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Cellular Concept and System Design Fundamentals (Chapter 3)

The document discusses cellular network concepts and system design fundamentals. It defines cellular networks and explains how they work using lower power transmissions and frequency reuse to allow for increased network capacity. The document also describes different cell shapes used in cellular networks including square and hexagonal shapes. It defines frequency reuse and discusses different channel assignment strategies such as fixed and dynamic assignment. Finally, it analyzes methods for improving cellular network capacity including cell splitting, cell sectoring, and the microcell zone concept.

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373 views

Cellular Concept and System Design Fundamentals (Chapter 3)

The document discusses cellular network concepts and system design fundamentals. It defines cellular networks and explains how they work using lower power transmissions and frequency reuse to allow for increased network capacity. The document also describes different cell shapes used in cellular networks including square and hexagonal shapes. It defines frequency reuse and discusses different channel assignment strategies such as fixed and dynamic assignment. Finally, it analyzes methods for improving cellular network capacity including cell splitting, cell sectoring, and the microcell zone concept.

Uploaded by

WALEED
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment No: 04

Assignment Name: Cellular Concept and System Design Fundamentals (Chapter 3)

Question:

1- What is cellular system?


Ans:

Cellular network is an underlying technology for mobile phones, personal


communication systems, wireless networking etc. The technology is developed
for mobile radio telephone to replace high power transmitter/receiver systems.
Cellular networks use lower power, shorter range and more transmitters for data
transmission.

 Offer very high capacity in a limited spectrum.


 Reuse of radio channel in different cells.
 Enable a fixed number of channels to serve an arbitrarily large number of users
by reusing the channel throughout the coverage region.
 Communication is always between mobile and base station (not directly between
mobiles).
 Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio channels within a small
geographic area called a cell.
 Neighboring cells are assigned different channel groups.
 By limiting the coverage area to within the boundary of the cell, the channel
groups may be reused to cover different cells.
 Keep interference levels within tolerable limits.
 Frequency reuse or frequency planning.
 Organization of Wireless Cellular Network.

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Question:

2- Discuss different types of cell shapes


Ans:

Square:

A square cell has four neighbors at distance d and four at distance Root 2 d

 Better if all adjacent antennas equidistant


 Simplifies choosing and switching to new antenna

Hexagon:

A hexagon cell shape is highly recommended for its easy coverage and calculations. It
offers the following advantages −

 Provides equidistant antennas


 Distance from center to vertex equals length of side

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Question:
3- What does frequency reuse mean?

Ans:
Frequency reusing is the concept of using the same radio frequencies within a given
area, that are separated by considerable distance, with minimal interference, to
establish communication.
Frequency reuse offers the following benefits −

 Allows communications within cell on a given frequency


 Limits escaping power to adjacent cells
 Allows re-use of frequencies in nearby cells
 Uses same frequency for multiple conversations
 10 to 50 frequencies per cell
For example, when N cells are using the same number of frequencies and K be the
total number of frequencies used in systems. Then each cell frequency is calculated
by using the formulae K/N.
In Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS) when K = 395 and N = 7, then
frequencies per cell on an average will be 395/7 = 56. Here, cell frequency is 56.

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Question:
4- What are the channel assignment strategies?

Ans:

There are two channel assignment strategies in cellular system.

A. Fixed channel assignment:

1. In fixed channel assignment each cell is permanently allocated predetermined


group of channels. Any call attempt within cell can only be served by unused
channels in that particular cell.
2. If all channels are occupied, the call is blocked and subscriber does not
receive service.
3. Borrowing technique where a cell is allowed to borrow channels from a
neighbouring cell if all channels are already occupied is always used with this
type of strategy. Mobile Base station (MSC) monitors the function of base
station including borrowing ensuring that borrowing does not interfere with
any call in progress in donor cell.

B. Dynamic channel assignment:

1. In dynamic channel assignment strategy, voice channels are not allocated


permanently.
2. Entire pool of frequency channels lies with MSC and each time a call request
is made, the serving base station requests a channel from the MSC. Switch
then allocates a channel to the requested cell following a algorithm.
3. MSC allocates frequency channels on dynamic basis if that frequency
channel is not presently in use in the cell or any other cell which falls within
the minimum restricted distance of frequency reuse to avoid co-channel
interference.
4. It reduces chances of blocking which increases trunking capacity of system
as all available channels are accessible to all cells.
5. In this MSC has to collect real time data on channel occupancy, traffic
distribution, radio signal strength indication of all channels on continuous
basis, thus increasing the computational load on MSC.

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Question:

a. How to improve capacity of cellular system?

Ans:

A. Cell splitting:

1. Cell splitting is the process of sub dividing a congested cell into smaller
cells, each with its own base station and corresponding reduction in
antenna height and transmitted power.
2. Cell splitting increases capacity of a cellular system since it increases
number of times that channels are reused.
3. By defining new cells which have a smaller radius than the original cells
and by installing these smaller cells between existing cells, capacity
increases due to additional number of channels per unit cell area
4. In this D/R ratio is kept constant and entire system is rescaled.

B. Cell sectoring:

1. In cell sectoring a single omnidirectional antenna at base station is


replaced by several directional antennas, each radiating within a specified
sector.
2. By using directional antennas power is transmitted in single desired
direction decreasing number of interfering co-channel cells and co-
channel interference.
3. The technique for decreasing co-channel interference and thus increasing
system performance by using directional antennas is called sectoring.
4. The factor by which the co-channel interference is reduced depends on
the amount of sectoring used. A cell is normally partitioned into three
sectors.
5. When sectoring is employed, the channels used in a particular cell are
broken down into sectored groups and are used only within a particular
sector.
6. For cluster size 7, sectoring reduces co-channel cells from 6 to 2
for 12001200 sectoring and to 1 for 600600 sectoring.

Advantages

 Improvement in S/I ratio.


 Improvement in system capacity.

Disadvantages

 Increased number of antennas at base station.

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 Decrease in trunking efficiency due to channel sectoring at the base station.
 Increase in number of handoffs, since sectoring reduces the coverage area of
the particular group of frequencies.

C. Microcell zone concept:.

1. The increased number of hand off, increase load on the switching and control
link because of sectoring. A solution to this problem is given by microcell zone
concept
2. Large control base station is replaced by several lower power transmitters on
the age of cell.
3. The mobile retains the same channel and the base station simply switches
the channel to a different zone site and the mobile moves from zone to zone.
4. Since a given channel is active only in a particular zone in which mobile is
travelling, base station radiation is localized and interference is reduced.
5. The advantage of zone cell technique is that while the cell maintains a
particular coverage radius, co-channel interference in the cellular system is
reduced. As the large central base station is replaced by several lower power
transmitters on ages of cell. Decreased co-channel interference improves
signal quality leads to increase in capacity without degradation in trunking
efficiency caused by sectoring.

Advantages

 Decrease co-channel interference which leads to an improvement in signal


quality and also leads to an increase in capacity.
 No degradation of trunking efficiency.

Disadvantages

 More antennas are required.


 Base station need to be more sophisticated to handle transfer of call from one
zone to another zone within the cell.

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