Survey Research.

It is used to gather information from groups of people by

Lesson 1.3 Kinds of Quantitative Research
selecting and studying samples chosen from population.it may be done in various
ways like face-to-face, phone, mail, and online. A survey research may be cross-
OBJECTIVES
sectional if the information is collected from a sample in just single point of time
The students are expected to: just like the child-rearing practices of single parents, and population practices of
1. explain each of the kinds of quantitative research unmarried couples. A survey research is considered longitudinal if the researcher
2. classify the statements on kinds of quantitative research collects information on the same subjects over a period of time, sometimes lasting
whether it is true or false many years in order to study the changes through the years. Longitudinal survey
3. complete the Flower Diagram in summarizing the learning on is utilized, for example, to determine the growth of rice yield in the country and the
the kinds of quantitative research rate of promotion of doctorate degree holders five years after earning the degree.

Causal Comparative Research. It is also known as ex post facto (after the fact)
LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS! research. This kind of research derives conclusion from observations and
manifestation that already occurred in the past and now compared to some
The kind of research is dependent on the researcher’s aim in conducting dependent variables. It discusses why and how a phenomenon occurs. For
the study and the extent to which the findings will be used. The following are the example, a researcher is interested in how weight influences stress coping level of
various kinds of quantitative research that a researcher may employ.
adults. Here, the subjects would be separated into different group (underweight,
normal weight, over weight) and their stress-coping levels measured. This is an ex
Kinds of Quantitative Research
post facto design because pre-existing characteristic (weight) was used to form
the groups.
Descriptive Research. This design is concerned with describing the nature,
characteristics and components of the population or a phenomenon. This design
Experimental Research. This research utilizes scientific method to test cause-
attempts to find general attributes of the presently existing situation and determine and-effect relationships under conditions controlled by the researcher. In this case
the frequency with which it occurs. Descriptive research is used if, for example the an effort is made to determine and impose control over all other variables except
research wants to know how many hours senior high school spend in social one. An independent variable is manipulated to determine the effects on the
media, the number of malnourished students who failed in the achievement test, dependent variables. For instance, a teacher would like to know if a new teaching
and how healthy is the food served during the recess in the public school. strategy is effective or not so he/she teaches one section using the new strategy
and teaches another comparable section without the new strategy, then an
Correlational Research. It is a systematic investigation of the nature of achievement test was given to the two sections. The manipulated independent
relationship, or associations between among variables without necessarily variable is the new teaching strategy which is being tested if it has an effect on the
investigating into causal reasons underlying them. It is also concerned with the dependent variable which is the achievement of the students. Notice that the
extent of relationships that exists between or among the variables. For example, if sections are comparable with one another meaning all other variables are
pre-board examination results can be used to predict performance in the controlled by the teacher.
Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET), then the higher the pre-board grade,
the most likely be the score in the LET. Correlational research is employed if you Source: Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano H. B. (2017). Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS) (pp 3-4). Cubao, Quezon
City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
like to know, for example, if the following factors are related to each other: sex and
mathematical ability, marriage and cancer recovery, occupation and life span.

Evaluation Research. It aims to assess the effects and impacts or outcomes of

practices, policies and programs. Assessing of nursing care in a hospital and
determining the impact of new treatment procedure for patients are examples of
evaluation research.

Page | 12
programs.
IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK! 4. Evaluation research is concerned with describing the nature,
characteristics and components of the population or a
Answer the following questions briefly and comprehensively using your own phenomenon.
words. 5. Correlational research is concerned with the extent of relationships
that exists between or among the variables.
6. Survey research is used to gather information from groups of
What is descriptive research?
people by selecting and studying samples chosen from population.
7. Experimental research manipulates an independent variable to
determine the effects on the dependent variables.
8. Descriptive research systematically investigates the nature of
What is correlational research? relationship, or associations between among variables without
necessarily investigating into causal reasons underlying them.
9. Experimental research design used pre-existing characteristic to
form groups.
10. Descriptive research design utilizes scientific method to test cause-
What is evaluation research? and-effect relationships under conditions controlled by the
researcher.

What is survey research? When can we consider that a survey research is cross CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK.
sectional? Longitudinal survey?

Summarize the kinds of quantitative research by accomplishing the

flower diagram below.

What is causal comparative research? The Kinds of Quantitative Research

What is experimental research?

YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!

True or False. Write True if the statement is correct, and False if it is
incorrect.
1. Experimental research attempts to find general attributes of the
presently existing situation and determine the frequency with which
it occurs.
2. Survey research derives conclusion from observations and
manifestation that already occurred in the past and now compared
to some dependent variables.
3. Causal comparative research design is concerned in assessing the
effects and impacts or outcomes of practices, policies and

Page | 12
LET’S TEST YOUR BRAIN! REMEMBER THIS IS RECORDED
BY YOUR TEACHER… OOOPS NO PRESSURE! Lesson 2
Name:
The Importance of Quantitative

Page | 12
Date:
Section: _Score:
Research Across Fields
Identify the kind of quantitative being described in each of the following OBJECTIVES
scenario. Choose the letter of your answer from the choices inside the box.
a) descriptive d) survey The students are expected to:
b) correlational e) causal comparative 1. illustrate the importance of quantitative research in different
c) evaluation f) experimental areas of discipline
2. classify research topics to what discipline it contributes
1. The researcher aims to determine the degree of the relationship of 3. complete the Field Matrix in summarizing the learning on the
height to the job applicants’ self esteem. importance of research across fields

2. The researcher aims to determine the impact of K-12 curriculum to LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS!
the employment readiness of senior high school graduates.

3. The researcher aims to know how frequent do the teenagers smoke The Importance of Quantitative Research
in a week
In the area of Technical Vocational Livelihood (TVL), researchers can
4. The researcher wants to determine how gender affects leadership
help design or discover a new product or service figuring out what is needed and
performances of SK chairmen of Pasig City. He selects groups of
participants of different gender and compares its leadership ensure that the development of a product is highly targeted towards demand.
performance. Farmers can also utilize research results to guarantees sufficient distribution of
their products and also utilize research results to guarantee sufficient
5. The researcher wants to determine the academic achievement of distribution of their products and decide where you need to increase yield of
the children in rural areas of Pasig City. crops and their product distribution. Conducting researches can also help a
farmers determine whether now is the proper time to plan new crops and discover
6. The researcher wants to determine the effect of ICT if implemented
in the students’ participation in the classroom. He compares the new products. It may also help a small farming business decide if a procedure or
students’ participation of two groups (one group with ICT, one group strategy should be changed to meet the requirements the target market.
without ICT).
In the field of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
The researcher wants to determine the waste management of the (STEM), medical practitioners, for example, conduct researches to obtain
7. employees in SM Megamall. information about disease trends and risks factors, results of various health
interventions, patterns of care and health care cost and use. The different
The researcher wants to investigate how time schedule affect the
approaches to research provide complementary insights. Researchers help in
8. academic achievement of students in Mathematics. He selects 3
determining the effectiveness and even side effect of drugs and therapies in
groups of students taking the Mathematics in different time.
different populations and various. It is also necessary in evaluating experiences in
The researcher wants to investigate the relationship of socio clinical practice in order to develop mechanisms for best practices and to ensure
9. economic status and academic performance of the STEM students. high-quality patient care. Researches in this field ultimately aim for man’s
10. The researcher aims to enhance students’ class participation by longevity. As for engineers, architects, and other builders, research helps in
employing positive discipline providing designs which are creative, conveniently beautiful and at the same time
give more convenience and efficiency as they utilize modern technology to adapt
the ever changing society. New materials and procedures may be developed so
as to further strengthen the structural materials that can withstand various
Parent’s Signature: Date: calamities and disasters.

Page | 12
In the discipline of Humanities and Social sciences, research aims to YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
provide solutions to the social problems directly felt by people. Researchers in this
The following are research topics. Identify the field where such research
field deal more on societal behaviors and social issues such as stress, worker
topics can make contribution. Write TVL if it contributes to Home Technology,
ethics, organizational commitment, leadership style and child labor, teenage
Agri-fishery Arts, STEM if you consider it helpful in the field of Science,
pregnancy, human trafficking, to drug addiction and other forms of criminality.
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, and HUMSS if it contributes to
Social science researches lead to the understanding of social interactions that
Humanities, and Social Sciences.
may lead to the formulation of new theories and practices that can contribute to
societal development and welfare.
1. adultery
As a whole, research can help us understand and assess the things and
2. building designs which are more convenient and
occurrences around us. It provides us the rationale and justifications for one’s
decisions and actions. It gives us the opportunity to discover various means of efficient
3. Cyber bullying
identifying problems, find ways of dealing with life’s challenges and to come up
with innovative materials and mechanism that can improve the quality of life. 4. decision to increase product distribution
Source: Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano H. B. (2017). Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS) (pp 4-6). Cubao, Quezon
5. depression
City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
6. development of structural materials that can
withstand various calamities and disasters.
IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK! 7. effectiveness and side effect of certain drugs
8. procedure or strategy to meet the requirements of the
Answer the following questions briefly and comprehensively using your
customers
own words.
9. risks factors of certain disease
10. sufficient distribution of products
What are the benefits does research provide in the area of Technical Vocational
Livelihood (TVL)?

CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK.

Summarize the importance of quantitative research across fields by

How does research become beneficial in the field of Science, Technology, accomplishing the Chart matrix below.
Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)?
The Importance of Quantitative Research across Fields

In the field of In the field of In the field of

TVL STEM HUMSS
How does research help people in the field of Humanities and Social Sciences
(HUMSS)?

How does research help the people in the field of Technical Vocational
Livelihood?

Page | 12
Lesson 3
LET’S TEST YOUR BRAIN! REMEMBER THIS IS RECORDED
BY YOUR TEACHER… OOOPS NO PRESSURE!
The Nature of Variables
Name: Date: Lesson 3.1 Variables and Its Types
Section: Score: OBJECTIVES
Illustrate on the box below the importance of Quantitative The students are expected to:
Research across fields by making an info graphics. 1. discuss the variable and its types
2. categorize the variables according to its type
3. complete the Square Matrix in summarizing the learning on
variables of quantitative research

LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS!

A variable is a central concept in research. It is measurable characteristic

that changes in value. It may vary from one group to another group, one person to
another or even with the same person over time.
A variable is anything that may assume varied numerical or categorical
values. For instance, sex is a variable, it may be male or female but it would not
be applicable as a variable if the setting is an exclusive school for girls. Socio
economic status is a variable; it may range from zero to billion pesos. Educational
attainment of parents is another variable, it may be from did not attend school to
post-doctorate degree.

Types of Variables

The two types of variables are continuous and discrete variables.

Continuous variable. A variable that can take infinite number on the

value that can occur within a population. Its values can be divided into fractions.
Examples of this type of variables include age, height, and temperature.
Discrete variable. Known as categorical or classificatory variable, on the
other hand, is any variable that has limited number of distinct values and which
cannot be divided into fractions such as sex, blood group, and number of children.

Types of Continuous Variables

Continuous variables can either be interval variable or ratio variable.

Interval variable is a measurement where the difference between two
values does have meaning such as temperature, age, exam result, grades and
Date:
'Parent’s Signature: etc.

Page | 12
Ratio variable possesses the properties of interval variable and has a
YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
clear definition of zero indication that there is none of that variable such as height,
weight and distance.
On the space before the number, write I if the variable is Interval, N if
Types of Discrete Variables nominal, R if Ratio and O if ordinal.
Discrete variables can either be nominal variable or ordinal variable.
Nominal variable is a variable with no quantitative value. It has two or 1. Body temperature in Celsius
more categories but does not imply ordering of cases like eye color, business 2. Citizenship
type, religion, sex (dichotomous). 3. Cups of rice consumed in a day
Ordinal variable is a variable that has two or more categories which can 4. Distance travel in an hour
be ranked like educational attainment using coding; elementary = 1 , high school = 5. Emotion
2, college undergraduate = 3, college graduate = 4 and graduate studies = 5 6. Fast food chain
7. Strand taken
Source: Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano H. B. (2017). Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS) (pp
6-7). Cubao, Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc. 8. Grade in Physical Education
9. Score in short quiz
10. Year level
IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK!

Answer the following questions briefly and comprehensively using your own CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK.
words.
What is variable? Summarize the types of variables by accomplishing the Square Matrix
below.

The Types of Variables

What are the two types of variables? Discuss each.

Interval Variable Nominal Variable

What are the types of continuous variables? Discuss each.

Ratio Variable Ordinal Variable

What are the types of discrete variables? Discuss each.

Page | 12
LET’S TEST YOUR BRAIN! REMEMBER THIS IS RECORDED
Lesson 3.2 Dependent and Independent Variables
BY YOUR TEACHER… OOOPS NO PRESSURE!
OBJECTIVES
Name: Date: The students are expected to:
Section: Score: 1. discuss the dependent and independent variables
2. locate the dependent and independent on research topics
Given the choices below, classify what type of variable are the following. 3. complete the Venn Diagram showing the similarities and
Write the letter of your answer on the space provided. differences of dependent and independent variable

A. Interval
B. Nominal LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS!
C. Ratio
D. Ordinal
Dependent and Independent Variables
Dependent variable also called as outcome variable; it is a result or
1. Age as of January 2019
effect of the changes brought about by another variable
2. Brand of shampoo
Independent variable. The cause variable or the responsible for the
3. College Course conditions that act on something else to bring about changes
4. Gender
In a certain study, a group of students was subjected to aroma therapy
5. Hair color
using essential oils while reading, and another group with normal conditions, then
6. Internet Usage in a day
after a month both groups took a reading comprehension test. In this case, the
7. Music Genre
reading comprehension test score is the dependent variable and exposure to
8. Number of Years in Service aroma therapy is the independent variable. This is because the test score is
9. Occupation dependent on whether or not the student was exposed to aroma therapy. The
independent variable exposure to aroma therapy is independent variable because
10. Periodical test score
it is something that brought about the change.
Source: Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano H. B. (2017). Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS) (pp
7-8). Cubao, Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.

Parent’s Signature: Date:

IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK!

Answer the following questions briefly and comprehensively using your own
words.

What is dependent variable?

Page | 12
LET’S TEST YOUR BRAIN! REMEMBER THIS IS RECORDED BY
YOUR TEACHER… OOOPS NO PRESSURE!
What is independent variable?
Name: Date:
Section: Score:
Supply the information needed below.
Research Topic Independent Variable Dependent Variable
YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
1. The relationship of Parents’
Educational Background to the
Classify the each of the underlined variables whether it is Independent Academic Performance of the
or Dependent of the following research topics. Write your answer on the space
Elementary Students
provided.
2. The influence of texting in
1. Developing critical thinking with the use of logical thinking decreasing the students’
grammatical competence
Independent:
Dependent:
3. The impact of Koreanovelas on
2. Effectiveness of Exposing Classical Music on Consumer’sBehavior.
Independent: the Filipino value system
Dependent: 4. The relationship of corrupt
3. Impact of ICT on Student Achievement in Accounting practices and the resignation of
Independent:
the employees
Dependent:
4. Increasing Reading Interest through Paired Reading. 5. The use of Eco Brick Project in
Independent: Waste Management Performance
Dependent: of HUMSS students
5. The collaborative learning in increasing communicative competence
Independent: 6. Time spent studying and its
Dependent: effects the test scores of TVL
students
CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK 7. Relationship between disposable
income and location amongst
Using the Venn diagram, show the similarities and differences of
young adults
dependent and independent Variable
8. Salary and job satisfaction among
Independent Dependent
Greenwoods residents
9. Number of hours invest in the
gym to the body built of the male
employees
10. The skin color and the self-
esteem of the Facebook users

Parent’s Signature: Date:

Page | 12
SUMMARY SHOW US WHAT YOU’VE GOT!
ANSWER THIS UNIT TEST.
Quantitative research has seven characteristics which include: (1) objective -
impartial, unbiased and neutral type of research; (2) Clearly defined questions – definite
questions like what, which, how much, and the like are asked and collected); (3) structured
research instruments – this type of research surveys, questionnaires, software in collecting Name: Date:
data from participants; (4) numerical data – this uses numbers and statistical treatment
which produce
replication - highunbiased
reliability results; (5) large
of the study sample stability
to determine size –toand
represents the population
consistency; (6)
and (7) future Section: Score:
outcomes - new concepts and further studies can be formulated by using calculations.
Modified True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is correct but if it is false,
Quantitative type of research is beneficial to researchers in some ways. Since it is
numerical, the researcher maintains its objectiveness in interpreting data. With the use of
change the underlined word or group of words to make the whole statement true.
statistical techniques, data become easy to analyse and interpret even it requires large (1 point each)
sample size. Additionally, it is replicable, thus, ensures high reliability of results. However,
quantitative research can be burden somehow to its researcher specifically on the number of 1. Dependent variable is a variable in
sample which requires the researcher to become financially and physically capable to handle research that causes a change especially
on other variables.
expenses in reaching out participants and
reproducing instrument. Moreover, the fact that

quantitative
research uses
structured
instruments,
the participants
are limited in
expressing
further information specially to sensitive topics, and
are most likely to make fun guessing the
answers.
There are 6 kinds of quantitative
research the researcher may utilize.
(1)
Descriptive Research which focuses on
describing the nature, characteristics and
components of
the population
or a
phenomenon.
(2)
Correlational
Research is a
systematic
investigation of
the nature of
relationship, or
associations
between
among
variables
without having
investigation
into causal
reasons
underlying
them. (3)
Evaluation
Research is used to assess the effects and impacts
or outcomes of practices, policies and
programs. (4)
Survey Page | 12
Research where researcher gathers information from groups of people by selecting and 2. Continuous variables can either be nominal
studying samples chosen from population done in various ways like face-to-face, phone, variable or ordinal variable.
mail, and online. A survey research may be cross-sectional and longitudinal survey. (5) 3. Nominal variable is any variable that has
Causal Comparative Research (also known as ex post facto/after the fact research) limited number of distinct values and which
derives conclusion from observations and manifestation that already occurred in the past cannot be divided into fractions.
and now compared to some dependent variables. It discusses why and
how a phenomenon occurs. (6) Experimental Research utilizes scientific method to test
4. Researchers in the field of Science,
cause-and-effect relationships under conditions controlled by the researcher. Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
(STEM) deal more on societal behaviors
Quantitative research is beneficial across fields. It can help people understand and and social issues.
assess the things and occurrences around them. It provides them the rationale and 5. In the area of Humanities and Social
justifications for decisions and actions they may do. It leads the people to discover various
Sciences, researchers can help design a
means of identifying problems, finding ways of dealing with challenges and coming up with
innovative materials and mechanism that can improve the quality of lives. new product or service figuring out what is
needed and ensure that the development
A variable is measurable characteristic that changes in value. It may vary from one of a product is highly targeted towards
group to another group, one person to another or even with the same person over time. The demand.
two types of variables are continuous (a variable that can take infinite number on the value
6. Correlational Research is also known as ex
that can occur within a population) and discrete variables (categorical or classificatory
variable, any variable that has limited number of distinct values).Continuous variables can post facto (after the fact) research.
either be interval variable (a measurement where the difference between two values does 7. Evaluation Research aims to assess the
have meaning) or ratio variable (has a clear definition of zero indication that there is none of effects and impacts or outcomes of
that variable). On the other hand, discrete variables can either be nominal variable (does practices, policies and programs.
not imply ordering of cases) or ordinal variable (can be ranked). 8. In descriptive research, the researcher
In research, variables can be dependent variable (also called as outcome
manipulates the independent variables to
variable; it is a result or effect of the changes brought about by another variable) and determine its effects on the dependent
independent variable (the cause variable or the responsible for the conditions that act on variables.
something else to bring about changes). 9. Data are normally gathered using
structured research tools such as
questionnaires to collect measurable
characteristics of the population
10. Information are difficult to gather using
structured research instruments specifically
sensitive issues like pre-marital sex,
domestic violence, among others.

Page | 12
Classification. Classify the following variables whether it is Interval, Nominal, 23. Neri did not based his study on guess work
Ratio or Ordinal. Write your answer on the space provided before the number. (1 24. Roger wants to ensure the correctness and verify the
findings of different but reliable already conducted study.
point each) 25. Roel used survey forms in collecting data for his study.
11. Civil status For 26 -30 Kinds of Quantitative Research
12. Milktea flavor D. Survey Research
A. Descriptive Research E. Causal Comparative
13. Mobile data consumed in a day B. Correlational Research F. Experimental
14. Room temperature in Fahrenheit C. Evaluation/Assessment Research

15. year level in college

26. Eric assesses the food sanitation in a fast food chain.
Identification. Each of the underlined word/phrase is variable. Indicate whether it 27. Mr. Cruz is interested in determining how age influences
is dependent or independent. Write DV if you consider it dependent variable, and maturity level of call center agents. He separated
IV if you consider it independent variable participants into different age group (25 and below, 26-40,
41 and above) and their maturity levels measured.
16. Effects of k-12 curriculum on professional 28. Ms. Guzman would like to know if music therapy is effective
growth of academic track students or not in the academic performance of high school students
17. Gender and leadership performance of so she teaches one section using music therapy and
school administrators in Makati City teaches another comparable section without music.
18. How does parents’employmentstatus 29. Ms. Lorenzo wants to know how many fresh education
influence the academic performance of graduates failed the Licensure Examination for Teachers.
elementary students 30. Tomy would like to know if family background and life span
19. The effect of climate on classroom are related to each other.
attendance of Home Economics students
20. Time spent playing online games
of the high school students and its
effect on the their academic
performance

Multiple Choice. Given the choices in the box, identify the word/phrase
being described on each of the statement/situation below. Write your
e provided before the number. answer on the space
31. You have to look on respondents who are unserious in
answering the questionnaire
For 21 -25 Characteristics of Quantitative Research
32. You have to use questionnaire in gathering data about
domestic violence.
A. Objective. E. Large Sample sizes. 33. You have to use numerical data in analysing and interpreting
B. Clearly defined Research F. Replication. data.
Questions. G. Future Outcomes. 34. You have to use large number of participants in conducting
C. Structured Research the study.
Instruments 35. You have to spend more money and time in reaching out
D. Numerical Data. respondents and reproducing questionnaires.

Page | 12
For 31 -35 Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

A. Strength
B. Weakness

21. In order to arrive at more reliable data analysis, Maine used

standardized number of participants to represent the
population.
22. Mario presented his data in the form statistics

Page | 12
Sketch. Make a sketch showing the importance of quantitative research across fields. (5 points)

Parent’s Signature: Date: _____________