EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX SHAPE CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

Bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments of the There are four bone shape classifications: long,
skeletal system are all connective tissues. short, flat, and irregular.

Their characteristics are largely determined by Long bones are longer than they are wide;
the composition of their extracellular matrix. examples are upper and lower limb bones.

The matrix always contains collagen, ground Short bones are approximately as wide as they
substance, and other organic molecules, as well are long; examples are the bones of the wrist and
as water and minerals. ankle.

Collagen is a tough, ropelike protein. Flat bones have a relatively thin, flattened shape;
examples are bones of the skull and sternum.
Proteoglycans are large molecules consisting of
many polysaccharides attaching to and encircling Irregular bones include the vertebrae and facial
core proteins. bones, which have shapes that do not fit readily
into the other three categories.
The proteoglycans form large aggregates and
attract water.
LONG BONE STRUCTURE
The extracellular matrix of tendons and ligaments Diaphysis:
contains large amounts of collagen fibers, making Shaft
these structures very tough, like ropes or cables. compact bone tissue (on outside)
Epiphysis:
ends spongy bone tissue
CARTILAGE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX Articular cartilage:
The extracellular matrix of cartilage contains covers epiphyses
collagen and proteoglycans. reduces friction
Epiphyseal plate:
Collagen makes cartilage tough, whereas the site of growth between diaphysis and epiphysis
water-filled proteoglycans make it smooth and Medullary cavity:
resilient. center of diaphysis red or yellow marrow
Periosteum:
As a result, cartilage is relatively rigid, but it membrane around bone’s outer surface
springs back to its original shape after being Endosteum:
bent or slightly compressed. membrane that lines medullary cavity

It is an excellent shock absorber.

BONE MARROW
BONE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX Bones contain cavities, such as the large
The extracellular matrix of bone contains collagen medullary cavity in the diaphysis, as well as
and minerals, including calcium and phosphate. smaller cavities in the epiphyses of long bones
and in the interior of other bones.
The ropelike collagen fibers lend flexible strength
to the bone. These spaces are filled with soft tissue called
marrow.
The mineral component gives bone compression
(weight-bearing) strength. Red marrow is the location of blood forming
cells.
Most of the mineral in bone is in the form of
calcium phosphate crystals called hydroxyapatite. Yellow marrow is mostly fat.
BONE MARROW BONE FORMATION
In newborns most bones have blood making red Ossification is the formation of bone by
bone marrow. osteoblasts.

In adults red marrow in the diaphysis is Bone formation that occurs within connective
replaced by yellow bone marrow. tissue membranes is called intramembranous
ossification.
In adults most red bone marrow is in the flat
bones and the long bones of the femur and Bone formation that occurs inside hyaline
humerus. cartilage is called endochondral ossification.

Both types of bone formation result in compact

COMPACT BONE TISSUE and spongy bone.
Location: outer part of diaphysis (long bones)
and thinner surfaces of other bones
Osteon: structural unit of compact bone INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
includes lamella, lacunae, canaliculus, occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone
central canal, osteocytes within connective tissue.
Lamella: rings of bone matrix
Lacunae: spaces between lamella This occurs primarily in the bones of the skull.
Canaliculus: tiny canals transport nutrients
and remove waste Osteoblasts line up on the surface of connective
Central canal: center of osteon contains blood tissue fibers and begin depositing bone matrix
vessels to form trabeculae.

The process begins in areas called ossification

SPONGY (CANCELLOUS) BONE TISSUE
centers and the trabeculae radiate out from the
It is located at the epiphyses of long bones
centers.
and center of other bones.

It has trabeculae, which are interconnecting

rods, and spaces that contain marrow. ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
Endochondral bone formation is bone formation
It has no osteons. within a cartilage model.

The cartilage model is replaced by bone.

BONE CELLS
Osteoblasts: responsible for the formation of Initially formed is a primary ossification center,
bone and the repair and remodeling of bone. which is bone formation in the diaphysis of a
long bone.
Osteocytes: cells that maintain bone matrix and
form from osteoblast after bone matrix has A secondary ossification center is bone
surrounded it. formation in the epiphysis.

Osteoclasts: contribute to bone repair and

remodeling by removing existing bone, called
bone reabsorption.
BONE GROWTH IN WIDTH BONE REMOLDING
Bone growth occurs by the deposition of new Bone remodeling involves:
bone lamellae onto existing bone or other -removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and
connective tissue. -deposition of new bone by osteoblasts
-occurs in all bones
As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the -responsible for changes in bone shape, bone
surface of bones between the periosteum and -repair, adjustment of bone to stress, and
the existing bone matrix, the bone increases in -calcium ion regulation
width, or diameter.
BONE IN REPAIR
This process is called appositional growth. Broken bone causes bleeding and a blood clot
forms.
BONE GROWTH IN LENGTH
Callus forms which is a fibrous network
Growth in the length of a bone, which is the
between 2 fragments.
major source of increased height in an
individual, occurs in the epiphyseal plate.
Cartilage model forms first then, osteoblasts
enter the callus and form cancellous bone
This type of bone growth occurs through
this continues for 4-6 weeks after injury.
endochondral ossification.
Cancellous bone is slowly remodeled to form
Chondrocytes increase in number on the
compact and cancellous bone.
epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate.

Then the chondrocytes enlarge and die. BONE AND CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS
Bone is a major storage site for calcium
The cartilage matrix becomes calcified.
Movement of calcium in and out of bone helps
Much of the cartilage that forms around the determine blood levels of calcium
enlarged cells is removed by osteoclasts, and
the dying chondrocytes are replaced by Calcium moves into bone as osteoblasts build
osteoblasts. new bone

The osteoblasts start forming bone by Calcium move out of bone as osteoclasts break
depositing bone lamellae on the surface of the down bone
calcified cartilage.
Calcium homeostasis is maintained by
This process produces bone on the diaphyseal parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin
side of the epiphyseal plate.
AXIAL SKELETON STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
composed of the skull, the vertebral column, Fibrous joint:
and the thoracic cage.  united by fibrous connective tissue
 subclasses are sutures, syndesmosis, and
The skull has 22 bones divided into those of the gomphoses
braincase and those of the face. Cartilaginous:
 united by means of cartilage
The braincase, which encloses the cranial  subclasses are synchondroses and
cavity, symphysis
consists of 8 bones that immediately surround Synovial:
and protect the brain.  joined by a fluid cavity
 Most joints of the appendicular skeleton
The bony structure of the face has 14 facial
bones.
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
Thirteen of the facial bones are rather solidly Synarthrosis:
connected to form the bulk of the face.  non-movable joint
 Example – skull bone articulations
The mandible, however, forms a freely movable Amphiarthrosis:
joint with the rest of the skull.  slightly movable joint
 Example - between vertebrae
There are also three auditory ossicles in each Diarthrosis:
middle ear (six total).  freely movable joint
 Example - knee, elbow, and wrist
articulations
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
The vertebral column, or spine, is the central
axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of
the skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis.

In adults, it usually consists of 26 individual

bones, grouped into five regions.

The adult vertebral column has four major

curvatures: cervical, thoracic, lumbar and
sacrococcygeal.

The cervical region curves anteriorly.

The thoracic region curves posteriorly.
The lumbar region curves anteriorly
The sacral and coccygeal regions together
curve posteriorly

7 cervical vertebra
12 thoracic vertebra
5 lumbar vertebra
1 sacrum
1 coccyx