OPERATING SYSTEM

1. Question 1. Explain The Main Purpose Of An Operating System?

Answer :
Operating systems exist for two main purposes. One is that it is designed to make
sure a computer system performs well by managing its computational activities.
Another is that it provides an environment for the development and execution of
programs.
2. Question 2. What Is Demand Paging?
Answer :
Demand paging is referred when not all of a process’s pages are in the RAM, then
the OS brings the missing(and required) pages from the disk into the RAM.

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3. Question 3. What Are The Advantages Of A Multiprocessor System?
Answer :
With an increased number of processors, there is considerable increase in
throughput. It can also save more money because they can share resources.
Finally, overall reliability is increased as well.
4. Question 4. What Is Kernel?
Answer :
Kernel is the core of every operating system. It connects applications to the actual
processing of data. It also manages all communications between software and
hardware components to ensure usability and reliability.

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5. Question 5. What Are Real-time Systems?
Answer :
Real-time systems are used when rigid time requirements have been placed on
the operation of a processor. It has well defined and fixed time constraints.

Oracle DBA Interview Questions

6. Question 6. What Is Virtual Memory?
Answer :
Virtual memory is a memory management technique for letting processes
execute outside of memory. This is very useful especially is an executing program
cannot fit in the physical memory.
7. Question 7. Describe The Objective Of Multi Programming.?
Answer :
The main objective of multiprogramming is to have process running at all times.
With this design, CPU utilization is said to be maximized.

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8. Question 8. What Are Time Sharing Systems?
Answer :
In a Time sharing system, the CPU executes multiple jobs by switching among
them, also known as multitasking. This process happens so fast that users can
actually interact with each program while it is running.
9. Question 9. What Is Smp?
Answer :
SMP is short for Symmetric MultiProcessing, and is the most common type of
multiple-processor systems. In this system, each processor runs an identical copy
of the operating system, and these copies communicate with one another as
needed.

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10. Question 10. How Are Server Systems Classified?
Answer :
Server systems can be classified as either computer-server systems or file server
systems. In the first case, an interface is made available for clients to send
requests to perform an action. In the second case, provisions are available for
clients to create, access and update files.

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11. Question 11. What Is Asymmetric Clustering?
Answer :
In asymmetric clustering, a machine is in a state known as hot standby mode
where it does nothing but to monitor the active server. That machine takes the
active server’s role should the server fails.

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12. Question 12. What Is A Thread?
Answer :
A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization. In general, a thread is composed of a
thread ID, program counter, register set and the stack.

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13. Question 13. Give Some Benefits Of Multi Threaded Programming.?
Answer :
o there is an increased responsiveness to the user
o resource sharing within the process
o economy
o utilization of multiprocessing architecture
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14. Question 14. Briefly Explain Fcfs.
Answer :
FCFS is short for First-come, first-served, and is one type of scheduling algorithm.
In this scheme, the process that requests the CPU first is allocated the CPU first.
Implementation is managed by a FIFO queue.
15. Question 15. What Is Rr Scheduling Algorithm?
Answer :
RR (round-robin) scheduling algorithm is primarily aimed for time-sharing
systems. A circular queue is setup in such a way that the CPU scheduler goes
around that queue, allocating CPU to each process for a time interval of up to
around 10 to 100 milliseconds.

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16. Question 16. What Necessary Conditions Can Lead To A Deadlock Situation
In A System?
Answer :
Deadlock situations occur when four conditions occur simultaneously in a
system: Mutual exclusion; Hold and Wait; No preemption; and Circular wait.

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17. Question 17. Enumerate The Different Raid Levels.
Answer :
o RAID 0 – Non-redundant striping
o RAID 1 – Mirrored Disks
o RAID 2 – Memory-style error-correcting codes
o RAID 3 – Bit-interleaved Parity
o RAID 4 – Block-interleaved Parity
o RAID 5 – Block-interleaved distributed Parity
o RAID 6 – P+Q Redundancy
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o Question 18. What Factors Determine Whether A Detection-
algorithm Must Be Utilized In A Deadlock Avoidance System?
Answer :
One is that it depends on how often a deadlock is likely to occur under the
implementation of this algorithm. The other has to do with how many processes
will be affected by deadlock when this algorithm is applied.

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o Question 19. Differentiate Logical From Physical Address Space.?
Answer :
Logical address refers to the address that is generated by the CPU. On the other
hand, physical address refers to the address that is seen by the memory unit.
o Question 20. How Does Dynamic Loading Aid In Better Memory
Space Utilization?
Answer :
With dynamic loading, a routine is not loaded until it is called. This method is
especially useful when large amounts of code are needed in order to handle
infrequently occurring cases such as error routines.

Software testing Interview Questions

o Question 21. What Are Overlays?
Answer :
Overlays are used to enable a process to be larger than the amount of memory
allocated to it. The basic idea of this is that only instructions and data that are
needed at any given time are kept in memory.
o Question 22. What Is The Basic Function Of Paging?
Answer :
Paging is a memory management scheme that permits the physical-address
space of a process to be noncontiguous. It avoids the considerable problem of
having to fit varied sized memory chunks onto the backing store.
o Question 23. What Is Fragmentation?
Answer :
Fragmentation is memory wasted. It can be internal if we are dealing with
systems that have fixed-sized allocation units, or external if we are dealing with
systems that have variable-sized allocation units.

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o Question 24. How Does Swapping Result In Better Memory
Management?
Answer :
During regular intervals that are set by the operating system, processes can be
copied from main memory to a backing store, and then copied back later.
Swapping allows more processes to be run that can fit into memory at one time.

Application Software Interview Questions

o Question 25. Give An Example Of A Process State.
Answer :
New State – means a process is being created
Running – means instructions are being executed
Waiting – means a process is waiting for certain conditions or events to occur
Ready – means a process is waiting for an instruction from the main processor
Terminate – means a process is done executing
o Question 26. What Is A Socket?
Answer :
A socket provides a connection between two applications. Each endpoint of a
communication is a socket.

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o Question 27. What Is Direct Access Method?
Answer :
Direct Access method is based on a disk model of a file, such that it is viewed as
a numbered sequence of blocks or records. It allows arbitrary blocks to be read or
written. Direct access is advantageous when accessing large amounts of
information.

Software Engineering Interview Questions

o Question 28. When Does Thrashing Occur?
Answer :
Thrashing refers to an instance of high paging activity. This happens when it is
spending more time paging instead of executing.
o Question 29. What Is The Best Page Size When Designing An
Operating System?
Answer :
The best paging size varies from system to system, so there is no single best
when it comes to page size. There are different factors to consider in order to
come up with a suitable page size, such as page table, paging time, and its effect
on the overall efficiency of the operating system.

Realtime Operating System Interview Questions

o Question 30. When Designing The File Structure For An Operating
System, What Attributes Are Considered?
Answer :
Typically, the different attributes for a file structure are naming, identifier,
supported file types, and location for the files, size, and level of protection.
o Question 31. What Is Root Partition?
Answer :
Root partition is where the operating system kernel is located. It also contains
other potentially important system files that are mounted during boot time.
o Question 32. What Are Device Drivers?
Answer :
Device drivers provides a standard means of representing I/O devices that maybe
manufactured by different companies. This prevents conflicts whenever such
devices are incorporated in a systems unit.
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o Question 33. What Are The Primary Functions Of Vfs?
Answer :
VFS, or Virtual File System, separates file system generic operations from their
implementation by defining a clean VFS interface. It is also based on a file-
representation structure known as vnode, which contains a numerical designator
needed to support network file systems.

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o Question 34. What Are The Different Types Of Cpu Registers In A
Typical Operating System Design?
Answer :
o Accumulators
o Index Registers
o Stack Pointer
o General Purpose Registers
o Question 35. What Is The Purpose Of An I/o Status Information?
Answer :
I/O status information provides info about which I/O devices are to be allocated
for a particular process. It also shows which files are opened, and other I/O device
state.
o Question 36. What Is Multitasking?
Answer :
Multitasking is the process within an operating system that allows the user to run
several applications at the same time. However, only one application is active at a
time for user interaction, although some applications can run “behind the scene”.

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o Question 37. What Are Some Pros And Cons Of A Command Line
Interface?
Answer :
A command line interface allows the user to type in commands that can
immediately provide results. Many seasoned computer users are well
accustomed to using the command line because they find it quicker and simpler.
The main problem with a command line interface is that users have to be familiar
with the commands, including the switches and parameters that come with it.
This is a downside for people who are not fond of memorizing commands.
o Question 38. What Is Caching?
Answer :
Caching is the processing of utilizing a region of fast memory for a limited data
and process. A cache memory is usually much efficient because of its high
access speed.
o Question 39. What Is Spooling?
Answer :
Spooling is normally associated with printing. When different applications want to
send an output to the printer at the same time, spooling takes all of these print
jobs into a disk file and queues them accordingly to the printer.
o Question 40. What Is An Assembler?
Answer :
An assembler acts as a translator for low level language. Assembly codes, written
using mnemonic commands are translated by the Assembler into machine
language.

Technical Support Interview Questions

o Question 41. What Are Interrupts?
Answer :
Interrupts are part of a hardware mechanism that sends a notification to the CPU
when it wants to gain access to a particular resource. An interrupt handler
receives this interrupt signal and “tells” the processor to take action based on the
interrupt request.
o Question 42. What Is Gui?
Answer :
GUI is short for Graphical User Interface. It provides users with an interface
wherein actions can be performed by interacting with icons and graphical
symbols. People find it easier to interact with the computer when in a GUI
especially when using the mouse. Instead of having to remember and type
commands, users just click on buttons to perform a process.

Software testing Interview Questions

o Question 43. What Is Preemptive Multitasking?
Answer :
Preemptive multitasking allows an operating system to switch between software
programs. This in turn allows multiple programs to run without necessarily taking
complete control over the processor and resulting in system crashes.
o Question 44. Why Is Partitioning And Formatting A Prerequisite To
Installing An Operating System?
Answer :
Partitioning and formatting creates a preparatory environment on the drive so that
the operating system can be copied and installed properly. This includes
allocating space on the drive, designating a drive name, determining and creating
the appropriate file system structure.
o Question 45. What Is Plumbing / Piping?
Answer :
It is the process of using the output of one program as an input to another. For
example, instead of sending the listing of a folder or drive to the main screen, it
can be piped and sent to a file, or sent to the printer to produce a hard copy.
o Question 46. What Is Nos?
Answer :
NOS is short for Network Operating System. It is a specialized software that will
allow a computer to communicate with other devices over the network, including
file/folder sharing.
o Question 47. Differentiate Internal Commands From External
Commands.
Answer :
o Internal commands are built-in commands that are already part of the
operating system. 
o External commands are separate file programs that are stored in a
separate folder or directory.
o Question 48. How Would A File Named Examplefile.txt Appear When
Viewed Under The Dos Command Console Operating In Windows 98?
Answer :
The filename would appear as EXAMPL~1.TXT . The reason behind this is that
filenames under this operating system is limited to 8 characters when working
under DOS environment.
o Question 49. What Is A Folder In Ubuntu ?
Answer :
There is no concept of Folder in Ubuntu. Everything including your hardware is a
FILE.
o Question 50. Explain What Is The Meaning Of “export” Command In
Ubuntu?
Answer :
Export is a command in Bash shell language, when you try to set a variable, it is
visible or exported to any subprocess started from that instance of bash.  The
variable will not exist in the sub-process without the export command.
o Question 51. Explain How You Can Reset Unity Configuration?
Answer :
To reset the unity configuration the simplest way to do is to hit open a Terminal or
hit Atl-F2  and run the command # unity –reset.
o Question 52. Explain How To Access Terminal?
Answer :
To access terminal , you have to go under Application Menu -> Accessories ->
Terminal .
o Question 53. What Are Turnaround Time And Response Time?
Answer :
Turnaround time is the interval between the submission of a job and its
completion. Response time is the interval between submission of a request, and
the first response to that request.
o Question 54. What Are The Typical Elements Of A Process Image?
Answer :
User data: Modifiable part of user space. May include program data, user stack
area, and programs that may be modified.
User program: The instructions to be executed.
System Stack: Each process has one or more LIFO stacks associated with it.
Used to store parameters and calling addresses for procedure and system calls.
Process control Block (PCB): Info needed by the OS to control processes.
o Question 55. What Is The Translation Lookaside Buffer (tlb)?
Answer :
In a cached system, the base addresses of the last few referenced pages is
maintained in registers called the TLB that aids in faster lookup. TLB contains
those page-table entries that have been most recently used. Normally, each virtual
memory reference causes 2 physical memory accesses- one to fetch appropriate
page-table entry, and one to fetch the desired data. Using TLB in-between, this is
reduced to just one physical memory access in cases of TLB-hit.
o Question 56. What Is The Resident Set And Working Set Of A
Process?
Answer :
Resident set is that portion of the process image that is actually in real-memory at
a particular instant. Working set is that subset of resident set that is actually
needed for execution. (Relate this to the variable-window size method for
swapping techniques.)
o Question 57. When Is A System In Safe State?
Answer :
The set of dispatchable processes is in a safe state if there exists at least one
temporal order in which all processes can be run to completion without resulting
in a deadlock.
o Question 58. What Is Cycle Stealing?
Answer :
We encounter cycle stealing in the context of Direct Memory Access (DMA). Either
the DMA controller can use the data bus when the CPU does not need it, or it may
force the CPU to temporarily suspend operation. The latter technique is called
cycle stealing. Note that cycle stealing can be done only at specific break points in
an instruction cycle.
o Question 59. When Does The Condition 'rendezvous' Arise?
Answer :
In message passing, it is the condition in which, both, the sender and receiver are
blocked until the message is delivered.
o Question 60. What Is A Trap And Trapdoor?
Answer :
Trapdoor is a secret undocumented entry point into a program used to grant
access without normal methods of access authentication. A trap is a software
interrupt, usually the result of an error condition.