Reading sering keluar

       With its radiant color and plantlike shape, the sea anemone looks more like a flower than an
animal. More specifically, the sea anemone is formed quite like the flower for which it is named,
with a body like a stem and tentacles like petals in brilliant shades of blue, green, pink, and red.
Its diameter varies from about six millimeters in some species to more than ninety centimeters in
the giant varieties of Australia. Like corals, hydras, and jellyfish, sea anemones are coelenterates.
They can move slowly, but more often they attach the lower part of their cylindrical bodies to
rocks, shells, or wharf pilings. 'The upper end of the sea anemone has a mouth surrounded by
tentacles that the animal uses to capture its food. Stinging cells in the tentacles throw out tiny
poison threads that paralyze other small sea  animals. The tentacles then drag this prey into the sea
anemone's mouth. The food is  digested in the large inner body cavity. When disturbed, a sea
anemone retracts its tentacles  and  shortens its body so that it resembles a lump on a rock.
Anemones may reproduce by forming eggs, dividing in half, or developing buds that grow and
break off as independent animals.

1. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?

(A) The varieties of ocean life
(B) The  characteristics of the sea anemone
(C) A comparison of land and sea anemones
(D) The defenses of coelenterates

2. The work "shape" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) length
(B) grace
(C) form
(D) nature

3. The author compares a sea anemone's tentacles to a flower's.

(A) stem
(B) petals
(C) leaves
(D) roots

4.It can be inferred from the passage that hydras

(A) were named after a flower
(B) are usually found in Australia
(C) prey on sea anemones
(D) are related to sea anemones
5. It can be inferred from the passage that sea anemones are usually found
(A) attached to stationary surfaces
(B) hidden inside cylindrical objects
(C) floating among underwater flowers
(D) searching for food

6. The word "capture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) catch
(B) control
(C) cover
(D) clean

7. The word "retracts" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) pulls back
(B) relaxes
(C) reproduces
(D) lifts up

8. According to the passage, when a sea anemone is bothered it

(A) hides under a rock
(B) alters its shape
(C) changes colors
(D) ejects a poisonous substance

9. The sea anemone reproduces by

(A) budding only
(B) forming eggs only
(C) budding or dividing only
(D) budding, forming eggs, or dividing

10. Based on the information in the passage, all of the following statements about sea
anemones are true EXCEPT that they
(A) are usually tiny
(B) have flexible bodies
(C) are related to jellyfish
(D) arc usually brightly colored

11. Where does the author mention the, sea anemone's food-gathering technique?
(A) Lines 1-2
(B) Lines 4-6
(C) Lines 7-10
(D) Lines 11-14

In 1915 a German scientist, Alfred Wegener, published a book that contained a bold new
hypothesis conceming Earth’s continents. According to Wegener, all the landmasses on Earth
were once united in a giant supercontinent. This primeval landmass, which he named Pangaea,
broke apart, forming the continents and oceans as we know them today.
Wegener's book was not translated into English until the end of the 1920s. By then,
Wegener's notion of continental drift-the fragmentation of Pangaea and the slow movement of the
resulting continents away Trom each other-was already a topic of hot debate in geological circles
in many parts of the world. An American geologist, F. B. Taylor, had written a long article in
support of continental drift. But most other geologists could not conceive of the possibility that
whole continents might be mobile, functioning like giant rafts.
Wegener had marshalled a good deal of circumstantial evidence: fossil plants and animals
from widely separated locales; climatic environments (as indicated by sedimentary rocks) unlike
those now prevailing and the remarkable fact that the coastlines of continents, especially those of
South America and Africa, can be made to fit so well with each other, suggesting that the
continents had once been actually joined together. Plausible as continental drift was to those who
believed this evidence, there was one major problem: the process or mechanism that causes
continents to mOve remained unexplained.
As sometimes happens when a new sCientific concept emerges, the hypothesis of
continental drit raliea to gain credibility among many geologists, in part because tne mecnanisms
proposed by Wegener himself, as well as others, were imgausiDle. wegener suggested that Earth's
gravitational force, wnicn s sgnuy weaker at the equator than elsewhere, was capable of graauay
ng tne continents apart. Taylor proposed that the continents have been steadily moving into the
gap thereby created. Such notions damaged the credibility of the entire continental drift
hypothesis. It was only in the 1950s, when scientists discovered that ocean floors move and
spread, that wegener’s theory gained general acceptance among geologists.

20. What does the passage mainly discuss ?

A. Wegener’s explanation of how oceans influence continental drift
B. Wegener’s theory of continental drift and how it was received by scientists
C. Geological theories that preceded Wegener’s theory of continental drift
D. Geological concepts developed by Wegener that gained immediate acceptance

21. The word “bold” in line 2 is closest in meaning to?

A. Convincing
B. daring
C. complex
D. attractive
22. The word “primeval” in line 4 is closest in meaning to ?
A. movable
B. very big
C. very ancient
D. assumed

23. According to the second paragraph, how did most geologists view Wegener’s theory by the
end of the 1920s ?
A. They found it extremely difficult to accept.
B. They knew little a bout it because Wegener’s book had not yet been translated
C. They considered it possible but waited for more evidence.
D. They agreed that continents move but rejected proposed explanations of how they move

24.The word “locales” in line 16 is closest in meaning to?

A. places
B. distances
C. forests
D. coasts

25.The third paragraph metions all of the following as evidence that Wegener offered for
continental drift EXCEPT ?
A. fossils of ancient plants and animals
B. sedimentary rocks indicating past climatic conditions
C. recorded observations of continental movement
D. the way in which the coastlines of continents fit together

26. it can be inferred from the passage that according to Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift,
the landmasses of South America and Africa ?
A. have always been separated from each other by an ocean
B. were once located next to each other in pangaea
C. were the first two continents to separate from pangaea
D. were once further away from each other than they are today

27. The word “implausible” in line 27 is closest in meaning to ?

A. unfamiliar
B. unproven
C. unnatural
D. unconvincing

28. According to the passage, what did Wegener think might be the cause of continental drift?
A. The movement of ocean currents against the coastline of Pangaea
B. The movement and spreading of ocean floors
C. A gap created when the Moon was torn from Earth
D. The different strength of Earth’s gravitational force at different locations

29 According to the passage, F.B Taylor disagreed with Wegener a bout which of the following?
A. Whe ther continents are in a constant state of slow movement
B. The past existence of a single supercontinent
C. Whe the pangaea broke up into separate continents
D. The mechanism or prosess that caused continents to move

Although the deep-sea anglerfish has been a subject of curiosityfor a long time, it is still very
much a mystery to scientists. This type of fish has escaped close scientific observation because it
lives deep at the bottom of the ocean. For this reason, scientists have not had manychances to
follow the anglerfish around in its natural environment. Furthemmore, because the anglerfish
inhabits the deep dark waters of the ocean, it cannot be examined in the same way that scientists
study many other fish in the laboratory. However, we do know some things about the anglerfish.
What we do know, we've gathered mainly from anglerfish that have gotten caught in the nets of
fishing boats.
The anglerfish comes in many shapes and sizes. Its length can range from about twenty
centimeters to over three meters. However, all anglerfish have a few things in common. They all
have a large head with small eyes and a huge mouth filled with sharp, see-through teeth. The
anglerfish attracts its food, usually other small sea animals, with a strange green glow given off by
a long rodlike outgrowth over its mouth. InIn the darkness of the deep sea, the anglerfish waves
the shining "rod" around until it catches the eye of another sea creature. When the curious creature
spots the glowing tip of the antenna, it cannot help but swim closer for a better look. Then, in a
split second, the creature is swallowed up and eaten by the anglerfish. In this way, the anglerfish
uses its antenna much like a fishing rod to lure prey to it. That is why it is callea an anglerTish-
because "angler" is just another word ior someone who fishes.
Although the anglerfish's abillity to Tish" using its rod is a unique one, it is nof the anglerfish
itself that produces the light which attracts other sea creatures. The green glowing light is
produced by a type of special bacteria called photobacteria. Scientists do not know exactly why
photobacteria collect on the tip of the anglerfish's antenna, but they thrive there. The large amount
of salt in the ocean's water allows them to survive and multiply. Although these green glowing
bactena cannot be seen in smal groups-that is, they are invisible in.smail groups-they reproduce
on the tip of the rod until there are so many of them that they glow brightly. By doing this, the
bacteria help the anglerish to survive in deep dark places near the ocean floor, places where very
tew creatures are well adapted to live.
30. What is the passage mainly a bout?
A. The unusual places where fish live
B. The unique features of an odd fish
C. Experiments scientists use to leam a bout fish
D. Modem fishing techniques

31. Why do scientists know so little a bout the deep- sea anglerfish?
A. it is not a fish that is eaten by humans.
B. it is a shy fish that hides from humans
C. it lives far below the surface of the ocean
D. it was believed to be an extinct species of fish

32. The word “gathered” in line 9 is closest in meaning to ?

A. made
B. placed
C. changed
D. learned

33. What is probably true about the size of the anglefish ?

A. its size varies greatly
B. its size helps it catch prey
C. its size is thb same as that of other deep-sea fish
D. its size is not known for certain

34. According to the second paragraph, which of the following is true of the way an anglerfish
catches its prey ?
A. it uses light to attract the attention of small sea animals
B. it uses the rod over its mouth to frighten away sea creatures
C. it uses the rod like antenna over its mouth to detect the presence of other sea animals
D. it uses bright light to prevent sea creatures from seeing clearly

35. The word “it” in line 19 refers to ?

A. the sea creature
B. the antenna
C. the green glow
D. the deep-sea anglerfish

36. Why does the author mention a fishing rod ?

A. to help describe the flexibillty of the anglerfish’s antenna
B. To show how scientists catch anglerfish
C. To emphasize that the anglerfish’s antenna glows
D. To explain how the anglerfish gets its name

37. In saying in line 25 that anglerfish have a unique ability, the author means that
A. their ability to fish with a rod is an ability that no other fish has
B. their ability to fish with a rod is very helpful to them
C. they fish very well
D. they fish very often

38. The word “thrive” in line 30 is closest in meaning to ?

A. move slowly
B. grow quickly
C. Line up
D. curl up

39. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about photobacteria?
A. they collect on the anglerfish’s antenna in order to hide from predators
B. They produce different colors of light depending on how deep in the ocean they are.
C. They need salt in order to live and reproduce
D. They prefer to live in small groups

40. According to the last paragraph, whe do photobacteria glow brightly?

A. When they are excited
B. When they are in large groups
C. After they have eaten
D. After they are fully grown

Inspiration for the themes in inuit art is intimatelty tied to personal experience of the Canadian
Arctic land and its animals, camp and family life, hunting, spirituality, and mythology. In telling
the story of their people through this wide array of subjects, Inuit artist have created an almost
encyclopedic visual catalog of traditional (and to a lesser extent transitional and modern) inuit
cultuer.
Animals play a vital role in the everday lives of inuit, and only in the past few decades has the
people’s absolute dependence on them lessened. Not too long ago, procuring food and other
necessities depended solely on successful hunts, which in turn depended upon proper preparation
and luck, in addition to the strict observance of taboos and respect for the soul of the soul of the
prey. As a consequence, animals constitute the prime inspiration for many inuit artist, particularly
in sculpture.
Based on yers of observing and tracking prey, inuit wildlife art shows a keen awareness of the
physical characteristics, habits, and seasonal changes in animals. Some artists display a high
degree of naturalistic detail, but others prefer to exaggerate certain physical attributes for effect.
In general, while most inuit artist strive for a realistic presentation, they seem more concerned
with capturing the essence of an animal’s spirit.
Animals may be portrayed singly, in small groups, or in scenes tha involve both hunter and
prey. Pictorial arts often show the chase, whict sculptures focus more on the final confrontation of
hunter and prey, ofter with considerable drama. The hunter may be human or one of the gree.
Arctic predators such as the polar bear, owl, hawk, or wolf.
Scenes of everyday life, which include camp scenes, games, and entertainment, are common
to all forms of inuit art, and traditional activities are far more prevalent than modern aspects of
inuit community life. Camp-related themes mostly portray women engaged in demostic tasks such
as sewing clothes or preparing food and skins. Games and contest involve both individuals and
the community, and drum dancing is a from of entertainment that also has considerable spiritual
significance.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss ?

A. Everyday life in the Canadian rctic
B. The importance of mythology in inuit life
C. The subjecys of inuit art
D. The value of inuit art

2. The word “intimately” in line 1 is closest in meaning to?

A. Carefully
B. Presumably
C. Closely
D. Formally

3. According to the first paragraph, which of the following is a true description of inuit art?
A. It presents a nearly complete picture of inuit life.
B. It covers one aspect of inuit life thoroughly
C. It focuses mainly on scenes of inuit camp and family life
D. It is the main way inuit myths are passed from one generation to another
4. The word “adsolute” in line 8 is closest in meaning to
A. predictable
B. Total
C. traditional
D. necessary

5. According to the second paragraph, which of the following is most likely to be the subject of an
inuit sculptue ?
A. Observance of taboos
B. Inuit life in the past few decades
C. Preparation for a hunt
D. An Animal

6. The word “tracking” in line 15 is closest in meaning to

A. capturing
B tricking
C following
D studying

7. The word “exaggerate” in line 18 is closest in meaning to

A eliminate
B represent
C decorate
D enlarge

8. The phrase “strive for” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

A. try to achieve
B. enjoy
C. imitate
D. believe in

10. According to the fifth paragraph, which of the following types of activities would be LEAST
likely to be represented in inuit art ?
A. Women sewing clothes
B. Modern activities
C. Community games
D. drum dancing

9. According to the third paragraph, which of the following is the primary concern of most inuit
artists ?
A. Depicting seasonal changes in animals
B. Demonstrating accurate naturalistic detail
C. Exaggering a characteristics for dramatic effect
D. Revealing the essence of their subject’s spirit

11. The major subject of the passage is

A. The effects of glaciers
B. the domestication of crops
C. genetic variants of cultivated crops
D. eating habits of the earliest humans

12. The word “ them” in line 6 refers to

A. forests
B. Eurasia and North america
C grassland
D large animals

13. The word “dwindled” in line 6 is closest in meaning to

A. decreased
B. doubled
C. differed
D. dominated

14 The word “secure” in line 10 is closest in meaning to

A. Important
B. Fresh
C. Attractive
D. Dependable
15. the word “deliberate” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
A. reported
B. intentional
C. regular
D successful

16. it can be inferred from the second paragraph that by accidentally spilling grains near their
campsites, early humans most likely leamed
A. how to cultivate crops
B.
C. how to increase their crop yields
D. how to combine seeds to create a superior type of grain

17. The word “initiated” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

A. learned
B. evaluated
C. begun
D repeated

18 According to the third paragraph what advantage do cultivated wheat species have over wild
wheat species?
A. Cultivated wheat stalks produce larger seeds that are easier to plant
B. Cultivated wheat stalks hold seeds so they can be gathered and replanted
C. Cultivated wheat stalks produce more seeds
D. Cultivated wheat stalks help scatter seeds as they
19 It can be inferred that the cultivated crop plant becomes “more and more dependent on the
humans who cultivate it” (line 33 – 34) because?
A. Its stalk needs to be streng thened
B. It needs to be protected from cold
C. It needs to be planted on grasslands
Its seeds need to be scattered

Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human
knowledge. For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans
had anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone
Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of pre-industrial societies that
still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. This is
logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even for other plants. They
have always been enormously important to the welfare of peoples, not only for food, but also for
clothing, weapons, tools, dyes: medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes. Tribes living
today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many
properties of each. To them botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a
special branch of "Knowledge at all.
Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from
direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone
comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to
recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East
about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted
for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was
taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops.
From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a
few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild –
and the accumulated knowledge' of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with
plants in the wild would begin to fade away.

1. Which of the following assumptions about early humans is expressed in the passage?
(A) They probably had extensive knowledge of plants.
(B) They thought there was no need to cultivate crops.
(C) They did not enjoy the study of botany.
(D) They placed great importance on the ownership of property.

2. What does the comment "This is logical" in line 6 mean?

(A) There is no clear way to determine the extent of our ancestor’s knowledge of plants.
(B) It is not surprising that early humans had a detailed knowledge of plants.
(C) It is reasonable to assume that our ancestors behaved very much like people in
preindustrial societies.
(D) Human knowledge of plants is well organized and very detailed.

3. According to the passage, why has general knowledge of botany begun to fade?
(A) People no longer value plants as a useful resource.
(B) Botany is not recognized as a special branch of science.
(C) Research is unable to keep up with the increasing numbers of plants.
(D) Direct contact with a variety of plants has decreased.

4. In line 16, what is the author’s purpose in mentioning "a rose, an apple, or an orchid"?
(A) To make the passage more poetic
(B) To cite examples of plants that are attractive
(C) To give botanical examples that all readers will recognize
(D) To illustrate the diversity of botanical life

5. According to the passage, what was the first great step toward the practice of agriculture?
(A) The invention of agricultural implements and machinery
(B) The development of a system of names for plants
(C) The discovery of grasses that could be harvested and replanted
(D) The changing diets of early humans

6. The relationship between botany and agriculture is similar to the relationship between zoology
(the study of animals) and
(A) deer hunting (B) bird watching
(C) sheep raising (D) horseback riding

7. In which lines in the passage does the author describe the beneficial properties that plants have
for humans?
(A) Lines 1-2 (B) Lines 7-9
(C) Lines 11-12 (D) Lines 14-16