HIGH-PASS FILTER

+ 20dB/decade High-pass Filter (1st order High-pass Filter)

High-pas Filter has
positive slope

Tips: Interchange ‘R’ and ‘C’ of a Low-pass Filter and convert it

same order High-pass Filter. Example: see 1st order low-pass filter
+ 40dB/decade High-pass Filter (2nd order High-pass Filter)

Design 1
+ 40dB/decade High-pass Filter (2nd order High-pass Filter)
Design 2 (another solution) Better Design R2 = R1/2

Rf = R 1

+V
-V
7
2 4
C1 = C C2 = C 301
6
Vo
3
8
1

Vi R1 30 pF

C2

Rf = 2R

+V
-V
7
2 4
R1 = R 6
R2 = R 301 Vo
3
8
1
C1
Vi 30 pF

- 40dB/decade Lowpass Filter

+ 60dB/decade High-pass Filter (3rd order High-pass Filter)
Design 1 Better Design
R2 = R1/2

Rf2 = R3
Rf1 = R1

+V
+V -V
-V 7
2 4
7
2 C3 = C 6
4
301 Vo
C1 = C C2 = C 6 3
301 8
3
1
8
1
Vo1 R3 30 pF

Vi R1 30 pF
+ 60dB/decade High-pass Filter (3rd order High-pass Filter)
Design 2 (another solution)
+ 100dB/decade High-pass Filter (5th order High-pass Filter)
Design 1: Better Design

The Blocks can be interchanged as cascaded

+ 100dB/decade High-pass Filter (5th order High-pass Filter)
Design 2 (another solution)
+ 120dB/decade High-pass Filter (6th order High-pass Filter)
Cut-off Frequency of Low-pass Filter
- 20 dB/decade Low-pass Filter

- 60dB/decade Low-pass Filter

- 40dB/decade Low-pass Filter

Cut-off Frequency of High-pass Filter

+ 20dB/decade High-pass Filter + 60dB/decade High-pass Filter

+40 dB/decade High-pass Filter

Design of Filters

• Ex.1 Design procedure of a -40 dB/decade Low-pass

filter

1. Choose the cutoff freq, ωc or fc

2. Choose C1 between 100pF to 0.1uF
3. Calculate R using the equation
4. Calculate C2 =2C1
5. Find Rf =2R

• Ex.2 Design procedure of a + 60 dB/decade High-pass filter

1. Choose the cutoff freq, ωc or fc

2. Choose C1 = C2 = C3 = C between 100pF to 0.1uF
3. Calculate R using the equation
4. Calculate 1
R3 
c C
5. Select R1 = 2R3 and R2 = R3/2
6. Find Rf1 = R1 and Rf2 = R3
BAND-PASS FILTER
Wide-band (Q≤0.5) Narrow band (Q>0.5)

Quality factor/ Selectivity, Q = resonant freq, fr /Bandwidth, B

Bandwidth
The range of freq between fL and fH is called Bandwidth

The resonant Frequency is given by

The center frequency is given by, fC = (fL+fH)/2

The relation among B, fr, fL and fH is given by

A Wideband Band-pass Filter

f
fCL
A
fCL > fCH

f
fCH
A

f
fL fH
Wideband Band-pass Filter

Low-pass Filter High-pass Filter

Input Output

1. Lower cut-off freq,fL will be determined by High-pass filter cut-off freq, fcH

2. Higher cut-off freq,fH will be determined by Low-pass filter cut-off freq, fcL

3. Gain will be maximum at resonant freq, fr and equal to the passband. Gain
of with filter (as both the filter must have same passband gain)

4. Low-pass filter cut-off frequency must be higher than High-pass filter

cut-off frequency (10 times or more)
40 dB/decade Band-pass Filter
Design a 40dB/decade Band-pass Filter with Q=0.3; fc1=300Hz and
fc2=3000Hz
Narrow band (Q>0.5)

This is a unity gain

narrowband filter, maximum
gain is 1 at resonant
frequency, fr with feedback
resistance 2R where input
resistance is R

By adjusting Rr, one can

change the resonant
frequency without changing
the bandwidth or gain
where

The resonant frequency fr is determined by Rr according to

The resonant frequency is calculated from

BAND-REJECT/BAND-STOP//NOTCH
A
FILTER

fCL f
A
fCL < fCH

f
fCH
A

f
fL fH
BAND-REJECT/BAND-STOP FILTER

Low-pass Filter

Adder/
Input
Summar Output

High-pass Filter
60 dB/decade Band-stop/ Band-reject Filter
A= V0/Ei

f
fL fH
Ei

f
A

f
fL fH
NOTCH FILTER (Band-reject Filter)

Notch Filter, transmit freq in the pass-band and rejects undesired

freq in the stop-band (Narrow stop band)
Inverter V0