Grammar reference and practice

■ X V \ - f.C .

W.1 be W.2 Possessive adjectives

Affirmative Subject pronoun Possessive adjective
1 'm (= am) 1 my
We /You / They Ye (=are) at home. you your
H e /S h e /It 's (= is) he his
Negative she her

'm not it its

1
(= am not) we our
're n o t/are n't at home. they their
W e/Y ou/T hey
(= are not)
H e /S h e /It isn't (= is not) We use possessive adjectives to show who possesses
something.
Questions and short answers
This is my bag.
Yes, 1am. He's in their house.
Am 1
No, I'm not.
Yes, you are. 1 C o m p lete th e sen te n ces w ith th e correct p o sse ssive
Are we / you / they at home? ad je ctives.
No, we aren't.
Yes, he is. 1 We are from England. Our home is in London.
Is h e /s h e /it 2 He is from France.............................. home is in Paris.
No, she isn't.
3 They are from Germany.............................. home is
in Berlin.
1 C o m p lete th e sen te n ces w ith first th e affirm ative
4 She is from Spain. home is in
fo rm and th en th e n e gative fo rm o f th e ve rb be.
Madrid.
1 She's a student. She isn't a teacher.
5 You are from Italy...............................home is in
2 They............................. big. They.............................. Rome.
small. 6 I am from Poland...............................home is in
3 We hot. We cold. Warsaw.
4 It a good school. It
............................. a bad school.
5 My m other............................. in the garden. My W.3 ■ this, that, these, those
m other............................. in the house.
6 I .............................fifteen. I .............................. Singular
eighteen, □

2 W rite q u e stio n s and sh o rt answ ers.

this box
1 you/English? □ that box
Are you English?
Plural
Yes,.....la m
2 the girl / happy? □ □ □

No,................. these boxes

3 they / sixteen? □ □ □ those boxes

Yes,.................... We use this and these for things and people that are near
4 w e /in London? to us.
We use that and those for things and people that aren't
No,.................... very near
5 you / my friend?
C h o o se th e co rrect w ords.
No,............................. 1 (fh]|)/These girl is my sister.
6 the boy / your brother? 2 That/Those houses are very big.
3 Is th is /th e s e dog your dog?
Yes, 4 Are this / these books from the library?
5 That/Those chair is red.
6 That/Those desks are small.

112 G ram m ar reference and practice

y

. ʌ .t'. / /

W.4 have got W.5 Object pronouns

A ffirm ative S u b je ct pron ou n O b je c t pron ou n

1 1 me
We you you
've (= have) got
You he him
They a new phone.
she her
He
it it
She 's {= have) got
It we us

N egative they them

1
1 Rew rite th e sentences. R e p la ce th e w o rd s in italics
We
haven't (= have not) got w ith o b je ct pron ou ns.
You
They 1 I like the boy. I like him
a cat.
2 She's got my bag.........................................................
He
3 I haven't got your books..............................................
She hasn't (= has not) got
4 Jude likes me and my friends.......................................
It
5 We are with the girl.....................................................
Q u e stio n s and sh o rt answ ers
1 Yes, 1have.
we No, we haven't. W.6 Articles: a / an and the
Have
you
got a a I an
they
brother? Yes, he has. We use a with singular nouns when the next word starts
he
No, she hasn't. with a consonant sound (b, c, d, f, etc.):
Has she
it
a ball, a desk, a tree
We use an with singular nouns when the next word
starts with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u):
1 C o m p lete th e sen te n ces w ith th e co rrect form o f
an apple, an insect
have got.
We use a / an with singular nouns when:
1 ✓ He ... hasgot.. short hair and blue eyes. we mention something for the first time.
2 ? A: Have you ..... got...... a computer? There is a house near my school,
B: Yes, I have we describe a person or thing.
3 X We a dog. We've got an old doq.
4 X My parents.................................. a can She's a tall, slim younq woman now.
5 ? A: ...................................Anna.......................... we say what someone's jo b is.
a new bag? Her mother is a doctor.
B: No, she....................................
6 ✓ I three sisters. th e
7 ✓ My school 600 students. We use the before singular and plural nouns when:
8 X Tom a dictionary. we refer to something that was mentioned before.
I've got a new computer and a new phone. I like the
2 M atch th e sentence halves.
computer but I don't like the phone.
1 Have you got a there is only one o f something
2 She's got a lot of I'm at the park. (There is only one park.)
3 The town's got a
4 They haven't got a 1 C h o o se th e co rrect w ords.
5 I've got two sisters, 1 They've got(a)/ an new house and a new car
A/The car is red.
a great shopping centre, 2 We’re at a / t h e cinema.
b a brother and a cat. 3 Has she got a / an brother?
c homework tonight, 4 Ihere's a / the computer club and a / the music club
d new laptop for homework? at our school. A /The computer club is on Mondays.
e big house, but it's nice. 5 He’s a / an old man and he's got a / an big dog.
6 We've got a / an maths exam tomorrow.

G ram m ar reference and practice 113

Grammar reference and practice
am tm W 's.K.

1.1 Present simple affirmative 2 Rew rite th e sentences from exercise 1 in the negative.

and negative 1 My mother doesn't, go............ to work by bus.

2 I ...................................................................... at school.
Affirmative 3 My school day............................................ at 3.30 p.m.
I 4 Piotr............................................................... a big car.
We 5 She to her cousin every month.
watch TV
You 6 They...................................................... their friends at
They every evening. the weekend.
7 W e......................................................... romantic films.
He
8 My friends...................................... in the town centre.
She watches TV
It
3 C o m p lete th e sentences w ith th e prese n t sim ple
Negative form o f th e verbs in brackets.
I 1 I ....................get up (get up) at six o'clock.
We 2 My father (not/m ake) breakfast
don't (= do not) watch TV
You on Saturday mornings.
They every evening 3 Stella (start) school at half
He past eight.
She doesn't (= does not) watch TV 4 W e....................................... (watch) films after dinner.
It 5 Your friends........................................ (not / like) pizza.
6 You (not / go) to the gym at
Spelling rules: third person singular the weekend.
Most verbs: add -s 7 Dan (have) a shower every day.
Verbs ending in -s, -sh, -ch, -o, -x: add -es 8 My cat (sleep) 14 hours a day.
Verbs ending in consonant + -y: change -y to -ies
The verb to have: change have to has
1.2 Present simple questions
Negative and short answers
We make the negative form w ith do and does + n't (= not) +
verb. We don't add -s to the verb. Yes / No questions and short answers
Yes, I do.
Use Do I / we / you / they
No, I don't.
We use the present simple to talk about: teach English?
Yes, he does.
habits and everyday routines. We often use time Does h e /s h e /it
No, he doesn’t.
expressions such as everyday, all the time, In the morning,
in summer, on Sundays, at weekends etc.
Y e s /n o questions
I get up at six o'clock every morning.
Yes/ n o questions always expect the answer yes or no.
Mikhail doesn't play football on Saturdays.
We form yes /n o questions in the present simple with
■ facts and general truths.
Do / Does + subject + verb.
The temperature changes a lot outside the space station.
NOTE: We always put a question mark (?) at the end of
The Rresident of the USA lives in the White House,
a question.
states. Some verbs that describe states are believe, hate,
know, like, love, need, prefer, understand, want.
Short answers
I don't like Spanish food. We make short answers with Yes + subject + do/does or
Sarah knows my grandmother. No + subject + don't! doesn't.

1 Choose the correct words. Match questions 1-6 to answers a-f.

1 My mother go /(^oe|)to work by bus. 1 Do you know that girl? 0
2 I study / studies French and German at school.
2 Does your brother go swimming before school? LH
3 My school day finish / finishes at 3.30 p.m.
3 Do they know the answer to the question?
4 Piotr have/has a big can
4 Does Anna play football at the weekend?
5 She w rite / writes to her cousin every month.
5 Does your dog like cats?
6 They meet / meets their friends at the weekend. 6 Do we have this CD? LH
7 We love/loves romantic films.
8 My friends live / lives in the town centre.
a Yes, she does. d No, we don't,
b No, it doesn't. e Yes, I do.
c No, he doesn't. f Yes, they do.

114 G ram m ar reference and practice

. ʌ .i'. / /

2 W rite ye s / no q u e stio n s. T h en w rite sh o rt answ ers. 5 answer / what / this / is / question / to / the / ?

1 you / like / sport

6 family / h o w / in / people / are / your / many/ ?
Do you like sport?..................................................
✓ Yes, l do,............................................................
2 your frie n d /liv e /in London
2.1 Adverbs of frequency
✓ ....................................................
3 your parents/get u p /b e fo re you 100% always
I usually normally
X .........................................................
I often frequently
4 W illia m /rid e /h is b ik e /to school 50% M y
sometimes
✓ ................................................... not often occasionally rarely
5 we / have / a maths lesson today 0% never

X .................................................................... Use
6 Eloise / listen / to music / every evening We use adverbs o f frequency to describe how often we do
something.
X ......................................................... A: How often do you see your cousins?
B: I usually see them at weekends. I never see them during
the week.
1.3 W/j- question words
Wh- questions ask for specific information. Word order
Word Information Adverbs of frequency usually come:
Where places before the main verb.
What things My parents often make pizza on Friday nights.
When time R-achel always has a shower in the morninq.
Who people after the verb be.
How old age He is never late.
How many number They are usually at drama club on Wednesdays.

1 C h o o se q u e stio n w o rd s to co m p le te th e q u e stio n s. The following adverbs can also come at the beginning of
the sentence:
1 Where /(ffi/herjido you get up in the morning?
usually, sometimes,
2 W hat/W he re does your uncle work?
Usually l sit at this desk.
3 W h a t/W h y is your name?
Sometimes we go swimming on Wednesday afternoons.
4 W h o/W here lives in this house?
5 How m a n y /H o w old is your brother?
1 Put th e w o rd s a n d p h rases in th e co rrect o rd e r to
6 How many / How old students are there in your class?
m ake sentences. In so m e cases, m ore th an one
a n sw e r is p o ssible .
2 M atch th e a n sw e rs to th e q u e stio n s in exe rcise 3.
1 sometimes / play tennis / you / after school
1 There are thirty-six. 0
You sometimes play tennis after school,
2 At my school. □
2 before breakfast / we / train / for tw o hours / always
3 At 6.30 a.m. □
4 My friend, Katie. □
3 never / Sarah / her text messages / reads
5 He's fifteen. □
6 Tom. □ 4 go cycling/occasionally/Ahm ed and Natalie /a fte r
work
3 Pu t th e w o rd s in th e co rrect o rd e r to m ake
wh- q u e stio n s.
5 bored / at the weekend / I'm / often
1 your / when / birthday / is / mother's / ?
When is your mother's birthday? 6 rarely / my cousins / on Sundays / are / at the sports
2 house / is / how / your/ old / ? centre

3 Iive/Tessa /d o e s /W h e re / ?

4 teacher / your / who / favourite / is / ?

G ram m ar reference and practice 115

Grammar reference and practice
■ X V \ - f.C .

2 C o m p lete th e answ ers to th e qu estio n s. Use the 1 C h o o se th e co rrect o ption s.

a d ve rb s in brackets. 1 Can they hear the music?
1 How often do you buy magazines? (not often) a Yes, they can't. C IT no, they canT>
I don't often buy magazines, c No, they don't.
2 How often does your sister go to the cinema? (never) 2 Can she speak French?
My sister........................................................................ a Yes, she can. b Yes, she is.
3 How often do you play football in the park? (sometimes) c No, she doesn’t.
I ...................................................................................... 3 Can you see the whiteboard?
4 How often are you late for school? (usually) a Yes, 1am. b Yes, 1can. c No, can't 1.
4 Can David play the violin?
5 How often do your parents drive to work? a No, he can't. b Yes, he does, c Yes, it is.
(occasionally) 5 Can Olga and Tanya read?
My parents..................................................................... a Yes, they are. b Yes, they can.
6 How often does your dog sleep on your bed? (always) c No, they don't.
My d o g .......................................................................... 6 Can you swim?
a Yes, 1swim. b Yes, 1am. c No, 1can't.

2.2 can/can't for ability 2 C o m p lete th e sentences a b o u t Jim a n d Kath using

in fo rm a tio n fro m th e chart.
Affirmative
Jim & Kath Abi
1
You fly a plane X ✓
H e /S h e /It can play the piano. do karate ✓ X
We play the drums ✓ X
They
sing X ✓
Negative
make a cake ✓ X
1 speak Spanish ✓ ✓
You
can't
H e /S h e /It ride a bicycle.
(= cannot) 1 Jim and K a th ...................can't, fly.................. a plane.
We
2 They.................................................. karate.
They
3 They................................................................... drums.
Questions and short answers 4 They.......................................................................sing.
1 5 They.................................................................. a cake.
you 6 They................................................................ Spanish.
Yes, 1can.
Can h e / s h e /it speak Italian?
No, she can't. 3 S tu d y th e ch a rt in Exercise 2 a g a in . W rite q u e stio n s
we
and sh o rt answ ers a b o u t Abi.
they
1 Can Abi fly a plane?
Form Yes, she can,............................................................
To form the affirmative we use can + infinitive 2 ........................ she...................................karate?
without to.
NOTE: We do not add -s after can in the third person. 3 ........................ she...................................the drums?
He can jump. NOT He cans jump.
To form the negative we use can't (= cannot) + infinitive 4 .......................she................................... ?
without to.
She can't hear you. 5 s he................................a cake?
.

To form questions we use Can + subject + infinitive

without to. 6 she ....................... Spanish?
Ean they swim?

Use
We use can/can't to talk about ability.
I can ride a bicycle but I can't ride a horse,
dan Fred run fast?

116 G ram m ar reference and practice

2.3 Adverbs of manner 3 Put th e w o rd s in th e co rrect o rde r to m ake
sentences.
Form
We usually form adverbs o f manner by adding -ly to the 1 the / plays / beautifully / flute / Kate / really
adjective.
quiet —> quietly 2 speaks /teacher /v e ry /o u r /lo u d ly
loud —> loudly
Adjectives ending in -y. change -y to -ily. 3 t e s ts /d o /1 /q u ite /in /w e ll
noisy —» noisily
happy —> happily 4 very / the / trains / volleyball / hard / team
There are some common irregular forms,
fast —> fast good —> well 5 eat/q u ickly/re a lly/1 /b re a kfa st
hard —> hard late —» late

Use
We use adverbs o f manner to describe how someone does 3.1 there is / there are with some,
something. any and a /an
He plays the piano well.
A ffirm ative
She speaks quietly.
We use There is + a / an before singular nouns.
There is a book on the table.
Word order
There is an apple in my bag.
Adverbs o f manner usually come:
We use There are + some before plural nouns.
after the main verb.
She runs fast. There are some posters on the wall.
We can also use There are + a number (e.g. one, two,
after the object of the sentence, if there is one.
three) before plural nouns.
I learn new languages quickly.
There are five desks in the classroom.
Kylie plays the piano beautifully.
Negative
M odifiers
We use There isn't (= is not) + a /a n before
We often use modifiers, for example: very, really, quite,
singular nouns.
a bit to give more information about adverbs of manner.
My friends play football really well. There isn't a cup on the table.
He plays the guitar quite loudly. There isn't an orange in my bag.
We use There aren't (= are not) + any before plural nouns.
1 C o m p lete th e sen te n ces u sin g th e a d v e rb s below. There aren't any pens on the desk.
■ fasti quietly■ easily well slowly badly Questions and short answers
1 You're speaking too quietly , I can't hear you! We use Is th e re + a /a n before singular nouns.
2 He's an amazing musician. He can play the drums Is there a computer in your classroom?
very........................ Yes, there is. / No, there isn't.
3 She wins all the races. She can run really..................... We use Are there + any before plural nouns.
4 Our team always loses. We play really....................... ! Are there any plants in your garden?
5 I love maths. It's not difficult. I can usually do my Yes, there are. / No, there aren't.
homework q u ite ........................
6 Grandpa can ride a bike, but he's not very fast. He 1 C o m p lete th e sentences w ith There is o r There are.
usually rides very........................ 1 There .are fifteen students in the
science club.
2 W rite se n te n ces w ith a d v e rb s o f m anner. 2 a table in their kitchen.
1 H a rry/sw im /g o o d . 3 ...............a TV in my bedroom.
Harry swims well,...................................................... 4 some clothes shops
2 I/p la y tennis/bad. in your town.
5 ............. tw o bathrooms in
3 T h e y /p la y /th e piano/slow. our house.
6 .............................................................. five children on
4 We / usually / finish / our homework / quick. the beach.

5 Dad / sometimes / shouts / angry / at our dog.

6 Your little brother / plays / very / noisy.

G ram m ar reference and practice 117

Grammar reference and practice
■ X V \ - f.C .

2 C h o o se th e co rrect w ords. 2 C o rre ct th e sen te n ces b y a d d in g apo stro p h es.

1 Are there(anyy a good hotels in this town? 1 Sophie's brother lives in France.
Yes, there is/are. 2 My childrens room is very messy.
2 There isn't any / an armchair in my living room. 3 This is my friends new song. They are in a band.
3 Are / Is there a washbasin in your room? 4 I've got one cat. The cats bed is under the table.
Yes /N o , there isn't. 5 A: Are those bikes Tims?
4 There are some / any bottles in the fridge. B: Yes, they are. He's got five bikes!
5 There are / aren't any cupboards in my kitchen. 6 My sisters daughters name is Alice.
6 There is /a re a spider on the wall!

3 W rite q u e stio n s w ith Is there a / a n ... o r Are there 3.3 ■Possessive pronouns and
a n y __ T h en w rite sh o rt answ ers. whose
1 stairs/in Mary's house? We use possessive pronouns to show possession.
Are there any sfairs in Mary's house?
✓ Yes,, there are,..................................................... S u b je ct Possessive Po ssessive
2 arm chair/in your room? pron ou n ad je ctive pron ou n
I my mine
X ...................................... you your yours
3 b in /in your classroom?
he his his
she her hers
✓ ......................................
4 curtains / a t the window? it its -
we our ours
X .................................... their
they theirs
5 university/in your town?
We use possessive adjectives before a noun.
✓
It's my bag.
They are our books.
The TV is in her bedroom.
3.2 ■ Possessive's
We use possessive pronouns to replace nouns.
We use's to show possession.
It's mine. They're ours. It's hers.
Add's to a singular noun.
We use the question word whose to ask about
The boy has got a dog. This is the boy's doq.
possession.
The girl has got two cats. These are the girl's cats.
A: Whose desk is this?
Add 'to a plural noun which ends in -s.
B: It's mine.
The girls have got a computer. A: Whose pens are these?
This is the girls' computer. B: They're yours.
Add's to irregular plural nouns which don't end in -s.
The children have got a ball. This is the children's ball. REMEMBER: We always put a question mark (?) at the end of
a question.
REMEMBER: We also use's in contracted forms of is and has.
John's got a sofa in his bedroom. The sofa's very small. 1 C h o o se th e co rrect p o sse ssive pron ou ns.
(= John has got a sofa in his bedroom. The sofa is very small.)
1 Bob, is this guitar........... yours.............?
1 C o m p lete th e sentences w ith p o sse ssiv e 's o r s'. a theirs b yours c his
2 This is my cousins' house. It’s
1 Tanya has got a blue bag. This is Tanya's...... blue bag.
a ours b theirs c hers
2 My friend has got a big house.This is my friend...........
3 These are Jim's books. They're not mine, they're
big house.
3 My parents have got a car. This is my parent car.
a his b ours c mine
4 Mrs White has got some plants in her garden. These
4 This is my bag. Where is ..................................?
are Mrs White plants.
a yours b ours c mine
5 The men have got sandwiches for lunch. These are
5 A: Whose shoes are these?
the men........... sandwiches.
B: They're not yours. They're my sister's. They're
6 The classroom has got fifteen desks. These are the
classroom........... desks.
a hers b his c yours
7 The students have got new books. These are the
6 My brother and I have got this new computer.
student books.
It's....................................
8 The people have got a new president. This is the
a mine b hers c ours
people...........new president.

G ram m ar reference and practice

2 C h o o se th e co rrect w ords. Spelling rules: - in g form
1 A: Whose are these sandwiches? Are they her /(fe r|k Most regular verbs: add -ing.
B: No, they aren't h e r/h e rs sandwiches. They're Verbs ending in -e: remove -e and add -ing.
our /ours. Verbs ending -ie: change -ie to -ying.
2 A: Why is your / yours bag on my / mine desk? Short verbs ending consonant + vowel + consonant:
B: That isn't your / yours desk. It's my / mine. double the final consonant and add -ing.
3 This purse is your / yours but the money inside it is
Use
o u r/o u rs.
We use the present continuous to talk about:
4 A: Whose house is this? Is it your / yours
actions that are happening at the time of speaking,
grandparents'house?
often with expressions such as at the moment and now.
B: No, it isn't their / theirs. It’s my / mine
What are you doing? - I'm watching TV.
cousins' house.
She's doing her homework at the moment,
5 A: I can't find my / mine dictionary. Can I use
actions that are happening around now, but perhaps
your / yours?
not at the moment of speaking.
B: Sorry, my / mine is at home.
I'm travelling around Australia. (I'm not travelling right
6 Your / Yours bedroom is big, but her / hers is small.
now.)
3 C o m p lete th e sen te n ces w ith th e correct We're studying English at university. (We're not studying
p o sse ssive pron ou ns. at the moment.)

1 I don't like my new phone, but Anna loves hers 1 C o m p lete th e sen te n ces w ith th e present
2 We haven't got our homework, but those students co n tin u o u s form o f th e ve rb s in brackets.
have got ...............
1 I'm sitting (sit) on the sofa and watching... (watch)
3 A: Whose is this present?
TV at the moment.
B: It's for me and my brother. It’s ..................................
2 My parents........................................ (prepare) dinner.
4 Have you got a bluejacket? Is this bluejacket
? 3 A: (you / look) at me?
B: Yes, I ............................................................... at you.
5 A: Is this Tom's picture?
4 She (n o t/talk) on the phone,
B: No, it isn't....................................
she...................................................................... (sleep).
6 A: Are these your clothes, Amy?
5 We (learn) about rivers in
B: Yes,they're ..........
geography this term.
6 A: (yourbrother/listen)
4.1 Present continuous to the radio?
B: No, he........................................................................
Affirmative and negative
2 W rite sen te n ces a b o u t w h a t is h a p p e n in g now.
'm (= am)
'm not (= am not) 1 A y o u /e a t/b re a k fa s t/a t the moment?
Are youeating breakfast at ..the.moment.?.
He
's (= is) B No/1 /re a d /th e newspaper.
She
isn't (= is not) eating breakfast. No, I'm not. fm reading the newspaper,......................
It
2 My d o g /c h a s e /a cat in the garden.
We
're (= are)
You 3 We / take / photographs / of tigers / at London Zoo.
aren't (= are not)
They
Questions and short answers 4 The foxes /d ig / a hole in the ground.
Yes, 1am.
Am 1 5 The hungry w olves/look fo r/fo o d .
No, I'm not.
he
Yes, he is. 6 I / not d o / my homework./1 /d rin k / a cup o f tea.
Is she eating
No, he isn't.
it breakfast?
7 She / listen / to some m u sic/a t the moment.
we
Yes, we are.
Are you 8 W hy/ you / laugh?
No, we aren't.
they

G ram m ar reference and practice 119

Grammar reference and practice
■ X V \ - f.C .

3 C o m p lete th e sentences w ith th e ve rb s in brackets. 3 C o m p lete th e sentences w ith th e prese n t sim p le or

T h en m atch q u e stio n s 1 -4 to a n sw e rs a -d . present co n tin u o u s form o f th e v e rb s in brackets.
1 ....................... h e .................................... (chat) online? 1 She usually..... drinks..... (drink) tea in the morning,
2 .......... yo u ....................................(download) but today she's...having...... (have) some orange juice.
some music? 2 I ................................... (not/ride) my bike to school in
3 .......................she.................................... (do) the mornings. I usually..........................(take) the bus.
housework? 3 A:............................... she..................................(swim)
4 ....................... th e y ....................................(enjoy) their at the moment?
holiday? B: No, she...................... ....................She never
. (go) swimming before lunch.
a Yes, she is. She's doing the ironing, 4 W e................................. ............. (not / study) in the
b No he isn't. He's doing his homework, classroom today. W e... ............................ (visit)
c Yes, I am. I'm buying a new album, a farm on a school trip.
d No, they're not. It's raining! 5 A :..........................you usually...........................(meet)
up with friends at the weekend?
B: Yes, 1.......................... ......... But today, 1
4.2 Present simple or present ............(stay) at home.
continuous 6 My friends..................... ......................... (work) in the
We use the present simple to talk about: library today.
■ general truths 7 A: W hat......................... ..................... (you / do) after
habits and routines school on Mondays?
B: 1usually.................... ....................(go) to the park.
We often use frequency expressions, e.g. sometimes, never, 8 Thev............................... ............... (watch) a areat film
every week, once a month with the present simple. on TV at the moment.

We use the present continuous to talk about:

activities that are happening now.
5.1 Countable and uncountable
temporary situations. nouns
We often use expressions like right now and at the moment
Countable nouns
with the present continuous. Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form.
We use o / an with the singular form and some /a n y with
1 Read th e se n te n ces and d e cid e if th e y are present the plural form.
simple (PS) or present continuous (PC). I eat an apple every day.
1 I never go to bed before 10 p.m. I've qot some apples in my bag.
2 I'm not getting up now. I'm staying in bed I haven't got any apples in my bag.
for a bit longer. LH
Uncountable nouns
3 We’re playing cricket in the park at the moment. LU
4 We usually play football after school on Uncountable nouns only have a singular form.
Wednesdays. We don't use a /a n with an uncountable noun. We only
5 She isn't talking to me. LH use som e/any or no article.
6 She doesn't talk very much. I think she’s quite shy. L There is no plural form o f uncountable nouns.
7 Giraffes don't eat meat. I eat some bread every day.
8 The giraffes are eating that man's picnic! □ My brother loves bread.
Have we got any bread in the cupboard?
2 C h o o se th e co rrect o p tio n s. We haven't got any bread.
A <£Fyou usually phongV Are you usually phoning
your cousin on Fridays? REMEMBER! We use some in affirmative sentences and any
B: Yes, I do. /1 am. in negative sentences and questions.
My parents cook / are cooking in the kitchen at
the moment. We often use units o f quantity with uncountable nouns.
He doesn't read / isn't reading a book. He listens / These units o f quantity can describe:
's listening to music right now. a part or portion
We visit / are visiting my aunt every Sunday. a piece o f cake, a slice o f cheese, a loaf o f bread
I often watch / am watching IV programmes a container
about animals. a carton o f milk, a bottle o f juice
What do you do / are you doing? a measurement
I write / 'm w riting an email to my friend. a kilo o f meat, fifty grammes o f sugar

G ram m ar reference and practice

vci'.

1 W rite U (u n co u n tab le ) o r C (co u ntable). 1 C h o o se th e co rrect w ords.

1 rice 0 6 water □ 1 H o w t^uc^)/ many milk is in the fridge?
2 apple □ 7 cheese □ 2 How much / many space is there in your bag?
3 chair □ 8 pen □ 3 I haven't got some / many pictures in my room, but
4 juice □ 9 biscuit □ I've got a lot o f / much photos.
5 milk □ 10 bread □ 4 How much / many bananas are in the bowl?
5 We haven't got a lot o f / many flour but we’ve got
2 C o m p lete th e sen te n ces w ith a I on or some. a lot o f / much butter.
1 We've g o t......some......cheese a n d ...... some...... 6 They don’t have many / much food in the house.
biscuits. 7 I play much / a lo t o f different sports.
2 A: What's in your lunchbox? 8 Have you got many / much homework tonight?
B :............................. tomato,.............................. carrot
a n d .............................sandwiches. 2 W rite q u e stio n s w ith How much or How many.
3 I want to do my homework. I need 1 s tu d e n ts /b e /in your class/?
pen a n d ............................. paper. How many students are in your class?
4 A: Do you need anything from the supermarket? 2 p e o p le /b e /in your fam ily/?
B: Yes please! We need........................... milk
a n d .............................sugar. And please get 3 tim e / you / usually spend / on your homework / ?
.............................. newspaper!
5 They live in............................... big house with 4 w a te r/y o u /d rin k /e v e ry d a y/?
............................ beautiful garden.
6 There's glass on the table and 5 armchairs / you / have got / in your living room / ?
there's................................ juice in the fridge.
6 c h ic k e n /y o u /e a t/e v e ry w eek/?

5.2 Quantifiers: much, many, 7 e g g s /b e /in the b o x /?

a lot of
We use much, many and a lot o f to talk about large 8 pets / you / have got / ?
quantities.

much
We use much with uncountable nouns.
5.3 Quantifiers: a little / a few
We usually use much in questions and in We use a little and a few to refer to small amounts.
negative sentences.
When we ask questions with much, we use the phrase:
a little
How m uch... ? We use o little with uncountable nouns.
A: How much bread have you got? I only take a little sugar in my tea.
B: Not much.
a few
We haven't got much time - we're late!
We use a few with plural countable nouns.
many There are a few problems with this homework.
We use many with countable nouns.
1 C h o o se th e co rrect w ords.
We usually use many in questions and in
negative sentences. 1 There’s(|1 Ittj|)/ a few milk in the jug.
When we ask questions with many, we use the phrase: 2 There are a little / a few tomatoes in the fridge.
How m any... ? 3 I've only got a little /a fe w b re a d .T h e re a re a little /
A: How many apples have you got? a few slices in the bread bin.
B: Not many. Three, I think. 4 Do you want a little / a few cheese?
I haven't got many flowers in my garden. 5 There are a little / a few boxes of pens in the
stationery cupboard.
a lot of 6 Would you like a little / a few potatoes with
We use a lot o f with countable and uncountable nouns. your chicken?
■ We use a lot o f in affirmatives, negatives and questions.
She's got a lot of money but she hasn't got a lot
of friends.
A Have you got a lot of books?
B Yes, I have. I've got a lot of books and a lot
of bookshelves!

G ram m ar reference and practice 121

Grammar reference and practice
mmmt W 's.K.

2 C o m p lete th e sen te n ces w ith a little o r a few. 1 C o m p lete th e sentences u sin g th e co m p ara tive form
1 There are............ a few . . letters on the desk. o f th e a d je ctiv e s in brackets.
Are they yours? 1 My brother goes swimming every day. He's
2 I can only speak.. .... English. .......fitter....... (fit) than me!
3 Do you w a n t.. ....chocolate? 2 Your house is...................................(close) to the
4 We've g o t.............................. days before the school than my house.
beginning of term. 3 Grant is. (friendly) than Ben, and
5 She always eats...................... ........... raspberries he’s also (intelligent).
with yoghurt in the morning. 4 I'm ................................... (good) at languages than
6 Can I try .................................. o f the stew? my sister, b u t................................... (bad) at sport.
7 There are children in the nark 5 Do you think a good diet is ..................................
today, but not many because it's very cold. (important) than a lot o f exercise?
8 I sometimes have apple pie with 6 The film and the book are both very sad, but I think
................................... custard for pudding. It’s the film is...................................(sad) than the book.
delicious! 7 Let’s study in the library. It's much
(quiet) than it is at home.
8 My dad is always (late) than my
6.1 Comparative adjectives mum.
Spelling rules
For short adjectives, add -erto form the comparative, 2 W rite sen te n ces u sin g th e co rrect co m p ara tive form
small —» smaller o f th e a d je ctiv e s and than.
young —> younger 1 My sister's r o o m /is /tid y /m y room.
For short adjectives ending in -e, add -r. My sister's room is tidier than my room.
large —> larger 2 Jim’s d o g /is /th in /H a l's dog.
nice —> nicer
For short adjectives ending in vowel + consonant 3 Your h o u s e /is /la rg e /o u r house.
(except -w), double the consonant and add -er.
hot —» hotter 4 Pete's exam results / are / bad / Jay’s exam results.
wet —> wetter
For adjectives ending in consonant + -y, remove the -y
and add -ier. 5 Today / is / wet / yesterday.
early —> earlier
busy —» busier 6 Your d re s s /is /p re tty /m y dress.
For adjectives o f two or more syllables (except adjectives
ending in -y), add more before the adjective. 7 These jeans / are / cheap / those jeans.
beautiful —> more beautiful
expensive —> more expensive 8 The supermarket / is / convenient / the shops on the
Some adjectives are irregular, for example: high street.
good —> better
bad —> worse
far —> farther / further 9 The film /is /e x c itin g /th e book.

Use 10 I think maths / is / easy / geography.

We use comparative adjectives to compare two people or
things. Comparative adjectives are often followed by than.
Your trousers are more expensive than mine. 3 C h o o se th e co rrect w ord.
This house is bigger than that house. 1 It's^iatter)/ hoter today than yesterday.
2 My mum is youngger / younger than my dad.
3 I get up earlyer / earlier than my sister.
4 My phone is smaller / smaler than yours.
5 This film is better / gooder than the book.
6 Andy is n ic e /n ic e r than Robert.
7 Your bag is expensiver / more expensive than mine.
8 The school is farther / farer than the cinema.

122 G ram m ar reference and practice

6.2 Superlative adjectives 4 My aunt isn't.......................... (rich) person in
our town, but she's definitely
Spelling rules
(popular).
■ For short adjectives, add -est.
5 You are (strange) person
small —> the smallest
I know!
young —> the youngest
6 I want to b uy................................. (big) cake in
For short adjectives ending in -e, add -st.
the shop.
large —» the largest
7 You are m y ................................... (good) friend.
nice -» the nicest
8 I think my uncle Sam is...................................
For short adjectives ending in vowel + consonant
(interesting) person in our family.
(except -w), double the consonant and add -est.
hot —» the hottest
3 W rite co m p a ra tive a n d su p e rla tive sen te n ces using
wet —> the wettest
th e in fo rm a tio n in th e chart.
For adjectives ending in consonant + -y, remove the -y
and add -lest. Price Age Speed Length
early —» the earliest Red car £300 10 years old 100 km per hour 4.3 metres
busy —> busiest Blue car £500 8 years old 150 km per hour 3.9 metres
For adjectives of tw o or more syllables (except adjectives Black car £150 40 years old 90 km per hour 4.8 metres
ending in -y), add the most before the adjective.
beautiful —> the most beautiful 1 The red car is......more expensive than.......(expensive)
expensive —> the most expensive the black car.
Some adjectives are irregular, for example: 3 The black car is........... the cheapest........... (cheap) car.
good —> the best 2 The blue car is............................................ (expensive)
bad —» the worst car.
far —> the farthest / the furthest 4 The black car is................................................(old) car.
5 The red car is.................................................. (old) the
Use blue car.
We use superlative adjectives to compare a person or thing 6 The red car is...................................................(fast) the
with the whole group. Superlative adjectives are always black car.
preceded by the... or the m ost.... 7 The blue car is................................................ (fast) can
We do not use than after superlatives. 8 The black car is..............................................(long) car.
Sarah is the shortest girl in our class. 9 The red car is (short) the
This is the most expensive dress in the shop. black car.
10 The blue car is............................................. (short) car
1 W rite th e co m p a ra tive and su p e rla tive fo rm s of
th e ad je ctives.
1 different more different the most different 7.1 have to and should
2 rainy ...............................................................
3 delicious ............................................................... h a v e to a n d d o n 't h a v e to
4 far
Affirmative and negative
5 famous ...............................................................
6 traditional
7 smart ............................................................... We have to
8 good ............................................................. You don't (= do not) have to
9 baggy They work
10 fat ................................................................ He
has to
11 safe ................................................................ She
doesn't (= does not) have to
12 nice ................................................................ It
Questions and short answers
2 C o m p lete th e sen te n ces w ith th e su p e rla tiv e form of
th e a d je ctiv e s in brackets. I
we Yes, I do.
1 When we go on holiday, my mum's suitcase is always Do
you No, I don't.
....... the heaviest........(heavy).
they have to work?
2 Death Valley, in California, is one of
................................. (hot) places in the world. he
Yes, he does.
3 Rob is.................................. (friendly) boy in our class. Does she
No, he doesn’t.
it

G ram m ar reference and practice 123

Grammar reference and practice
■ X V \ - f.C .

Use 9 Joe.........................................his classroom every day.

In affirmative sentences, we use have to to show that it is 10 Sue and Kate...............................................their
necessary to do something. classroom every day.
We have to tidy our rooms on Saturday mornings.
He has to wear black shoes at school. s h o u ld and s h o u ld n 't
We use don't have to when it isn't necessary for someone
Affirmative and negative
to do something.
You don't have to pay for this course. It's free.
She doesn't have to get up early at the weekend. She can You
should
stay in bed until 10. H e /S h e /It sit on this sofa.
shouldn't (= should not)
We use the question form Do I/you /w e /th e y have to ...? We
or Does he / she / it have t o ... /to ask if it is necessary to They
do something. Questions and short answers
Do we have to buy the tickets now?
1
Does he have to take the test?
you
sit on this Yes, you should.
Should h e /s h e /it
1 W rite sen te n ces w ith th e co rrect form o f have to. sofa? No, you shouldn't.
we
1 She / not / sweep the floor. they
She doesn't have to sweep the floor,
2 They / empty the bins / after breakfast. Form
Should is used with an infinitive without to.
3 you / do your homework / on Friday night? The forms of should are the same for all persons.
There is no auxiliary do in questions or negatives.
4 W e/m ake our b e d s /in the morning.
Use
5 My friends / not / wear / school uniform. We use should to give advice, or when the speaker feels
that it is important for someone to do something.
6 Julie and I / walk / home every afternoon. You should always wear a helmet when you ride a bike.
We should send an email to our cousin.
7 I / n o t / g o to sch o o l/a t the weekend. We use shouldn't to give advice, or when the speaker
feels that it is important for someone not to do
8 My dog / sleep/ in the kitchen. something.
You shouldn't worry so much!
He shouldn't shout at his little sister.
2 S tu d y th e ch a rt and co m p lete th e sen te n ces w ith
has to / have to a n d doesn't have to / don't have to. 3 C o m p lete th e sen te n ces w ith should or shouldn't.
1 You. should Wear a coat - it's cold outside.
What are the rules at Joe's school and at Sue and Kate's
school? Do they have to ... 2 W e................................... take the train. It's very
expensive. W e................................... go by bus.
Joe Sue & Kate
3 Suzie's bike is really dirty. She
wear school uniform? ✓ ✓ clean it.
do homework every night? X ✓ 4 Your mother isn't well at the moment. You
be at school before 830 a.m.? X ✓ ................................... help her with the housework.
5 The children................................... spend all their
eat lunch at school? ✓ X
money on sweets.
tidy the classroom every day? X X 6 I ................................... go to bed so late. I always feel
so tired at school.
1 Joe has to wear . .school uniform. 7 We study for the test tomorrow.
2 Sue and Kate................... ............................. school 8 My friends do more exercise.
uniform. They're not very fit.
3 Joe.................................... ..... homework every night.
4 Sue and Kate.................... .......................... homework 4 Put th e w o rds in th e correct order to m ake sentences.
every night. 1 tonight /should /w e /o u t / g o / ?
5 Joe................................... ..at school before 830 a.m. Should we go out tonight?
6 Sue and Kate.................... .......................... at school 2 so / th e y/ work / late / shouldn't
before 8.30 a.m.
7 Joe.................................... ...........lunch at school. 3 s h o u ld /w a te r/d rin k /1 /m o re
8 Sue and Kate. .. .... lunch at
school.

124 G ram m ar reference and practice

4 d o c to r /to /s h o u ld /th e /g o /y o u 2 Rew rite th e sen te n ces u sin g th e past sim ple.
1 I'm not hungry, but I am tired.
5 that / he / computer / buy /expensive / shouldn't I wasn't hungry, but I was tired,
2 She is at school.
6 p h o n e /m y /s h o u ld /s is te r /l/?

3 A Are you a student?

7.2 Past simple: be and con B No, I’m not. I'm a teacher!

Past simple: b e 4 A Is your sister in her bedroom?

Questions and short answers B Yes, she is.

1 Yes, 1was.
Was 5 We aren't very rich, but we are happy.
he / she / it No, he wasn’t.
at home
you 6 They are at the station.
yesterday? Yes, you were.
Were we
No, you weren't.
they
Affirmative and negative Past simple: ca n
1 was Affirmative and negative
H e /S h e /It wasn't (=was not)
You at home yesterday. You
were could
We He /S he / I t play the piano.
weren't (=were not) couldn't (= could not)
They We
They
Form
Questions and short answers
The past simple affirmative forms o f be are was and were.
The negative is formed by adding n't (= not). 1
You / We / They were in London last night. you
Yes, 1could.
You / We / They weren't in London last night. Could h e /s h e /it speak English?
No, we couldn't.
I / He / She / It was on the bus. we
I / He / She / It wasn't on the bus. they
The past simple question form of be is formed by
Form
changing the order o f the subject and the verb.
Were you / we / they in London last night? Could is used with an infinitive without to.
Was l / he / she / it on the bus? The forms of could are the same for all persons.

Use Use
We use could to describe ability in the past.
We use the past simple form of be to talk about situations in
the past.
3 W rite sen te n ces u sin g could and couldn't.
1 C o m p lete th e sen te n ces w ith was o r were. 1 Jane / ride a bike / when she was three ✓
1 1 was at Ted's house last night.
Jane could ride a bike when she was three.
2 They.............. ........ very friendly. 2 My friends / hear / the music at the concert. X
3 My sister and 1....................... very busy last week.
4 My pa rents.... .................. in Paris for their anniversary 3 I/s w im /w h e n I was a child. X
last weekend.
5 She happy, but her brothers
4 you / play the violin / when you were younger? ✓
sad.
6 A:................. ... you in the garden? 5 We /rem em ber /th e teacher's name. ✓
B: Yes, 1..........
6 th e y /c lim b /u p th e la d d e r? v '
7 You................ ...... the most hardworking student in
our class at primary school.
8 They.............. ........ at the supermarket.

G ram m ar reference and practice 125

Grammar reference and practice
■ X V \ - f.C .

4 Rewrite sentences 1-3 in the negative and sentences 2 C o m p lete th e sentences w ith th e past sim p le form
4 -6 in the positive. o f th e ve rb s in brackets.
1 They could find the car keys. 1 Jess and A m y...........watched........... (watch) an
They..couldn't find the far keys, interesting programme on TV.
2 Orla could speak two languages. 2 We (stay) at a hotel.
3 You (copy) my homework!
3 I could play the trumpet. 4 My father (wait) for me outside
the station.
4 I couldn't swim when I was five. 5 The film (start) at 7.20 and it
................................... (finish) at 9.00.
5 We couldn’t understand English films. 6 She .................. (like) her new phone.
7 They (study) Japanese at college.
6 Maya couldn't visit her grandparents. 8 I ............................... (hate) cheese when I was a child.

8.2 Past simple affirmative:

8.1 Past simple: affirmative irregular verbs
Affirm ative Many verbs have irregular past simple forms, for
example, have - » had, know-> knew, teach —» taught.
I
You
Common irregular past simple verbs
H e /S h e /It lived 20,000 years ago.
We become became know knew
They buy bought leave left
catch caught make made
Spelling rules
come came meet met
Most regular verbs: add -ed
Regular verbs ending in -e: add -d do did put put
Short regular verbs ending in consonant + vowel + eat ate run ran
consonant: double final consonant and add -ed find found see saw
Regular verbs ending consonant + -y: change -y to -ied
get get sing sang
Use give gave teach taught
We use the past simple for: go went think thought
a completed past action or a past state. We often use grow grew understand understood
it with expressions that show when things happened,
have had wear wore
such as yesterday,... ago, when I was a child, in A p ril/in
2008, last night/last week/last month/lastyear, etc. hear heard write wrote
The girls played football with their friends yesterday.
We travelled from Kazakhstan to Kenya last year,
a past habit, often with an adverb of frequency o ra time 1 W rite sen te n ces in th e past sim ple.
expression, such as every week / every Monday / every 1 My father / teach / English and Russian / when he
summer / every year. was younger
We usually walkedToThe sports centre after school. My father taught English and P-ussian when he was
They phoned their uncle every Monday. younger......................................................................
a sequence o f actions in the past. 2 We / buy / a new armchair / last weekend.
He smiled at the girl and then disappeared.
3 I / wear / a beautiful green dress / at my friend's party.
1 C h o o se th e co rrect w ord.
1 They look / looked for their dog in the garden. 4 Jude and Max / go / to Australia / in 2013.
2 She chats / chatted to her friends last night.
3 We often used / use the internet for our homework 5 My sister / make / a cheese and mushroom pizza /
when we were students. and I / eat / it.
4 Thomas Edison invented / invents the light bulb.
5 You tried / try very hard yesterday. Well done. 6 We / write / a letter / to the President of the USA /
6 The students want / wanted to change their course last year.
last year.

126 G ram m ar reference and practice

7 My friends / give / me / a wonderful present / for Past simple: questions and short answers
my birthday.
Yes / No q u e stio n s and sh o rt answ ers
8 Gemma / leave / her homework / in her bag.
you
understand the Yes, 1did.
Did he / she / it
2 C o m p lete th e sen te n ces w ith th e past sim p le form homework? No, we didn't.
we
o f th e ve rb in brackets.
they
1 He................................... (write) beautiful poems for
Wh- q u e stio n s
my sister.
2 We. ......................(find)an expensive phone 1
Where go?
in the park. you
S I (have) an amazing holiday last did h e /s h e /it
month. Who we see?
4 Sam (put) the book on his they
teacher's desk.
5 They (go) to the cafe in the morning. We make past simple yes/no questions with:
6 I ................................. (hear) a strange noise last night. Did + subject + infinitive + ?
7 Jan.............................. (leave) her house an hour ago. We make past simple wh- questions with:
8 Luca.................................(run) in a race last weekend. Question word + did + subject + infinitive + ?

2 W rite q u e stio n s in th e past sim ple.

8.3 Past simple: negative and 1 your friends / travel / to Sweden last year ?
questions Did your friends travel to Sweden last year?
2 Where / your sister / find / her phone ?
Past simple: negative form
N egative
3 s h e /lik e /th e ice cream ?
1
You
H e /S h e /It didn't (= did not) study German at school. 4 W h a t/T o m /p u t/o n the table?
We
They
5 How / you / get / here ?
We form the negative o f regular and irregular verbs with
didn't + infinitive without to.

1 Rew rite th e sen te n ces in th e negative. 6 you / rem em ber/your book ?

1 She liked the film.
She didn't like the film,
2 We saw a cat in the road. 7 he / read / my magazine ?

3 My cousins wrote a book about Spanish history. 8 w e /s e e /th is film /la s t year?

4 Ned played tennis with his friend, James.

3 M atch th e q u e stio n s fro m exercise 2 to th e answ ers.
T h ere are tw o answ ers th a t you d o not need.
5 I planted a tree in our garden. a It was in her bag! 0
b His phone. □
c No, you didn't. □
6 The children waited for their friends. d No, we didn't. □
e Oh no! 1forgot it! □
f They didn't. □
7 I bought a new pair o f jeans yesterday. g No, she didn't. □
h 1rode my bike. □
i Yes, they did. □
8 I he dog ate all the biscuits on the table. j Yes, he did. □

G ram m ar reference and practice 127

Grammar reference and practice
■ X V \ - f.C .

9.1 going to: future plans 2 C o m p lete th e sentences w ith going to and th e verbs
in brackets.
A ffirm ative and n e gative
1 A: What are you going, .to do (you / do) next
'm (= am) weekend?
I
'm not (=am not) B: I ................................... (play) tennis with
He my friends.
's (= is) 2 She (not / buy) any new
She going to meet our
isn't (= is not)
It friends. clothes. She................................... (save) her money.
3 (you / make) supper tonight?
We
're (= are) 4 Where................................... (they/stay)w hile
You
aren't (= are not) they're on holiday?
They
5 The twins (not / have) a party
Yes / No q u e stio n s and sh o rt answ ers for their birthday this year
Yes, I am. 6 A: (h e /tid y) his room this
Am ı No, I'm not. afternoon?
he B: No, h e .................................... He
Yes, he is. ................................... (visit) his cousins.
Is she going to meet
No, he isn't. 7 My brother and I .................................. (join) the
it our friends?
drama club next term.
we
Yes, they are. 8 You................................... (start) your new job
Are you
No, they aren't. next week.
they
Wh- q u e stio n s
9.2 will: predictions
Where am I stay?
A ffirm ative and n e gative
he
Who is she see?
going to You
it will
H e /S h e /It be very lucky.
we won't (= will not)
We
What are you watch? They
they
Yes / No q u e stio n s and sh o rt answ ers
Use I
We use be + going to: you
win the Yes, I will.
to describe an intention. Will h e /sh e / it
competition? No, they won't.
I'm going to finish my homework tonight. we
I'm not going to meet my friends tonight, they
to talk about a future plan. Wh- q u e stio n s
We are going to move to Germany next year.
i
We aren't going to see our grandparents this weekend.
you
1 S tu d y th e in fo rm a tio n and w rite a ffirm a tive and Where will h e /s h e /it live?
n e gative sen te n ces w ith going to a b o u t A m y's plans. we
they
pack suitcase ✓ watch a film X
phone her friend X drive to airport ✓ Use
find passport ✓ play football X We use will and won't (= will not) to express predictions
do homework X fly to Madrid ✓ about the future.
It will rain next week.
1 She (sgoing to pack......................her suitcase.
We won't use cars or planes in the future.
2 Sheisn't going tophone her friend.
We often use / think, maybe and probably with will.
3 She............................................... her passport. I think I'll stay at home tonight.
4 She her homework. You'll probably hate this film!
5 She a film.
She probably won't come after all.
6 She to the airport.
7 She...............................................football.
8 She............................................... to Madrid.

128 G ram m ar reference and practice

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1 C o m p lete th e sen te n ces w ith th e p h rases below. 10.1 Present perfect: affirmative
■ won't get married won't go ı w ill they have and negative
will move will be will earn will win will sell
■ will it be Regular verbs
1 What j o b ............ will you have when you A ffirm ative and n e gative
leave school?
2 I think my team ...............................................the
We have
match.
You haven't (= have not)
3 You probably before you
They competed in the Olympics.
are thirty.
4 I think the next president o f the USA He
has
.............................................a woman. She
hasn't (= has not)
5 sunny tomorrow? It
6 I think my family ........................................... to
another country next year. Form
7 She probably...............................................to We form the present perfect with have/has and the
university, but she.............................................. a lot past participle of the main verb.
o f money. The past participle o f regular verbs is the same as the
8 I think my parents their past simple form.
car soon. Past simple: We played football in the park yesterday.
Present perfect: We have played football three times
2 W rite se n te n ces w ith w ill and won't. this week.
What will the world be like in 2050?
Use
1 Robot teachers / teach / our children.
We use the present perfect:
Robot teachers will teach our children,
to talk about experiences and things that have
2 Many people / take / holidays on the moon.
happened at an indefinite tim e in the past.
I've worked in a lot of different places in my life.
3 Families /probably / live / in smaller houses.
He's rowed across the Atlantic Ocean three times.
They've travelled a lot in Africa and Asia,
4 People / not eat / meat.
to talk about an action or event that started or
happened in the past, but has a connection with the
5 W e /g ro w p la n ts/in space.
present. The action or event might be finished or
unfinished.
6 I think /th e re /n o t be /a n y wars.
I've opened a box of chocolates. Do you want one?
She's used the last clean cup in the house!
7 I t / n o t ra in /ve ry often.
We've lived in this town all our life. (We were born here
and we still live here now.)
8 W e/probably / not use/desktop computers.
to talk about recent events.
Our head teacher has resigned!
3 Pred ictio n o r plan? C h o o se th e co rrect o ption s.
1 C h o o se th e co rrect w ords.
1 I think we<^/M])/ are going to all live in underground
1 She have /(Jna§)danced in some major competitions
houses by 2050.
around the world.
2 My mum will / 's going to start her new job
2 We don't / haven't phoned our friends in Australia
tomorrow.
this month.
3 They won't / aren't going to take the train to the
3 I've post / posted your letter for you.
shops. They will / 're going to walk.
4 The college has offer / offered me a place to
4 She probably won't / isn't going to stay in this
study physics.
country. She loves travelling.
5 I hasn't / haven't prepared lunch, because I'm
5 I've got my ticket! I 'II / 'm going to fly to Rome
not hungry.
on Thursday!
6 He hasn't / haven't returned the book to the library.
6 In the future, people will / are going to have much
smaller families.

G ram m ar reference and practice 129

Grammar reference and practice
W 's.K.

2 C o m p lete th e sentences w ith th e present pe rfe ct 3 W rite sen te n ces in th e present perfect.
fo rm o f th e ve rb s below. 1 She / write / five books for children.
finish not visit pack answer not tidy bake She's written five books for children,
■ talk ■ walk 2 My parents / teach / at different schools / around
the world.
1 I've packed my bag and I'm ready to go.
2 My sister......................................... a delicious cake.
3 They / not give / any money / to charity.
Would you like a slice?
3 Henry......................................... from Brighton to
4 I / not hear / this song before.
Edinburgh - that's 600 kilometres!
4 The programme , so let's
5 Mike / run / two marathons / this year.
switch off the TV
5 We to lots of people and
6 Y o u /m a k e /a terrible mistake.
they all love our idea.
6 Nick's grandmother is feeling a bit lonely, because he
7 My sister / met / several famous actors.
her this week.
7 I .........................................all the questions in the
8 W e /n o t have /a reply from him.
test, but I don't know what my score will be.
8 You.........................................your room. It's
really messy.
4 W rite p o sitive ✓ and n e g a tiv e X sen te n ces in th e
present perfect.
Irregular verbs
1 We haven't eaten (eat) chocolate
Many verbs have irregular past participle forms.
today. X
be e n and g o n e
2 1.......................................... ....(write) a story for my
The verb go has tw o past participle forms: been and gone.
homework. ✓
We use been when we know that someone has returned
3 1.......................................... ....(know) Sara for ten
from a place.
years. ✓
Dad has been to the supermarket. (He is back home
4 She ...(go) to the USA. X
now.)
5 W e...................................... .......(break) the phone. ✓
■ We use gone when the person has not returned.
6 They.................................... ...(win) any football
Pad has gone to the supermarket. (He is still at the
matches. X
supermarket.)
7 H e ..................................... ....... (ride) a horse. /
Common irregular past participles 8 She..................................... (meet) my brother. X
become become make made
buy bought meet met
break broken put put 10.2 ■ Present perfect: questions
catch caught ride ridden and short answers
come come run run
Yes / No q u e stio n s and sh o rt answ ers
do done say said
eat eaten see seen 1/ we / you / Yes, 1have.
Have
find found sing sung they met my No, they haven't.
get got swim swum brother? Yes, he has.
Has h e /sh e / it
give given teach taught No, she hasn’t.
go gone / been think thought Wh- q u e stio n s
have had understand understood
1/ we / you /
hear heard wear worn Where have been?
they
know known win won
leave left write written What has h e /s h e /it done?

We make present perfect yes/no questions with:

Have/Has + subject + past participle + ?
We make present perfect wh- questions with:
Question word + have/has + subject + past participle + ?

130 G ram m ar reference and practice

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1 Put th e w o rds in th e co rrect o rder to m ake 3 S tu d y th e ch art. W rite sen te n ces in th e present
qu estio n s. pe rfe ct a b o u t M ax's e xp erien ce s and Bob and
1 y o u /w h y /ta k e n /h a v e /b a g /m y /? Sam 's exp eriences.
Why have you taken my baq? Max Bob & Sam
2 h e /h a s /b o o k /y o u r/r e a d /?
sail across the Atlantic X X

3 re c e iv e d /h a v e /y o u /e m a il/m y /? swim in the sea ✓ ✓

walk across a desert X ✓
4 you / homework / where / put / have / your / ? jum p out o f an aeroplane ✓ X
ride an elephant ✓ X
5 you / y o u r / have /d o g /fo u n d / ?
1 Max has never sailed..........across the Atlantic.
6 g la s s /h a s /b ro k e n /th e /? 2 He has swum...............in the sea.
3 He across a desert.
7 s a id /h a s /w h a t/s h e /? 4 He out o f an aeroplane.
5 He...............................................an elephant.
8 people / how / seen / have / many / this film / ? 6 Bob and Sam...............................................across
the Atlantic.
7 They............................................... in the sea.
8 They across a desert.
10.3 ■ Present perfect with ever 9 They out of an
and never aeroplane.
In present perfect questions, we often use ever (= at any 10 They............................................. an elephant.
time in the past).
Have you ever eaten Japanese food?
To express a negative, we can use never (= at no time in
the past) + affirmative verb.
She's never left her home town.

2 W rite q u e stio n s and sh o rt answ ers.

1 y o u /e v e r /s a il/to France? ✓
Have you ever sailed to France?
Yes, | have.
2 S a ra /e ve r/te a ch /E n g lish ? !/

3 th e y /e v e r/v is it/th e museum? ✓

4 y o u /e v e r /c lim b /a mountain? X

5 h e /e v e r /s in g /in public? ✓

6 the girls / ever / play / basketball? X

7 you and your friends / ever / go / camping? ✓

8 D a n / e v e r / w i n / a competition? X

G ram m ar reference and practice 131