-sec<
s (t) =0
otherwise
The peak amplitude of the filter output is
(A) 10 volts (B) 5 volts
(C) 10 millivolts (D) 5 millivolts

Q. 144 Four independent messages have bandwidths of 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 400 Hz ,
respectively. Each is sampled at the Nyquist rate, and the samples are time
division multiplexed (TDM) and transmitted. The transmitted sample rate (in

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Hz) is
(A) 1600 (B) 800
(C) 400 (D) 200

1998 ONE MARK

Q. 145 The amplitude spectrum of a Gaussian pulse is

(A) uniform (B) a sine function
(C) Gaussian (D) an impulse function

n
Q. 146 The ACF of a rectangular pulse of duration T is
(A) a rectangular pulse of duration T

g.i
(B) a rectangular pulse of duration 2T
(C) a triangular pulse of duration T

n
(D) a triangular pulse of duration 2T

eri
Q. 147 The image channel selectivity of superheterodyne receiver depends upon
(A) IF amplifiers only
(B) RF and IF amplifiers only
e
(C) Preselector, RF and IF amplifiers
gin
(D) Preselector, and RF amplifiers only

Q. 148 In a PCM system with uniform quantisation, increasing the number of bits from
8 to 9 will reduce the quantisation noise power by a factor of
En

(A) 9 (B) 8
(C) 4 (D) 2

Q. 149 Flat top sampling of low pass signals

arn

(A) gives rise to aperture effect (B) implies oversampling

(C) leads to aliasing (D) introduces delay distortion

Q. 150 A DSB-SC signal is generated using the carrier cos ( e t +w q

) and modulating
.Le

signal x (t). The envelope of the DSB-SC signal is

(A) x (t) (B) x (t)
(C) only positive portion of x (t) (D) x (t) cos q
w

Q. 151 Quadrature multiplexing is

(A) the same as FDM
ww

(B) the same as TDM

(C) a combination of FDM and TDM
(D) quite different from FDM and TDM

Q. 152 The Fourier transform of a voltage signal x (t) is X (f). The unit of X (f) is
(A) volt (B) volt-sec
(C) volt/sec (D) volt 2

Q. 153 Compression in PCM refers to relative compression of

(A) higher signal amplitudes (B) lower signal amplitudes
(C) lower signal frequencies (D) higher signal frequencies

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Q. 154 For a give data rate, the bandwidth B p of a BPSK signal and the bandwidth B 0
of the OOK signal are related as
(A) B p = B0 B0
(B) B p =
4 2
(C) B p =
B0 (D) B p =
2B 0

Q. 155 The spectral density of a real valued random process has

(A) an even symmetry (B) an odd symmetry
(C) a conjugate symmetry (D) no symmetry

Q. 156 The probability density function of the envelope of narrow band Gaussian noise is

n
(A) Poisson (B) Gaussian

g.i
(C) Rayleigh (D) Rician

1997 ONE MARK

n
Q. 157 The line code that has zero dc component for pulse transmission of random
binary data is
(A) Non-return to zero (NRZ)
(B) Return to zero (RZ)
e
(C) Alternate Mark Inversion (AM)
eri
gin
(D) None of the above
2
x- /2
Q. 158 A probability density function is given by p (x) Ke =3 x < 3. The<-
value
of K should be
En

(A) 1 (B) 2
2 p p
(C) 1 (D) 1
arn

2 p p2
Q. 159 A deterministic signal has the power spectrum given in the figure is, The minimum
sampling rate needed to completely represent this signal is
w .Le
ww

(A) 1 kHz (B) 2 kHz

(C) 3 kHz (D) None of these

Q. 160 A communication channel has first order low pass transfer function. The channel
is used to transmit pulses at a symbol rate greater than the half-power frequency
of the low pass function. Which of the network shown in the figure is can be used
to equalise the received pulses?

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n
g.i
Q. 161 The power spectral density of a deterministic signal is given by [sin (f) /f 2] where
f is frequency. The auto correlation function of this signal in the time domain is

n
(A) a rectangular pulse (B) a delta function

eri
(C) a sine pulse (D) a triangular pulse

1996 ONE MARK

e
Q. 162 A rectangular pulse of duration T is applied to a filter matched to this input. The
gin
out put of the filter is a
(A) rectangular pulse of duration T
(B) rectangular pulse of duration 2T
En

(C) triangular pulse

(D) sine function

Q. 163 The image channel rejection in a superheterodyne receiver comes from

arn

(A) IF stages only (B) RF stages only

(C) detector and RF stages only (D) detector RF and IF stages
.Le

1996 TWO MARKS

Q. 164 The number of bits in a binary PCM system is increased from n to n 1+. As a
result, the signal to quantization noise ratio will improve by a factor
w

(A) n 1+ (B) 2(n 1+)/n

n
1+)/n
(C) 22 (n (D) which is independent of n
ww

Q. 165 The auto correlation function of an energy signal has

(A) no symmetry (B) conjugate symmetry
(C) odd symmetry (D) even symmetry

***********

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SOLUTIONS

Sol. 1 Option (B) is correct.

In ideal Nyquist Channel, bandwidth required for ISI (Inter Symbol reference)
free transmission is
W Rb
=

n
2
Here, the used modulation is 32 QAM- (Quantum Amplitude modulation

g.i
i.e., q = 32
or 2v = 32
v = 5 bits

n
So, the signaling rate (sampling rate) is
R

eri
Rb = (R " given bit rate)
5
Hence, for ISI free transmission, minimum bandwidth is
Rb = R kHz =
e
W
2 10
gin
Sol. 2 Option (B) is correct.
Given, random variables U and V with mean zero and variances 1 and 1
4 9
i.e., U V =0 =
2 1
us =
En

4
2 1
and vs =
9
P ^U $ 0h = 1
arn

so,
2
and P ^V $ 0h = 1
2
The distribution is shown in the figure below
w .Le
ww

fu ^u h = 1 2 e u-2 2
s
2 pu s
u

fv ^v h = 1 2 e v-2 s 2

2 pv s
v

We can express the distribution in standard form by assuming

X u 0- u = 2U
= =
us Y2
and Y v 0- v = 3V
= =
vs Y3

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for which we have

X 2U = 0 =
Y 2V = 0 =
and X2 4U2 = 1 =
2 2
also, Y 9V = 1 =
Therefore, X Y - is also a normal random variable with
X Y- =
0
Hence,
P ^X Y- $ 0h P ^X =Y # 0h 1 - =
2

n
or, we can say
P ^2U 3-V # 0h = 1

g.i
2
Thus, P ^3V $ 2U h = 1
2

n
Sol. 3 Option (C) is correct.
The mean of random variables U and V are both zero
i.e.,

i.e.,
or,
U

fU ^u h =
FU ^u h =
V =0

fV ^v h
e
FV ^v h
eri
=
Also, the random variables are identical
gin
i.e., their cdf are also same. So,
FU ^u h = F2V ^2v h
i.e., the cdf of random variable 2V will be also same but for any instant
2V $ U
En

Therefore,
G ^x h =F ^x h
but, x G ^x h $ xF ^x h
or, 6F ^x h G -^x h@ x # 0
arn

Sol. 4 Option (C) is correct.

Given, P ^U =1h + P ^U = 1h 1 = - =
2
.Le

where U is a random variable which is identical to V i.e.,

P ^V =1h + P ^V = 1h 1 = - =
2
So, random variable U and V can have following values
U =1, +1; V - =1, +1 -
w

Therefore the random variable U V + can have the following values,

2 When U - V 1 = =
ww

U V + *
=0 When U 1, V = 1 or u 1,=v 1 = -
2 When U V = 1 =
Hence, we obtain the probabilities for U V + as follows
U +
V P ^U +h
V
2- 1 1 = 1
2#2 4
0 1 1 1 1 1
b 2 # 2 l b 2 # 2 l +2 =

2 1 1 1
=
2#2 4
Therefore, the entropy of the ^U + h is obtained as
V

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H ^U +h / P^U =V h log 1
' P ^U V+ h1
V 2 +
1 log 4 =1 log 2 1 log 4 + +
2 2 2
4 2 4
2 =1 2 + +
4 2 4
3
=
2
Sol. 5 Option (D) is correct.
For the shown received signal, we conclude that if 0 is the transmitted signal then
the received signal will be also zero as the threshold is 1 and the pdf of bit 0 is

n
not crossing 1. Again, we can observe that there is an error when bit 1 is received

g.i
as it crosses the threshold. The probability of error is given by the area enclosed
by the 1 bit pdf (shown by shaded region)

n
e eri
gin
P (error when bit 1 received) 1 1 0.25 = 1 =
2# # 8
or P b received 1 l = 1
transmitted 0 8
En

Since, the 1 and 0 transmission is equiprobable:

i.e., P ^ 0 h P ^1 h = 1 =
2
Hence bit error rate (BER) is
arn

BER P b received 0 l P ^0 h =P b received 1 l P ^1 h +

transmitted 1 transmitted 0
0 =1 # 1 +
8 2
.Le

=1
16
Sol. 6 Option (B) is correct.
The optimum threshold is the threshold value for transmission as obtained at the
w

intersection of two pdf. From the shown pdf. We obtain at the intersection
(transmitted, received) b=4 , 1 l
ww

5 5
we can obtain the intersection by solving the two linear eqs
x y+ = 1 pdf of received bit 0
0 . 5
y = x pdf of received bit 1
2
4
Hence for threshold =, we have
5
BER P b received 1 l P ^0 h =P b received 0 l P ^1 h +
transmitted 0 transmitted 1
b 2 # 5 # 2 l # 2 b 2 # 5 # 15 l # 12
1 1 1 1 = 1 4 +

=1 <(BER for threshold = 1)

20

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Hence, optimum threshold is 4

5
Sol. 7 Option (A) is correct.
The mean square value of a stationary process equals the total area under the
graph of power spectral density, that is
# SX (f ) df
3
E [X 2 (t)] =
-
3

=1 # SX ( ) d w
2 3
or, E [X (t)] w
2 p3 -

2 # 1 # SX ( ) d w
3
or, E [X 2 (t)] = w (Since the PSD is even)

n
2 p0
1 [area under the triangle =integration of delta function]

g.i
+
p
1 2 1 1 103 6 =400
;pb 2 # # # l E

n
1 6000 =400 6400
6p @ = p +

of X ( )wat ( w =
From given PSD
0).

SX ( )w w 0= =
0
e eri
E [X (t)] is the absolute value of mean of signal X (t) which is also equal to value
gin
SX ( )w X ( )w2 = 0 =

X ( )w2 w 0= =
0
En

X ( )w w 0= =
0
arn

Sol. 8 Option (C) is correct.

For raised cosine spectrum transmission bandwidth is given as
BT W (1 = )a + a Roll of factor
"
BT Rb (1 = )a + Rb " Maximum signaling rate
.Le

2
3500 Rb (1 =0.75) +
2
Rb 3500 # 2 = 4000 =
w

1.75
ww

Sol. 9 Option (D) is correct.

Entropy function of a discrete memory less system is given as
N 1-
H / Pk log b P1k l
=
k 0=
where Pk is probability of symbol Sk .
For first two symbols probability is same, so
N 1-
H P1 log b 1 l =P2 log b 1 l / P log b P1+l
k +
P1 P2 k 3= k
N 1-
=e P1-
log P1 P2 log+
P2 / P log+P o
k k
k 3=
N 1-
=e 2P-log P / P +log P o
k k (P1 P2 = P) =
k 3=

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Now, P1 P = , eP2 +
P = e -
N 1-
So, Hl ==(P - ) log +
(P )e (P + ) log+
(P ) -e / P log P -G
k k +e e
k 3=

By comparing, Hl <
H , Entropy of source decreases.
Sol. 10 Option (B) is correct.
Probability density function of uniformly distributed variables X and Y is shown
as

n
n g.i
1
P &[max (x, y)]
20
<
Since X and Y are independent.
1
P &[max (x, y)] <
20
1
e PbX
= eri 1 P Y <1
2l b 2l
<

PbX < shaded area = 3

2l
=
gin
4
P bY 1 3
2l
Similarly for Y : < =
4
P &[max (x, y)] 1 3 3 =9
20
So < =
En

4 # 4 16

Alternate Method:
arn

From the given data since random variables X and Y lies in the interval [ 1-, 1]
as from the figure X , Y lies in the region of the square ABCD .
w .Le
ww

Probability for max 6X, Y @ < 1/2 : The points for max 6X, Y @ <
1/2 will be inside
the region of square AEFG .
P &max 6X, Y @ <1 = Area of 4AEFG
20
So,
Area of square ABCD
3 3
2#2 =9 =
2#2 16
Sol. 11 Option (B) is correct.

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In a coherent binary PSK system, the pair of signals s1 (t) and s2 (t) used to
represent binary system 1 and 0 respectively.
s1 (t) = 2E sin c tw
T
s2 (t) 2-E sin tw
= c
T
where 0 # t # T , E is the transmitted energy per bit.
General function of local oscillator
ft) = 2 sin ( c tw), 0 # t <
1( T
T

n
But here local oscillator is ahead with 45c. so,
2 sin ( tw =45c)

g.i
ft)
1( c +
T
The coordinates of message points are
T
# s1 (t) 1 (ft) dt

n
s11 =
0

eri
T
2E sin 2 sin ( wt =45c) dt
#0 T c t
T c w

2E T

T # sin ( c t) sin ( wc t =45c) dt w +

0
e
2E 2 T
1 [sin 45c =sin (2 tw 45c)] dt
#
gin
c +
T T 0 2
1 T
1 dt = 1 E Tsin (2 tw 45c) dt
T
E #
0 2 T #0 c +
1 444444 420
44444443
En

= E
2
Similarly, s21 = E
-
2
arn

Signal space diagram

w .Le

Now here the two message points are s11 and s21 .
ww

The error at the receiver will be considered.

When : (i) s11 is transmitted and s21 received
(ii) s21 is transmitted and s11 received
So, probability for the 1st case will be as :
P b s21 received l = P (X < 0) (as shown in diagram)
s11 transmitted
P _ E/2 =N < 0i +
P _N < = E/2 i -
Taking the Gaussian distribution as shown below :

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Mean of the Gaussian distribution = E/2

Variance N0
=
2
Putting it in the probability function :

n
`x +E/2 j
2

E- 0
1
P bN <
2l #
= -

g.i
e 2N 0 /2 dx
-
3
2 Np0
2
`x +E/2 j
2
0
1 e
#
= -
N0 dx

n
-
3 Np0
x +E/2

eri
Taking, =
t
N 0 /2
dx = N 0 dt
2
e
So, P _N /2 i 1 e t2-dt Q E
2

# c N0 m
3
< E- =
gin
E/N 0 2 p
where Q is error function.
Since symbols are equiprobable in the 2 nd case
So,
En

P b s11 received l = Qc E m
s21 transmitted N0
So the average probability of error
arn

1 P s21 received =P b s11 received lE

2 ; b s11 transmitted l
+
s21 transmitted
1Q E =Q E E
2= c N0 m c N 0 mG
Qc
N0 m
+ =
.Le

Sol. 12 Option ( ) is correct.

Sol. 13 Option (B) is correct.
General equation of FM and PM waves are given by
w

t
f (t)
FM Ac cos ; c t =2 wk f # m(
0
)d E p + t t
ww

f (t) Ac cos [ c tw =k p m (t)]

PM +
For same maximum phase deviation.
t
k p [m (t)] max 2 kf ; # m ( p
= )d E t t
0 max
kp # 2 =
2 kpf [x (t)] max
t
where, x (t) # m( )d t
=
0
t

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[x (t)] max =
4
So, kp # 2 =
2 kpf # 4
kp
=
4 p

n
kf

g.i
Sol. 14 Option (A) is correct.
s a+ j w a+
GC (s) = =
s b+ j w b+

n
Phase lead angle f tan 1 a k =tan -1 a wk - - w

eri
a b
J -wN w
(w
b a-)
tan 1-K a
f = bO = tan 1-
c ab +2wm
KK 2
wOO
e 1 +
L ab P
For phase-lead compensation f >
gin
0
b a- >0
b >a
Note: For phase lead compensator zero is nearer to the origin as compared to
En

pole, so option (C) can not be true.

Sol. 15 Option (A) is correct.
f tan 1 a k =tan -1 a wk - - w
arn

a b
d f 1/a 1/b
= - =
0
d w 1 + 2 1 +w 2 w
aa k ab k
.Le

1 + 2 w 1 =1 2 w +
a ab2 b b a2
2
1 1- w1 =1
ab b a b l
-
a b
w

w =ab 1 # 2 = 2 rad/ sec =

Sol. 16 Option (D) is correct.
ww

Quantized 4 level require 2 bit representation i.e. for one sample 2 bit are
required. Since 2 sample per second are transmitted we require 4 bit to be
transmitted per second.
Sol. 17 Option (B) is correct.
In FM the amplitude is constant and power is efficient transmitted. No variation
in power.
There is most bandwidth efficient transmission in SSB- SC. because we transmit
only one side band.
Simple Diode in Non linear region ( Square law ) is used in conventional AM that
is simplest receiver structure.

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In VSB dc. component exists.

Sol. 18 Option (A) is correct.
We have Sx (f) F {Rx ( )} = F {exp ( t 2)} = p -
2
-f p
=
e
The given circuit can be simplified as

Power spectral density of output is

n
Sy (f) =
G (f) 2 Sx (f)
-f 2p

g.i
=j2 f p 1-2 e
2
( (2 f)p2 =1) 2 e -f p
+
2
or Sy (f) (4 2 fp2 =1) e -f p
+

n
Sol. 19 Option (B) is correct.
Highest frequency component in m (t) is fm
Carrier frequency fC = 1 MHz
For Envelope detector condition
1/fC < RC<
e eri
1/f< <
4000 /2 p = 2000 pHz =
gin
m

1 s μ < RC< 0.5<ms <

Sol. 20 Option (D) is correct.
En

Four phase signal constellation is shown below

arn
.Le

Now d2 r 12 =r 12 +
w

d2 2r 12
=
r1 d/ 2 = 0.707d =
ww

q 2 =2 p = p = p
M 8 4
Applying Cooine law we have

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d2 r 22 =r 22 2r 22 cos
+ p -
4
2r 22 =2r 22 1/ 2 - (2 = 2 ) r 22 -
or r2 = d =
1.3065d
2 -2
Sol. 21 Option (D) is correct.
Here Pe for 4 PSK and 8 PSK is same because Pe depends on d . Since Pe is same,
d is same for 4 PSK and 8 PSK.

n
n g.i
Additional Power SNR
e eri
(SNR) 2 =(SNR) 1
10 log b ES2 l =10 log b ES1 l
No No
-
-
gin
10 log b ES2 l
=
ES1
10 log a r2 k & 20 log a r2 k = 20 log 1.3065d
2
r1 r1 0.707d
En

Additional SNR =
5.33 dB
Sol. 22 Option (C) is correct.
Conventional AM signal is given by
arn

x (t) AC [1 = m (t)] cos (2 mfC+t) p

Where m < 1, for no over modulation.
In option (C)
.Le

x (t) AC :1 = 1 m (t)D cos (2 fC+

pt)
4
Thus m 1 =<1 and this is a conventional AM-signal without over-modulation
4
Option (B) is correct.
w

Sol. 23

(6) 2
Power P = 18 W =
2
ww

Sol. 24 Option (C) is correct.

Impulse response of the matched filter is given by
h (t) S (T =t) -

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Sol. 25 Option (B) is correct.

Let response of LPF filters
1, f<
1 MHz
H (f ) *
=

n
0, elsewhere
Noise variance (power) is given as

g.i
H (f ) No df = 22 (given)
fo 2
P =2s #0 =
a
=22

n
1 # 106
#0 2 # 10 -
20
df
a

eri
2 # 10 -
20
# 10
6
=22
a
2 14
a =
10
e
or 107
a =
gin
Sol. 26 Option (D) is correct.
Probability of error is given by
Pe 1 [P (0/1) =P (1/0)] +
2
En

/a
2
P (0/1) # 3- 0.5e a -a
n
dn =-0.5e -
10
=
6- 1-
where a =
2 # 10 V and 107 V
a =
arn

P (1/0) # 0.5e
=
a/2
3 -n
a
dn =
0.5e -
10

-
10
Pe =
0.5e
.Le

Sol. 27 Option (C) is correct.

S (t) =sin c (500t) sin c (700t)
S (f ) is convolution of two signals whose spectrum covers f 1 =
250 Hz and
f2 = 350 Hz . So convolution extends
w

f 25 =350 600+Hz =
Nyquist sampling rate
ww

N 2f = 2 # 600 = =
1200 Hz
Sol. 28 Option (D) is correct.
For the given system, output is written as
y (t) d [x (t) =x (t 0.5)] + -
dt
dx (t) dx (t 0-.5)
y (t) = +
dt dt
Taking Laplace on both sides of above equation
Y (s) sX (s) =se 0-.5s X (s) +
Y (s)
H (s) = s (1 e 0-.5s) = +
X (s)

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H (f ) jf (1 =e 0-.5 # 2 f p) +(1 =e
jf -f p
) +
Power spectral density of output
-f p 2
SY (f ) =H (f ) 2 SX (f ) f 2 (1 =e ) SX (f ) +
For SY (f ) =,0 1 e+ -f p = 0
f (2n =1) f0 +
or f0 = 1 KHz
Sol. 29 Option (C) is correct.
cos (2 fm t) cos (2 pfc t) p carrier
$ DSB suppressed
cos (2 fcpt) $ Carrier Only

n
cos [2 (p fc f+m) t] $ USB Only

g.i
[1 + (2 fm t) cos (2 pfc t)]
cos p
$ USB with carrier
Sol. 30 Option (C) is correct.

n
We have
p (X =
0) p (Y = 0) 1 = =

eri
2
p (X =
1) p (Y = 1) 1 = =
4
e 1
p (X =
2) p (Y = 2) = =
4
gin
Let X +
Y =
2$A
and X -
Y =
0$B
Now
En

P (A + B)
P (X Y +2 X Y= 0) = - =
P (B)
Event P (A + B) happen when X Y + 2 and X= Y - 0 . It is only
= the case
arn

when X = 1 and Y = 1.
Thus P (A + B) 1 # 1 = 1 =
4 4 16
Now event P (B) happen when
.Le

X Y - =0 It occurs when X =
Y , i.e.
X =0 and Y = 0 or
X =1 and Y = 1 or
w

X =2 and Y = 2
Thus P (B) 1 # = #1 1#1 +6
1 1 + =
ww

2 2 4 4 4 4 16
P (A + B) 1/16
Now =1 =
P (B) 6/16 6
Sol. 31 Option (B) is correct.
The mean is
X =xSi pi (x)

1 # 0.1 =2 # 0.2 3 # 0.4 +4 # 0.2 5 # 0. 1 +

0.1 = 0.4 1.2 +0.8 0.5 +=
3.0 + +
2 2
X =xS
i pi (x)

1 # 0.1 =4 # 0.2 9 # 0.4 +16 # 0.2 25 # 0.1 +

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

0.1 = 0.8 3.6 +3.2 2.5 +=

10.2 + +
Variance 2
xs X =^X h
2 2
-
10.2 =(3) 2 =
1.2 -
Sol. 32 Option (C) is correct.
m (t) 1 cos = 1 sin w2 t - w
1t
2 2
sAM (t) [1 =m (t)] cos+ c tw
m (t) max
Modulation index =
Vc

n
1 2 1 2 1
m ` 2 j =` 2 j + =
2

g.i
` 2j
1 2
2
h =m # 100% = # 100% =
20%
` 2j
2 1 2
m 2+ 2+

n
Sol. 33 Option (B) is correct.

eri
We have C1 B log2 `1 = S j +
N
. B log2 ` S j As S >1 >
N N
e
If we double the S ratio then
N
gin
C2 . B log2 ` 2S j
N
. B log2 2 + log2 S
B
N
En

.B +1
C
Sol. 34 Option (C) is correct.
arn

We have SNR 1.76 =6n +

or 43.5 1.76 =6n +
6n 43.5 =1.76 +
6n =
41.74 $ n . 7
.Le

No. of quantization level is

27 =
128
Step size required is
w

V -L 5 ( -5) -10
=H V = =
128 128 128
ww

=
.078125
. .0667
Sol. 35 Option (B) is correct.
For positive values step size
s+ = 0.05 V
For negative value step size
s- = 0. 1 V
No. of quantization in + is
ive
5 = 5 =
100 =
s+ 0.05

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Thus 2n + 100 $ n+ = 7 =
-
No. of quantization in ve
Q1 5 = 5 50= =
s- 0. 1
2n 50 $ n - = 6 =
-
Thus
S
` N j+ 1.76 =6n+ 1.76 =+42 +
43.76 dB =
S
` N j- 1.76 =6n - = 1.76 + +
36 =
37.76 dB
S
Best ` N j0 =
43.76 dB

n
g.i
Sol. 36 Option (A) is correct.
We have xAM (t) Ac cos =2 cos wm t cos c t
c + w w
2
AC c1 = cos m t m cos +wc t w

n
Ac
For demodulation by envelope demodulator modulation index must be less than
or equal to 1.
Thus

Ac $ 2
2 #1
Ac
e eri
gin
Hence minimum value of Ac =2
Sol. 37 Option (A) is correct.
CDF is the integration of PDF. Plot in option (A) is the integration of plot given
En

in question.
Sol. 38 Option (A) is correct.
The entropy is
arn

m
H / pi log2 p1i bits
=
i=1

Since p1 p2 = ... pn = 1 = =
n
.Le

n
H / n1 log n
= =
log n
i=1
Sol. 39 Option (C) is correct.
N0
w

PSD of noise is =
K ...(1)
2
The 3-dB cut off frequency is
ww

fc = 1 ...(2)
p
2 RC
Output noise power is
=N0 N0 1
c 2 m 2RC
= =
K fcp
4RC
Sol. 40 Option (D) is correct.
At receiving end if we get two zero or three zero then its error.
Let p be the probability of 1 bit error, the probability that transmitted bit error
is
= Three zero + two zero and single one

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

3
C3 p3 =3C2 p2 (1 p) + -
p3 =p2 (1 p)+ -
Sol. 41 Option (D) is correct.
Bandwidth of TDM is
1 (sum of Nyquist Rate)
=
2
1 [2W =2W 4W 6W]+ = 7W + +
2
Sol. 42 Option (B) is correct.

n
5
We have i q 2 10 t =5 sin (2 p
1500t) 7+.5 sin (2 1000t) p +
d i q= 2 105 10 =p1500 cos (2 1500

g.i
iw + t) p15 1000 cos (2 1000t)p + p
dt
Maximum frequency deviation is
w 2 (p5 # 1500 =7.5 # 1000) +

n
3 max
3 fmax =
15000

Sol. 43

Sol. 44
Modulation index is

Option (C) is correct.

Option (B) is correct.
3 fmax
fm e 1500
eri
= 15000 10 = =
gin
=
4 KHz
fm
2fm = 8 kHz
fs =
Bit Rate Rb = nfs 8 # 8 = 64 kbps =
En

The minimum transmission bandwidth is

BW Rb = 32 kHz =
2
arn

Sol. 45 Option (C) is correct.

S0
c N m 1.76 =6n dB +
0

1.76 =6 # 8 =
49.76+dB We have n =
8
.Le

Sol. 46 Option (B) is correct.

As Noise \ 12
L
w

To reduce quantization noise by factor 4, quantization level must be two times

i.e. 2L .
ww

Now L 2n = 28 256 = =
Thus 2L = 512
Sol. 47 Option (C) is correct.
Autocorrelation is even function.
Sol. 48 Option (B) is correct.
Power spectral density is non negative. Thus it is always zero or greater than zero.
Sol. 49 Option (A) is correct.
The variance of a random variable x is given by
E [X2] E -2 [X]

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Sol. 50 Option (A) is correct.

A Hilbert transformer is a non-linear system.
Sol. 51 Option (D) is correct.
Slope overload distortion can be reduced by increasing the step size
3 $ slope of x (t)
Ts
Sol. 52 Option (C) is correct.
p)
sin (4 Wt
We have p (t) =
p (1 16
4 Wt - W2 t2)

n
at t =1 it is 0 form. Thus applying L' Hospital rule
4W 0

g.i
4 W cos (4 pWt) p
p( ) =
1
4W

4 Wp [1 48- W2 t2]
p)
cos (4 Wt cos p =

n
= = 0.5
1 48- W2 t2 1 3-

eri
Sol. 53 Option (B) is correct.
The block diagram is as shown below
e
gin
En

Here M1 (f) Mt (f)

=
arn

M (f) c e
j2 B
e+-j2 pB p
Y1 (f) =
2 m

M1 (f) c e
j2 B
e--j2 pB p
Y2 (f) =
2 m
.Le

Y (f) Y1 (f) =Y2 (f) +

All waveform is shown below
w
ww

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Sol. 54 Option (C) is correct.

By Binomial distribution the probability of error is
pe n Cr pr (1 =p) n - r -
Probability of at most one error
=Probability of no error + Probability of one error

n
n
C0 p0 (1 =p) n - 0 n
C1 p1 (1 p) n-- 1 + -

g.i
n n-1
n (1 =p) np (1 -p) + -
Sol. 55 Option (B) is correct.
Bandwidth allocated for 1 Channel =5 M Hz

n
Average bandwidth for 1 Channel 5 =
1 MHz
5

Sol. 56 Option (A) is correct.

Chip Rate RC =
e 200k

1.2288 # 106 chips/sec

eri
Total Number of Simultaneously Channel 1M # 8 = 40 Channel =
gin
Data Rate Rb = RC
G
Since the processing gain G must be at least 100, thus for Gmin we get
En

Rb max =RC 1.2288 # 106

= =12.288 # 103 bps
Gmin 100
Sol. 57 Option (B) is correct.
arn

Energy of constellation 1 is
Eg1
2 2
(0) =( 2 a) +
( 2 a) 2 - ( 2 a) 2 ( 2+ 2 a) 2 - + +
2 2 2 2
2a = 2a 2a +8a =16a2 + +
.Le

Energy of constellation 2 is
Eg2 a2 = a2 a2 +a2 =
4a2 + +
Eg1 16a2
Ratio = 2 4 = =
w

Eg2 4a
Sol. 58 Option (A) is correct.
ww

Noise Power is same for both which is N0 .

2
Thus probability of error will be lower for the constellation 1 as it has higher
signal energy.
Sol. 59 Option (A) is correct.
Area under the pdf curve must be unity
Thus 2a 4a +4b =
1 +
2a 8+b = 1 ...(1)
For maximum entropy three region must by equivaprobable thus
2a 4b = 4b = ...(2)
From (1) and (2) we get

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

b =1 and a 1
=
12 6
Sol. 60 Option (*) is correct.
Sol. 61 Option (B) is correct.
A LPF will not produce phase distortion if phase varies linearly with frequency.
( f) \ ww
i.e. ( f) =kw w
Sol. 62 Option (B) is correct.
Let m (t) is a low pass signal, whose frequency spectra is shown below

n
n g.i
Fourier transform of g (t)

G (t)
e 1
0.5 # 10
eri 4-
3
/ (fd =20 # 103 k) -
gin
k =3 -

Spectrum of G (f ) is shown below

En
arn

Now when m (t) is sampled with above signal the spectrum of sampled signal will
look like.
w .Le
ww

When sampled signal is passed through a LP filter of BW 1 kHz, only m (t) will
remain.
Sol. 63 Option (C) is correct.
The highest frequency signal in x (t) is 1000 # 3 =
3 kHz if expression is expanded.
Thus minimum frequency requirement is
f 2 # 3 # 103 = 6 # 103 Hz =
Sol. 64 Option (B) is correct.
We have
x (t) 125t [u (t) =u (t 1)] (250 125t)-[u (t 1) u (t -
2)] +

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

The slope of expression x (t) is 125 and sampling frequency fs is 32 # 1000

samples/sec.
Let 3 be the step size, then to avoid slope overload
3 $ slope x (t)
Ts
3 fc $ slope x (t)
3# 32000 $ 125
3 $ 125
32000
2- 8

n
3 =
Sol. 65 Option (A) is correct.

g.i
The sampling frequency is
fs 1 = 33 kHz =
0.03m

n
Since fs $ 2fm , the signal can be recovered and are correlated.
Option (B) is correct.

eri
Sol. 66

We have p1 = 0.25 , p2 =
0.25 and p3 =
0.5
3
/ p1 log2 p11 bits/symbol
H =
e
i=1
gin
p1 log2 1 =p2 log2 1 p3 log2 1 + +
p1 p2 p3
0.25 log2 1 =0.25 log2 1 0.5 log2 1 +
0.25 0.25 0.5
En

0.25 log2 4 =0.25 log2 4 0.5 log2 2 + +

0.5 =0.5 1 + 3 bits/symbol+ =
2 2
arn

Rb =
3000 symbol/sec
Average bit rate =
Rb H
3 # 3000 =
= 4500 bits/sec
2
.Le

Sol. 67 Option (A) is correct.

The diagonal clipping in AM using envelop detector can be avoided if
1 < RC< 1 <
w W
w

1 $ W sin m Wt
But from
RC 1 +cosm Wt
ww

We can say that RC depends on W , thus

RC <1
W
Sol. 68 Option (B) is correct.
Sol. 69 Option (B) is correct.
When 3 /2 is added to y (t) then signal will move to next quantization level.
Otherwise if they have step size less than 3 then they will be on the same
2
quantization level.
Sol. 70 Option (C) is correct.
After the SSB modulation the frequency of signal will be fc f-
m i.e.

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- kHz . 1000 kHz

1000 10
The bandwidth of FM is
BW 2( =
b 1) 3 f +
For NBFM b < 1, <
thus
BWNBFM . 2 3 f 2 (109 =106) . 2 # 109 -
Sol. 71 Option (A) is correct.
We have p (t) u (t) =u (t 1) - -
g (t) =
p (t)* p (t)
s (t) g (t) = (td 2)* g (t-
) g (t) =g (-
t 2) - -

n
All signal are shown in figure below :

n g.i
The impulse response of matched filter is
e
h (t) s (T =t) s (1 =t)-
eri
-
gin
Here T is the time where output SNR is maximum.
Sol. 72 Option (A) is correct.
We have xAM (t) 10 [P (t) =0.5g (t)] cos c tw +
En

where p (t) u (t) =u (t 1) - -

and g (t) r (t) =2r (t 1) r-(t 2) - + -
For desired interval 0 # t # 1, p (t) =1 and g (t) = t , Thus we have,
arn

xAM (t) 100 (1 =0.5t) cos c tw -

Hence modulation index is 0.5
Sol. 73 Option (A) is correct.
.Le

We know that SYY ( )w =

H ( ) 2 .SXX ( w) w
Now SYY ( )w = 16 2 and SXX ( )w = 1 white noise
16 + w
16
w

Thus =
H ( )w2
16 +2 w
or H ( )w = 4
ww

16 +2 w
or H (s) =4
4 s+
which is a first order low pass RL filter.
Sol. 74 Option (A) is correct.
We have R =4
R +
sL 4 s+
R
or L
=4
R
L s+ 4 s+
Comparing we get L =
1 H and R =
4 W
Sol. 75 Option (C) is correct.

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

We have xAM (t) 10 (1 =0.5 sin 2 fm t) cos

+ 2 pfc t p
The modulation index is 0.5
(10) 2
Carrier power Pc = 50 =
2
(10) 2
Side band power Ps = 50 =
2
m2 Pc (0.5) 2 (50)
Side band power Ps = = 6.25 =
2 2
Sol. 76 Option (B) is correct.

n
Mean noise power =
Area under the PSD curve
4 ; 1 # B # No E =

g.i
= BNo
2 2
The ratio of average sideband power to mean noise power is
Side Band Power 6.25 = 25

n
=
Noise Power N0 B 4No B

eri
Sol. 77 Option (D) is correct.
{1 + (t)} A sin ( c tw) $ Amplitude modulation
km
dm (t) Asin ( c tw) $ DSB-SC modulation
e
A sin {cos t km + (t)} $ Phase Modulation
gin
t t
A sin [ c w k+] - 3 m (t) dt $ Frequency Modulation
Sol. 78 Option (C) is correct.
VSB $ fm f+ c
En

DSB - SC $ 2fm
SSB $ fm
AM $ 2fm
arn

Thus SSB has minimum bandwidth and it require minimum power.

Sol. 79 Option (A) is correct.
Let x (t) be the input signal where
.Le

x (t) cos (cos t = 1 cos bm t) w +

cos (2 c t 2+ w1 cos m t) b w
y (t) =x2 (t) 1 = +
2 2
3f
= 90 18
w

Here b =
2 1 band 1 b = =
fm 5
BW 2( =
b 1) fm +18 =1) # 5
2 (2 # =
370 kHz +
ww

Sol. 80 Option (C) is correct.

The transfer function of matched filter is
h (t) x (t =t) x (2 - t) = -
The output of matched filter is the convolution of x (t) and h (t) as shown below

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Sol. 81 Option (B) is correct.

n
We have H (f) 2e - j tw
= d

g.i
H (f) =
2
G0 (f) =
H (f) 2 Gi (f)
=
4No W/Hz

n
The noise power is =
4No # B

eri
Sol. 82 Option (C) is correct.
As the area under pdf curve must be unity
1 (4 # k) 1 $ k = 1 =
2
e 2
Now mean square value is
gin
+3
2
vs #
=
-3
v2 p (v) dv
4
#0 v2 ` v8 j dv
= as p (v) 1v
=
En

8
4 3
#0 c v8 m dv =8
=
arn

Sol. 83 Option (D) is correct.

The phase deviation is
3f
b = 10 10 = =
fm 1
.Le

If phase deviation remain same and modulating frequency is changed

BW b 1) fm'
2( = 2 (10+=1) 2 =
44 kHz+
Sol. 84 Option (B) is correct.
As the area under pdf curve must be unity and all three region are equivaprobable.
w

Thus are under each region must be 13 .

2a # 1 1 $ a =2
ww

=
4 3 3
Sol. 85 Option (A) is correct.
+a
2 # x2 $ 1 dx
a 1 x3 a = a3
Nq #
=
-a
x2 p (x) dx =
0 4 2 ; 3 E0 6
=

Substituting a 2 we have
=
3
Nq =4
81
Sol. 86 Option (C) is correct.
When word length is 6
S
` N jN = 6 2
2 #6
= 212 =

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When word length is 8

S
` N jN = 8 2
2 #8
= 216 =

^ N hN = 8
S
Now 216 = 2 4 16 = =
^ N hN = 6
S
212
Thus it improves by a factor of 16.
Sol. 87 Option (B) is correct.
Carrier frequency fc 1 # 106 Hz
=

n
Modulating frequency
fm 2 # 103 Hz
=

g.i
For an envelope detector
1 >2 f p
2 fcp >
m
Rc

n
1 RC < 1 <

eri
2 fcp 2 fmp
1 RC < 1 <
2 fcp 2 fmp
1 RC < 1 3
e <
6
2 10 p 2 # 10
gin
1.59 # 10 - 7 RC < 7.96 # 10 - 5 <
m sec best lies in this interval.
so, 20 sec
Sol. 88 Option (B) is correct.
En

SAM (t) Ac [1 =0.1 cos m t] cos+ wm t w

sNBFM (t) Ac cos [ c t =0.1 sin wm t] + w
s (t) SAM (t) =SNB fm (t) +
arn

Ac [1 =0.1 cos m t] cos+ wc t Ac cos ( c t w0.1 sin m+t) w +

= Ac cos c t + Ac 0.1 cos wm t cos c t w
.Le

+ Ac cos wm t) A
c t cos (0.1 sin -c sin c t. sin (0.1 sin mw
t) w
As 0.1 sin mwt , 0+.1 to 0-.1
so, cos (0.1 sin mwt) . 1
q small cos .q 1 and sin , q, thus q
w

As when is
sin (0.1 sin mwt) = 0.1 sincos c t cos wm t + Ac cos c tw w
ww

-c 0.1 sin m t sin wc t

A w
2Ac cos c t =0.1Ac cos ( wc m) t + w +
1 44 2 44 3 1 4444 4 2 4444
43
cosec USB

Thus it is SSB with carrier.

Sol. 89 Option (A) is correct.
Consecutive pulses are of same polarity when modulator is in slope overload.
Consecutive pulses are of opposite polarity when the input is constant.
Sol. 90 Option (D) is correct.
F (x1 # X <
x2) p (X = x2) P (X =
x1) - =
-
or P (X =
1) = P (X = 1 ) +
-(X = 1 )
P

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

0.55 =0.25 =
0.30 -
Sol. 91 Option (A) is correct.
The SNR at transmitter is
SNRtr =Ptr
NB
10 - 3 = 109
- 20
10 # 100 # 106
In dB SNRtr 10 log 109 = 90 dB =
Cable Loss =
40 db

n
At receiver after cable loss we have
SNRRc 90 =40 50 dB - =

g.i
Sol. 92 Option (B) is correct.
The impulse response of matched filter is

n
h (t) x (T =t) -
=,

eri
Since here T 4 thus
h (t) x (4 =t) -
The graph of h (t) is as shown below.
e
gin
En

From graph it may be easily seen that slope between 3 t < 4 is <
1-.
arn

Sol. 93 Option (C) is correct.

The required bandwidth of M array PSK is
BW 2Rb
=
n
.Le

where 2n =M and Rb is bit rate

For BPSK, M 2 = 2n $ n= 1 =
Thus B1 2Rb = 2 10 20 kHz
= =
w

#
1
For QPSK, M 4 = 2n $ n= 2 =
ww

Thus B2 2Rb = 10 kHz =

2
Sol. 94 Option (C) is correct.
We have fc =
100 MHz 100 # 106 and fm
= =
1 MHz
6
=
1 # 10
The output of balanced modulator is
VBM (t) =
[cos c t][ cos wc t] w
1 [cos ( = w ) t cos (w + w w +
c m c m) t]
2
If VBM (t) is passed through HPF of cut off frequency fH 100 # 106 , then only
=
( c +wm) passes and
w output of HPF is

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

VHP (t) 1 cos ( = wm) t w +

c
2
Now V0 (t) VHP (t) =sin (2 #p 100 # 106+
)t
1 cos [2 100 # 10 =2 p# 1 # 106 t] sin (2 # 100 # 10
6
p 6) t +
2
1 cos [2 108 =2 p106 t] sin (2 108)pt + p +
2
1 [cos (2 108 t) t cos (2 p106 t)] =sin [2 108 t sin (2 10p6 t) sin 2 108 t] p
2
1 cos (2 106 t) cos 2 p108 t = 1 1 sin 2 106 tp sin 2 108 t
2 ` 2 j p +

n
This signal is in form

g.i
A cos 2 108 t =B sin 2 p108 t + p
The envelope of this signal is
A2 =B2 +

n
1 2 1 6 2
` 2 cos (2 10 t)j =`1 2 sin (2 p10 t j
6
+ p

4
1 =1 sin (2 10
4
e 6
p+ t)
4 eri
1 cos2 (2 106 t) =1 1 sin2 (2 p106 t) sin (2 106 t)

5 =-sin (2 10
4
p6 t) -
+ p +
gin
Sol. 95 Option (A) is correct.
A cos [2 10 # 103 t] =A cos [2 p10.1 # 103 t]
s (t) +
En

Here T1 1 = 100 secm =

10 # 103
and T2 1 = 99 secm =
10.1 # 103
arn

Period of added signal will be LCM [T1, T2]

Thus T LCM [100, 99] = 9900 sec m =
Thus frequency f 1 = 0.1 kHz =
9900 m
.Le

Sol. 96 Option (A) is correct.

The pdf of transmission of 0 and 1 will be as shown below :
w
ww

Probability of error of 1
P (0 # X # 0.2) =
0.2
Probability of error of 0 :
P (0.2 # X # 0.25) =
0.05 # 2 =
0.1
P (0 # X # 0.2) +(0.2 # X # 0.25)
P
Average error =
2
0. 2
= 0+.1 =
0.15
0

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Sol. 97 Option (B) is correct.

The square mean value is
#- 3 (x =xq) 2 f (x) dx
2 3
s -
1
#0 (x =xq) 2 f (x) dx -
0. 3 0. 1
#0 (x =0) 2 f (x) dx #0.3 (-x 0.7) 2 f (x) dx +

x 3 0. 3 x3 x 2 1
; 3 E =; 3 0.49x 14+
2 E0.3
+ -
0

n
2
or s =
0.039
2

g.i
RMS = s = 0.039 =
0.198
Sol. 98 Option (C) is correct.
FM $ Capture effect

n
DM $ Slope over load

eri
PSK $ Matched filter
PCM $ m - law
Sol. 99 Option (C) is correct.
e
Since fs =2fm , the signal frequency and sampling frequency are as follows
gin
fm1 =1200 Hz $ 2400 samples per sec
fm2 =600 Hz $ 1200 samples per sec
fm3 =600 Hz $ 1200 samples per sec
En

Thus by time division multiplexing total 4800 samples per second will be sent.
Since each sample require 12 bit, total 4800 # 12 bits per second will be sent
Thus bit rate Rb 4800 # 12 = 57.6 kbps =
arn

Sol. 100 Option (B) is correct.

The input signal X (f) has the peak at 1 kHz and 1-kHz. After balanced modulator
the output will have peak at fc ! 1 kHz i.e. :
.Le

10 ! 1 $ 11 and 9 kHz
10 ! ( 1-) $ 9 and 11 kHz
9 kHz will be filtered out by HPF of 10 kHz. Thus 11 kHz will remain. After
passing through 13 kHz balanced modulator signal will have 13 ! 11 kHz signal
w

i.e. 2 and 24 kHz.

Thus peak of Y (f) are at 2 kHz and 24 kHz.
ww

Sol. 101 Option (A) is correct.

The input is a coherent detector is DSB - SC signal plus noise. The noise at the
detector output is the in-phase component as the quadrature component nq (t) of
the noise n (t) is completely rejected by the detector.
Sol. 102 Option (C) is correct.
The noise at the input to an ideal frequency detector is white. The PSD of noise
at the output is parabolic
Sol. 103 Option (B) is correct.
Pe = 1 erfc c Ed
2 mh
We have
2

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Since Pe of Binary FSK is 3 dB inferior to binary PSK

Sol. 104 Option (D) is correct.
The pdf of Z will be convolution of pdf of X and pdf of Y as shown below.
z
Now p [Z # z] # fZ (z) dz
=
-3
-2
p [Z # 2-] # fZ (z) dz
=
-3

Area [z # 2-]
=
1 # 1 #1 = 1 =
2 6 12

n
n g.i
e eri
gin
En
arn

Sol. 105 Option (D) is correct.

t
We have RXX ( ) t 4 (e - 0.2 =1) +
- 0. 2 0 2
RXX (0) 4 (e =1) 8 s + = =
.Le

or s =
2 2 Given
mean m=0
Now P (x # 1) =Fx (1)
w

-m X
1 =Q c -m at x =
1
s
ww

0-
1 =Q c 1 - 1 =Q c 1 -m
2 2m 2 2
Sol. 106 Option (C) is correct.
W Y =Z -
2 2
E [W ] E [Y =Z] -
E [Y2] =E [Z2] 2E [YZ] + -
=w2 s
We have E [X2 (t)] =
Rx (10)
4 [e - 0.2 0 =1] 4 [1 =1] 8 ++ =
2
E [Y ] E [X2 (2)] = 8 =

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E [Z2] E [X2 (4)] = 8 =

0.2 (4 -2) -
E [YZ] =
RXX (2) 4 [e =1] = 6.68 +
E [W2] 2
w s= 8 8 2= # 6.68 = 2+.64 -
Sol. 107 Option (C) is correct.
2mp
Step size d = 1.536 0.012=V =
L 128
2
Quantization Noise power d= (0.012)
2
=
12 12
=
12 # 10 V2
6-

n
Sol. 108 Option (D) is correct.

g.i
The frequency of pulse train is
f 1- 3 =
1 k Hz
10

n
The Fourier Series coefficient of given pulse train is
T- /2

eri
1
#
o

Cn = Ae jn- twdt o

To T-/2 o

T-o /6
1
=
To # Ae j- ho t w
dt
e T-o /6

= A [e j- tw] TT--//66 o
gin
o

To ( j- ho) w o

= A (e j- t e-j w T /6) h ow o o

( j-2 np)
A (e j h/3 p=e j- /3) h p -
En

j2 np
or Cn =A sin ` n jp
np 3
From Cn it may be easily seen that 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, harmonics are present and 0, 3, 6, 9,..
arn

are absent. Thus p (t) has 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 4 kHz, 5 kHz, 7 kHz,... frequency
component and 3 kHz, 6 kHz.. are absent.
The signal x (t) has the frequency components 0.4 kHz and 0.7 kHz. The
.Le

sampled signal of x (t) i.e. x (t)* p (t) will have

1 ! 0.4 and 1 ! 0.7 kHz
2 ! 0.4 and 2 ! 0.7 kHz
w

4 ! 0.4 and 4 ! 0.7 kHz

Thus in range of 2.5 kHz to 3.5 kHz the frequency present is
ww

2 0+.7 =
2.7 kHz
4 0-.7 =
3.3 kHz
Sol. 109 Option (C) is correct.
vi Ac1 cos (2 fcpt) =m (t) +
v0 ao vi =avi3 +
' '
v0 a0 [Ac cos (2 fc t) =m (t)] a1 [Ac' cos (2 pfc' t) m (t)] 3 +
= a0 Ac' cos (2 fc' t) + a0 m (t) + a1 [(Ac' cos 2 pfc' t) 3
+ (Ac' cos (2 fc') t) 2 m (t) 3Ac' cos (2 pfc' t) m2 (t) +m3 (t)]
= a0 Ac' cos (2 fcp'
t) + a0 m (t) + a1 (Ac' cos 2fc' t) 3
'
1 + cos (4 fcp t)
+ 3a1 Ac'2 ; Em (t)
2

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3a1 Ac' cos (2 fcp

'
t) m2 (t) =m3 (t)
The term 3a1 Ac' ( cos 42 f pt ) m (t) is a DSB-SC signal having carrier frequency 1. MHz.
'
c

Thus 2fc' =
1 MHz or fc' = 0.5 MHz
Sol. 110 Option (D) is correct.
2
Pc c1 = a
2m
PT +
2
Psb Pc 2 a= Pc (0.5) =
2 2
Psb 1

n
or =
Pc 8
Sol. 111 Option (D) is correct.

g.i
AM Band width = 2fm
Peak frequency deviation 3 (2fm) = 6fm =

n
6f
Modulation index b m = 6 =
fm

c
xFM (t)

+ wm
n
Ac

=
e
2 (p
3
/ Jn (
n =- 3
1008w# 103)
eri
The FM signal is represented in terms of Bessel function as

) cos ( bc =n n) t w w -
gin
2 106 +4 p# 103
n 2 (p p 3), n = 4
1008 # 10 =
Thus coefficient =
5J4 (6)
Sol. 112 Option (B) is correct.
En

Ring modulation $ Generation of DSB - SC

VCO $ Generation of FM
Foster seely discriminator $ Demodulation of fm
arn

mixer $ frequency conversion

Sol. 113 Option (A) is correct.
fmax 1650 =450 +
2100 kHz =
.Le

550 =450
fmin 1000 +
= kHz
or f = 1
2 pLC
frequency is minimum, capacitance will be maximum
w

2
R Cmax = fmax (2.1) 2 = =
Cmin 2
fmin
ww

or R =
4.41
fi fc =2fIF +
700 =2 (455) + kHz
1600 =
Sol. 114 Option (D) is correct.
Eb 10 - 6 watt-sec
=
No10 - 5 W/Hz
=
(SNR) matched filler E o
= 106 =.05 =
N
2
o
2 # 10 - 5
(SNR)dB =
10 log 10 (0.05) = 13 dB
Sol. 115 Option (B) is correct.

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3 fs
For slopeoverload to take place Em $
2 fmp
This is satisfied with Em =
1.5 V and fm = 4 kHz
Sol. 116 Option (A) is correct.
If s " carrier synchronization at receiver
"r represents bandwidth efficiency
then for coherent binary PSK r=
0.5 and s is required.
Sol. 117 Option (B) is correct.
Bit Rate 8k # 8 = 64 kbps =

n
(SNR)q 1.76 =6.02n dB +

g.i
1.76 =6.02 # 8 49+
.8 dB =
Sol. 118 Option (C) is correct.
The frequency of message signal is

n
fc =1000 kHz

eri
1 The frequency of message signal is
fm 1 = 10 kHz =
100 # 10 - 6
e
Here message signal is symmetrical square wave whose FS has only odd
gin
harmonics i.e. 10 kHz, 30 kHz 50 kHz. Modulated signal contain fc ! fm
frequency component. Thus modulated signal has
fc ! fm =
(1000 ! 10) kH =
1010 kHz, 990 kHz
En

fc ! 3fm =(1000 ! 10) kH =

1030 kHz, 970 kHz
Thus, there is no 1020 kHz component in modulated signal.
Sol. 119 Option (C) is correct.
arn

+3
We have y (t) 5 # 10 - 6 x (t) / (td =nTs) -
n =- 3
3
x (t) =
10 cos (8 #p 10 ) t
Ts =100 sec m
.Le

The cut off fc of LPF is 5 kHz

We know that for the output of filter
x (t) y (t)
=
w

Ts
10 cos (8 #p 103) t # 5 # 10 - 6
=
ww

100 # 10 - 6
5 # 10 - 1 cos (8 #p 103) t
=
Sol. 120 Option (C) is correct.
Transmitted frequencies in coherent BFSK should be integral of bit rate 8 kHz.
Sol. 121 Option (B) is correct.
For best reception, if transmitting waves are vertically polarized, then receiver
should also be vertically polarized i.e. transmitter and receiver must be in same
polarization.
Sol. 122 Option (D) is correct.
s (t) 2 # 106 t =30 sin 150t
cos 2 (p 40 cos 150t) +

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cos {4 106 t =100 psin (150t )} +p q +

Angle modulated signal is
s (t) A cos { c t = wsin ( m t b
)} +w q +
Comparing with angle modulated signal we get
Phase deviations b =
100 p
Frequency deviations
3f fm = 100 b# 150= 7.5 kHz p =
2 p
Sol. 123 Option (*) is correct.

n
We have m (t) s (t) =
y1 (t)

g.i
2 sin (2 t) cos (200 pt) p
=
t
sin (202 t) sin - (198 pt) p
=

n
t
y2 (t) = sin 202 t sin- =198 pt sin 199 t p

eri
y1 (t) +(t)
n +
t t
y2 (t) s (t) =
u (t)
e
[sin 202 t sin 198 pt -sin 199 t] cos 200 t p + p
=
t
gin
1 [sin (402 t) =sin (2 pt) {sin (398 t) p +t)}
sin (2 sin (399 t) sin ( pt)]-
2
sin (2 t) sin (2 pt) +sin ( t) p - p
After filtering y (t) =
En

2t
sin (2 t) 2+sin (0.5t) cos (1.5 pt)
=
2t
sin 2 t = sin 0.5 pt cos 1.5 t p+ p
arn

2t t
Sol. 124 Option (B) is correct.
The signal frequency is
.Le

fm p3 = 12 kHz
24 10 =
2 p
Ts m " fs = 1
50 sec 1 # 106 20 kHz = =
Ts 50
w

After sampling signal will have fs ! fm frequency component i.e. 32 and 12 kHz
At filter output only 8 kHz will be present as cutoff frequency is 15 kHz.
ww

Sol. 125 Option (A) is correct.

d (n) x (n) =x (n 1) - -
2 2
E [x (n) =x (n 1)]
E [d (n)] - -
or E [d (n)] 2 2
E [x (n)] =E [x (n 1)] 2
2E [x (n+) x (n 1)] -
2 2 2
or ds x = sx 2Rxx+(1)s - as k =
1
2
As we have been given d2 s =x s, therefore
10
2
xs 2
x = sx2 2Rxx+(1)s -
10
19
= 2
or 2Rxx (1) xs
10

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or Rxx 19 = 0.95 =
2
xs 20
Sol. 126 Option (A) is correct.
An ideal low - pass filter with appropriate bandwidth fm is used to recover the
signal which is sampled at nyquist rate 2fm .
Sol. 127 Option (A) is correct.
For any PDF the probability at mean is 1 . Here given PDF is Gaussian random
2
variable and X =4 is mean.
Sol. 128 Option (C) is correct.

n
We require 6 bit for 64 intensity levels because 64 = 26
Data Rate = Frames per second # pixels per frame # bits per pixel

g.i
625 # 400 # 400 # 6 = 600 Mbps sec =
Sol. 129 Option (C) is correct.

n
We have
sin (700 t)p sin (500 t)p

eri
sin c (700t) + c (500t)
sin = +
700 t p 500 t p
Here the maximum frequency component is 2 fm =
700 pi.e. fm =
350 Hz p
Thus Nyquist rate fs =
e
2fm
2 (350) = 700 Hz =
gin
Thus sampling interval =1 sec
700
Sol. 130 Option (D) is correct.
En

Probability of error = p
Probability of no error q = (1 p)= -
Probability for at most one bit error
arn

=
Probability of no bit error
+ probability of 1 bit error
(1 =p) n np (-1 p) n - 1 + -
.Le

Sol. 131 Option (A) is correct.

FT
If g (t) G ( )w
then PSD of g (t) is
w

Sg ( )w =
G ( )w2
and power is
ww

=1 # Sg ( ) d w
3
Pg w
2 p- 3
FT
Now ag (t) aG ( )w
PSD of ag (t) is
Sag ( )w =
a (G ( ))w2
a2 G ( )w2
=
or a2 Sg ( )w
Sag ( )w =
Similarly Pag =a2 Pg
Sol. 132 Option (C) is correct.
The envelope of the input signal is [1 k+a m (t)] that will be output of envelope

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detector.
Sol. 133 Option (D) is correct.
Frequency Range for satellite communication is 1 GHz to 30 GHz,
Sol. 134 Option (B) is correct.
Waveform will be orthogonal when each bit contains integer number of cycles of
carrier.
Bit rate Rb = HCF (f1, f2)
=
HCF (10k, 25k)
=
5 kHz

n
Thus bit interval is Tb 1 = 1 = =
0.2 msec =
200 secm

g.i
Rb 5k
Sol. 135 Option (D) is correct.
We have Pm m2 (t)
=

n
The input to LPF is

eri
x (t) m (t) cos o t cos ( w
ot = ) w q +
m (t)
[cos (2 o t = w
) cos ] q q +
2
e
m (t) cos (2 o t +w) m (t) cos q q
= +
gin
2 2
The output of filter will be
m (t) cos q
y (t) =
2
En

Power of output signal is

Py y2 (t)
= 1 m2 (t) cos2
= Pm cos2
q = q
4 4
arn

Sol. 136 Option (A) is correct.

- to the positive frequency component and
Hilbert transformer always adds 90c
90c to the negative frequency component.
.Le

Hilbert Trans form

cos t w" sin t w
sin t w" cos t w
Thus cos 1t + w2 t " sin
sin 1t - w2 t
cos w
w

Sol. 137 Option (A) is correct.

ww

We have x (t) Ac cos { c t = wsin m t} b w

+
3
y (t) =
{x (t)}

Ac2 cos (3 c t =3 wsin m t) 3 cosb( c t + wm t)

sin w + b w +
Thus the fundamental frequency doesn’t change but BW is three times.
BW 2 (3 f') = 2 (3 f # 3) 3 MHz
= =
Sol. 138 Option (C) is correct.
Sol. 139 Option (C) is correct.
This is Quadrature modulated signal. In QAM, two signals having bandwidth.
+2) Hz
B 1 & B 2 can be transmitted simultaneous over a bandwidth of (B 1 B

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so B.W. (15 =10) +

25 kHz =
Sol. 140 Option (B) is correct.
A modulated signal can be expressed in terms of its in-phase and quadrature
component as
S (t) S1 (t) cos (2 fc t) =SQ (t) sin (2 pfc t) -
Here S (t) [e at-cps t cos wc t =eat sin Dwt sin t] (m
t)
c w
at -at
[e cos t] cos 2 wfc t =[e sin D p
t] sin 2 fc t
S1 (t) cos 2 fc t =SQ (t) sin 2 pfc t -
Complex envelope of s (t) is

n
S (t) S1 (t) =jSQ (t) +

g.i
-at
at
e cos t =je sin D wt + - D w
-
at
e [cos t =j sin D wt] D+w
exp ( =at) exp (j Dt)w- (m
t)

n
Sol. 141 Option (B) is correct.

eri
Given function
6 # 10 4 sin c2 (400t) ) 106 sin c3 (100t)
g (t) =
Let 6 # 10 4 sin c2 (400t)
g1 (t) =
e
(106) sin c3 (100t)
g2 (t) =
gin
We know that g1 (t) ) g2 (t) ? G1 ( ) G2 ( w) occupies minimum
w of Bandwidth of
G1 ( ) or G2 ( w) w
Band width of G1 ( )w 2 # 400 = 800 rad/ sec or 400 = Hz
En

Band width of G2 ( )w 3 # 100 = 300 rad/ sec or 150 Hz =

Sampling frequency 2 # 150 = 300 Hz =
Sol. 142 Option (B) is correct.
arn

For a sinusoidal input SNR (dB) is PCM is obtained by following formulae.

SNR (dB) 1.8 =6n + n is no. of bits
Here n = 8
.Le

So, SNR (dB) 1.8 =6 # 8 = 49+.8

Sol. 143 Option (D) is correct.
We know that matched filter output is given by
# g(
3
g 0 (t) ) g (T0 =t l) d at t =
T0 - l
w

-
3

6g 0 (t)@max # g( # lg 2 (t) dt l
3 3
= ) g ( l) d =
ww

-
3 -
3
4-
1 # 10
#
=
0
p 106) 2] dt
[10 sin (2 #

[g 0 (t)] max 1 100 10

= 4-
=
5 mV
2# #
Sol. 144 Option (B) is correct.
Sampling rate must be equal to twice of maximum frequency.
fs =
2 # 400 =
800 Hz
Sol. 145 Option (C) is correct.
The amplitude spectrum of a gaussian pulse is also gaussian as shown in the fig.
y-2
fY (y) = 1 exp c
2 p 2 m

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n
Sol. 146 Option (C) is correct.
Let the rectangular pulse is given as

g.i
n
e eri
gin
Auto correlation function is given by
T/2
Rxx ( ) t 1 # x (t) x (t = ) dtt -
T T-/2
When x (t) is shifted to right ( >
0), x (t -)t will be shown as dotted line.
t
En
arn
.Le

T
1 +t

#
2

Rxx ( ) t = A2 dt
T T
- t +
2
2
A T =T A2 T + t
: D T :2 D
w

- = t -
T 2 2
( ) tcan be negative or positive, so generalizing above equations
ww

2
Rxx ( ) t A :T = Dt -
T 2
Rxx ( ) tis a regular pulse of duration T .

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Sol. 147 Option (B) is correct.

Selectivity refers to select a desired frequency while rejecting all others. In super
heterodyne receiver selective is obtained partially by RF amplifier and mainly by
IF amplifier.
Sol. 148 Option (C) is correct.
In PCM, SNR a 22n
so if bit increased from 8 to 9
(SNR) 1 22 # 8 = 22 1 = =
(SNR) 2 22 # 9 4

n
so SNR will increased by a factor of 4
Sol. 149 Option (A) is correct.

g.i
In flat top sampling an amplitude distortion is produced while reconstructing
original signal x (t) from sampled signal s (t). High frequency of x (t) are mostly
attenuated. This effect is known as aperture effect.

n
Sol. 150 Option (A) is correct.
Carrier C (t)
Modulating signal =x (t)
e
DSB - SC modulated signal
eri
cos ( e t = w

=
)

x (t) c (t)
q +

x (t) cos ( e t = w
) q +
envelope =x (t)
gin
Sol. 151 Option (D) is correct.
In Quadrature multiplexing two baseband signals can transmitted or modulated
using I 4 phase & Quadrature carriers and its quite different form FDM & TDM.
En

Sol. 152 Option (A) is correct.

Fourier transform perform a conversion from time domain to frequency domain
for analysis purposes. Units remain same.
arn

Sol. 153 Option (A) is correct.

In PCM, SNR is depends an step size (i.e. signal amplitude) SNR can be improved
by using smaller steps for smaller amplitude. This is obtained by compressing the
.Le

signal.
Sol. 154 Option (C) is correct.
Band width is same for BPSK and APSK(OOK) which is equal to twice of signal
Bandwidth.
w

Sol. 155 Option (A) is correct.

The spectral density of a real value random process symmetric about vertical axis
ww

so it has an even symmetry.

Sol. 156 Option (A) is correct.
Sol. 157 Option (C) is correct.
It is one of the advantage of bipolar signalling (AMI) that its spectrum has a dc
null for binary data transmission PSD of bipolar signalling is

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Sol. 158 Option (A) is correct.

n
Probability Density function (PDF) of a random variable x defined as

g.i
Px (x) = 1 e x-/2
2

2 p
so here K = 1

n
2 p
Sol. 159 Option (C) is correct.

Minimum sampling freq. =

e 1.5 # 2 =
eri
Here the highest frequency component in the spectrum is 1.5 kHz
[at 2 kHz is not included in the spectrum]
3 kHz
Option (B) is correct.
gin
Sol. 160

We need a high pass filter for receiving the pulses.

Sol. 161 Option (D) is correct.
Power spectral density function of a signal g (t) is fourier transform of its auto
En

correlation function
Rg ( ) t Sg ( )w
F

here Sg ( )w = sin c2 (f)

arn

so Rg (t) is a triangular pulse.

f [triang.] = sin c2 (f)
Sol. 162 Option (C) is correct.
.Le

For a signal g (t), its matched filter response given as

h (t) g (T =t) -
so here g (t) is a rectangular pulse of duration T .
w
ww

output of matched filter

y (t) =
g (t) ) h (t)

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if we shift g ( t-) for convolution y (t) increases first linearly then decreases to
zero.

n
n g.i
eri
Sol. 163 Option (C) is correct.
The difference between incoming signal frequency (fc) and its image frequency (fc)
is 2I f (which is large enough). The RF filter may provide poor selectivity against
adjacent channels separated by a small frequency differences but it can provide
e
reasonable selectivity against a station separated by 2I f . So it provides adequate
gin
suppression of image channel.
Sol. 164 Option (C) is correct.
In PCM SNR is given by
En

SNR = 3 22n
2
if no. of bits is increased from n to (n 1+) SNR will increase by a factor of
arn

2 (n 1+)/n
2
Sol. 165 Option (D) is correct.
The auto correlation of energy signal is an even function.
auto correlation function is gives as
.Le

3
R( )t # x (t) x (t = )t
dt +
-
3
3
put R ( -) t # x (t) x (t = ) t
dt -
w

-
t -t = a
3
Let
dt =
d a
ww

3
R ( -) t # x( = a) x ( ) d t +a a
-
3
Changing variable a t
"
3
R ( -) t # x (t) x (t = ) dt R ( t) + t =
-
3
R ( -) t =
R ( ) teven function

***********

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