Daffodil International University

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

EEE 458, Power System Protection Laboratory
Experiment No: 01

Name of the Experiment: Study of under frequency over frequency

protection.

Theory: Due to faulty Governor of Prime mover or over load, line frequency to be change. In
this reason, specially connected motor and inductive load can be damage. Excepting fixed
frequency range, under frequency over frequency protection module isolate the load and save
them. Under frequency over frequency protection module’s relay allow to connect load only the
allowed able range of frequency.

Apparatus:

1. Power supply

2. DC Motor/Generator

3. Synchronous Motor/Generator

4. DC voltmeter 3 nos.

5. Under frequency over frequency protection module

DC Motor/Generator Synchronous Motor/Generator

0-220V DC

220V DC Under frequency over frequency

protection Module
V

FIGURE -1
Procedure :

1. Connect the circuit shown in figure -1.

2. Turn on the power supply.

3. Set the prime mover speed near about 1500 rpm.

4. Gradually increase the rotor excitation that the terminal voltage of the alternator near
about 400 volts (L-L).

5. Set the shunt field rheostat of the prime mover at it minimum position for minimum
speed.

6. Gradually increase the prime mover speed by varying the shunt field rheostat.

7. Measure and record the speed when the line on.

8. Again the increase the prime mover speed up to line cut off.

9. Measure and record the alternator speed.

10. Decrease the prime mover speed by varying the shunt field rheostat up to line on again.

11. Measure and record the alternator speed.

12. Decrease the prime mover speed up to line cut off.

13. Measure and record the speed. (This cut off for under frequency).

Calculate the range of line on frequency and cut off frequency by using the formula

NP
f = --------
120
Where, f = frequency of the generated voltage
N = revolution / min
P = Number of pole
Daffodil International University
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 458, Power System Protection Laboratory
Experiment No: 02

Name of the Experiment: Study of Alternator synchronization with phase

sequence protector.

Theory : A vital condition of alternator synchronization is bus-bar phase sequence and incoming
alternator phase sequence must be same. If both phase sequence are not be same there would be
occur a mechanical damage. If both phase sequence may not be same the module do not supply
the power to output side of the module. The module also maintain a particular phase sequence
(ABC). If the phase sequence of both side are not ABC sequence the module do not allow to
energies it magnetic contact.

Apparatus:

1. Power supply

2. DC Motor/Generator

3. Synchronous Motor/Generator

4. AC voltmeter

5. Synchronizing module
0-220V DC

220V DC
Bus bar Phase sequence Alternator
side maintaining module side
L1
V V
L2

L3

Synchronizing
Module

FIGURE -2

Procedure :

1. Set the circuit shown in figure (2).

2. Turn on the power supply. (If the indication lamp of the bus-bar side do not on, the
sequence is not ABC sequence. In that case turn off the power supply and inter change
two terminals and again turn on the power supply).

3. Set the prime mover (DC Motor) speed near about 1500 rpm.

4. Gradually increase the Generator excitation that the terminal voltage is equal to bus-bar
voltage. ( if the indication lamp of the alternator side do not on decrease the excitation of
the alternator at it minimum position by varying voltage control knob of the power
supply and inter change two terminals and gradually increase the excitation that the
terminal voltage is equal to bus-bar voltage).

5. Gradually tune the prime mover speed that the three lamps are stable in dark condition.

6. Finally adjust the terminal voltage of the alternator by varying excitation.

7. Close the switch of the synchronizing module.

Daffodil International University
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 458, Power System Protection Laboratory
Experiment No: 03

Name of the Experiment: Study of operation of Auto-re-closer.

Theory : Cause of any temporary fault of over head transmission line, the auto re-closer module
re-connect the line with source automatically after remove the fault. when any fault occur in over
head line the circuit breaker break the circuit instantly. Auto re-closer try to reclose the circuit
after reclosing duration. If further it found faulty starts, auto re-closer break the line again. After
setting numbers of trying if it found previous status continuing the auto re-closer will be shut
down permanently.

Apparatus:

1. Power supply

2. Auto reclosing module

B
R
E
230V AC A
K
E
R

FIGURE -3

Procedure :

1. Set the circuit shown in figure (3).

2. Set the duration of re-closing timer 10-20 seconds.

3. Decide the time of re-closing (3-10)

4. Set the shut down time as following duration of re-closing times of re-closing + 1 second.
5. Turn on the power supply.

6. Turn on the Auto re-closer breaker.

7. Wait for re-closing duration to get power in load lamp.

8. Create a short circuit by closing switch S.

9. Wait for shut down time. Write down what happened cause of permanently shut down,
the siren can be

10. Turn off the Auto re-closer breaker and switch S.

11. Repeat the procedure 6, 7 and 8.

12. Being Failure to start the line in first time then the switch ‘S’ turn off.

13. Note not happened.

14. Record the time from off the switch ‘S’ to closing the time

15. Again being failure to start the line in second time then the switch ‘S’ turn off.

16. Note what happened and record the closing time.

Daffodil International University
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 458, Power System Protection Laboratory
Experiment No: 04

Name of the Experiment: Study of Transformer over heat protection by

using thermal sensor.

Theory: Due to over load, short circuit or any other abnormal condition Transformer oil will be
over heated. Transformer over heat protection module’s thermo couple set in the conservator
which can sense the temperature of transformer oil. If oil temperature exited the set temperature,
Transformer over heat protection module isolates the load side.

Apparatus:

1. Power supply

2. Lamp board (load)

3. Transformer over heat protection module

Transformer over heat protection module

B
R
E
220V AC A LOAD
K
E
R

FIGURE -4
Procedure :

1. Connect the circuit shown in figure (4).

2. Set the cut off temperature in thermo sensor (more than ambient temperature).

3. Connect a load near about 100 watts.

4. Turn on the power supply.

5. Turn on the breaker of the Transformer over heat protection module.

6. Push the push button switch.

7. Increase the temperature of thermo couple by rubbing or any other way.

8. Observe and record what happened when temperature exit the cut-off temperature.

9. Again the increase the prime mover speed up to line cut off.

10. Measure and record the alternator speed.

11. Decrease the prime mover speed by varying the shunt field rheostat up to line on again.

12. Measure and record the alternator speed.

13. Decrease the prime mover speed up to line cut off.

14. Measure and record the speed. (This cut off for under frequency).
Daffodil International University
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 458, Power System Protection Laboratory
Experiment No: 05

Name of the Experiment: Study of Microprocessor Controlled Power Factor

Improvement (PFI) Plant
Introduction:
For fixed power and voltage, the load current is inversely proportional to the power factor.
Lower the power factor, higher the load current and vice-versa. At lower power factor the KVA
rating of the equipment has to be increased, making the equipment larger and expensive.
Moreover, if an amount of power is distributed at low power factor line losses increases and
also to cater for greater current conductor size has to be increased Therefore, low power factor
is not allowed in supply systems.

The low power factor is mainly due to the fact that most of the industrial loads are inductive
and therefore take lagging currents. In order to improve the power factor, some devices taking
lagging current should be connected in parallel with the load. One of such device could be
capacitance. In this experiment, study will be made on a PFI plant controlled by a
microprocessor activated relay where capacitor bank switches are turned ON or OFF according
to the power factor such that nearly unity power factor is achieved.

Features of the microprocessor controller:

The reactive and active portions of power are continuously calculated within the control relay
using the measured value of the supply voltage and current.

In the case of lagging power factor one or more control contacts of the control relay are closed
after an adjustable time delay.

This causes the controller to switch capacitor in steps, as and when required, in order to
achieve the programmed target power factor. If the inductive reactive current portion of the
load is reduced, the excess of reactive current causes the capacitors to be switched off. The
control relay allows a variety of possible settings to meet the condition on site.

Procedure:
1. Connect the load with the PFI plant and arrange the supply for the combination.Examine
the wiring inside the PFI plant. Also notice the connections of the microprocessor relay. Draw
the connection diagram of the complete set-up.
2. Vary the load and observe the switching of the capacitors. Also notice the overall power
factor.
Connection Diagram:

L 1

L 2 M ic r o p r o s s o r C o n t r o lle d
U n it
L 3
C T
L 2 L 3
M C -1 M C -2 M C -3 C o m m o n

3 Pase C B

Fuse
Fuse

C T
R a tio - 2 :1

M e g n a tic C = 1 7 .5 M fd
C o n tru c to r

M C .C o il-1

M e g n a tic C = 3 5 M fd
C o n tru c to r

M C .C o il-2

M e g n a tic C = 5 2 .5 M fd
C o n tru c to r

M C .C o il-3

V a r ia b le
In d u c tiv e lo a d
(L )

(R )
F ix e d R e s is tiv e M ic r o p r o c e s s o r C o n t o r lle d P o w e r
Load
F a c t o r Im p r o v e m e n t P la n t ( P F I)

3. For each set of load, take reading of the load currents, overall power factor, serial no. of
capacitor switched on according to the format below.
Resistive current:

Inductive current:

Total current:

Observation Total Current PF ( COS) Ind/Cap -C/+C Indicator Lamp

no
(Load )

#1 #2 #3
4. Manual operation:

auto
Press the ____ button to switch to the manual mode. The “man” LED would
man

Iw
Iw
start to blink. Press the or the -- buttons for at least 10 seconds to
+

auto
increase or decrease system capacitance. Press the button again to switch to
man
automatic operation mode.

Report:

1. Explain the connection diagram.

2. Explain the operation of PFI plant.
3. An industry has a maximum load of 200KVA. The minimum load of the
industry is half of its rated load. It is assumed that the reactive power
requirement of the industry is 40% of its KVA demand. A -P based PFI- plant
provide with a fixed base compensation together with variable
compensation. The targeted power factor is 0.95. You have a 6-step
switching module to switch on/off the capacitances. Design the switching
sequences and the KVAR steps for optimum pf control. What would be the
worst scenario with this system.