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462
INDEX

Abduction, 220, 226, 232, 233, 275 Bailyn, L., 194, 195, 409
Abductive reasoning, 219, 232, 275 Bandura, A., 16, 100, 102, 131, 152, 153,
Abstract conceptualization, 319 244, 254, 259, 409, 426
Acausality, 226, 228, 229, 274 Bateson, G., 216, 218, 219, 229, 232,
Accountability, 300, 323, 332–334, 369 233, 303, 409, 410
Action theory of career, 187, 203 Bentley, A., 226, 229, 420
Active experimentation, 304 Berger, P., 216, 219, 226, 410
Adolescent career development, xvii, 172 Betz, N.E., xiv, 14–16, 17, 19, 39, 44,
African Americans (see Racial and ethnic 47, 67, 88, 91, 92, 101, 103, 105,
groups, career development of) 129, 134, 136–139, 142–144, 149,
Afrocentrism, 165 151–153, 157–159, 163, 167, 168,
Agency, 7, 8, 21, 29, 30, 81, 82, 101, 180, 181, 206, 208, 210, 246, 264,
104, 108, 123, 128, 130, 132, 143, 301, 410, 411, 422, 426
152, 153, 162, 188, 198, 204, 222, Bimrose, J., 137, 140, 142, 154, 206,
245, 293, 304, 309, 353, 356, 358, 285, 315, 321, 333, 369, 411,
374, 377, 378, 403, 405, 406 439, 440
Agreeableness, 35 Bingham, R.P., 180, 351, 411, 412, 415
Ames, S., Jr., 219, 407 Blau, P.M., 15, 17, 173, 191, 192, 412
Amundson, 3, 8, 189, 206, 217, 242, Blueprint frameworks, 280, 324,
258, 261, 284, 294, 298, 301, 350, 325, 333
354–356, 360, 365, 369, 373, 375, Blustein, D.L., 4–7, 9, 15, 17, 18, 19,
376, 388, 390, 398–400, 402, 403 22, 31, 33, 54, 78, 123–125, 132,
Analysis, in career counselling, 346, 135, 136, 155, 156, 172–178, 180,
348, 399 181, 188, 191, 194, 201, 203, 204,
Arbona, C., 15, 17, 160, 161, 163, 165, 206–210, 232, 236, 244, 248, 252,
180, 246, 407, 423 253, 260, 265, 283, 285, 298, 301,
Archway model, 72, 75, 76, 78, 185, 315, 326, 335, 336, 349, 350, 379,
244, 245, 248 387, 392, 401, 412, 413, 419, 421,
Arthur, N., 154, 164, 165, 179, 206, 242, 431, 454
252, 262, 285, 286, 300, 310, 311, Bordin, E.S., xiv, 13, 18, 27, 50, 51,
319, 355, 348, 371, 372, 379, 380, 57–59, 121, 123, 125, 127, 201,
408, 418 205, 206, 236, 413
Artistic personality type, 40, 41, 43, Borgen, F.H., 9, 10, 101, 178, 188, 204,
44, 148 209, 336, 364, 369, 407, 409, 413,
Arulmani, G., 158, 165, 285, 286, 294, 417, 428, 457, 461
327, 335, 347, 408, 441, 459 Bridging frameworks, 190, 191, 193, 197
Associative learning experiences, 97 Bright, J.E.H., 15, 17, 19, 100, 131, 176,
Astin, H.S., 14, 16, 17, 104, 145, 149, 201, 217, 224, 234, 236–239, 259,
151, 155, 157, 169, 173, 189, 246, 347, 350, 413, 448
409, 427 Bronfenbrenner, 110, 126, 127, 177, 205,
Autobiographies, 364 232, 237, 245, 248, 413, 414

463
INDEX

Brooks, L., xiv, 7, 11, 18, 30, 31, 74, 77, holistic approaches, 348, 350, 352,
116, 126, 135, 145, 149, 159, 208, 357, 363, 364, 370, 373, 381
209, 263, 348, 402, 407, 413–415, language in, 358–360
418, 420, 423–425, 429, 434, narrative approaches, 360, 361
441–443, 446, 447, 449, 450, 451, nature of counseling process, 345,
453–456, 460, 462 359, 373
Brown, D., xiv, 3, 7, 9, 10, 16, 17, 30, nature of counseling relationship, 373,
45, 52, 53–55, 57, 86, 96, 106, 116, 403, 405
117, 121, 122, 128, 135, 137, 149, perceptions of, 349, 351, 379
164, 172, 186, 188, 206, 208, 209, personal development, 3, 9, 84, 188,
217, 242, 245, 246, 263, 327, 336, 287, 320, 321
346, 348, 352, 353, 364, 401, 414, professional development, 295, 314,
415, 430 316, 320, 334, 335, 337, 370, 384
Brown, M., 113, 114, 159, 160, 161, 163, supervisory systems, 315–322
165, 173, 415, 423, 434 therapeutic systems, 366–372
Brown, S.D., xiv, 8–10, 16, 19, 20, 27, training dilemma, 301–305
30, 50, 95, 101, 102, 106, 119, 132, trait-and-factor approach, 348–350
137, 163, 174, 206, 279, 326, 346, Career development facilitator, 293, 297,
347, 348, 415 299, 334, 335, 338, 339, 342, 359, 442
Career development practitioner, 297,
Campbell, R, 191, 192, 356, 416, 455 321, 335
Cantril, H., 216, 219, 219, 416, 427 Career development learning (see Life-
Capra, F., 216, 217, 218, 228, 230, long career development learning)
236, 416 Career development services, consumers
Card sorts, 363, 365, 444 of, 285, 286
Career, definitions of, 7, 138, 139, 155, Career education, 83, 115, 179, 242, 293,
226, 256, 309, 347, 401 294–296, 324–328, 331, 332, 334,
Career, assessment, xv, 28, 31, 39, 45, 335, 339, 340, 342–344, 400
83, 145, 174, 224, 242, 246, 266, Career maturity, 69, 71, 72, 81, 94, 148,
312, 346, 348, 353, 362–366, 370, 161, 162, 172, 195, 196
371, 381–383 Career-related performance, 102, 104,
Career construction theory, 11, 15, 126, 130
17–20, 22, 25, 63, 72, 78–84, 123, CASVE cycle (communication, analysis,
126, 130, 132, 162, 188, 196, 197, synthesis, valuing, execution), 106,
201–203, 207, 208, 217, 234, 256, 107, 164
332, 347, 353, 398, 452, 459 Chance, 7, 24, 25, 45, 59, 90, 93,
Career counselling, 345–385. (see 98–100, 113, 119, 120, 122, 131,
also Lifelong career development 176, 185, 186, 201, 231, 239, 243,
learning) 259, 336, 392
assessment in, 362–366, 381–383 Change over time, xxi, 13, 16, 24, 25,
constructivism, 352–366 49, 59, 68, 92, 93, 110, 119, 120,
experimental learning in training, 126, 201, 237, 243, 245, 256, 258,
302–305 265, 329, 376, 382

464
INDEX

Chaos theory, 15, 17, 19, 217, 224, 234, Connectedness, xi124, 202, 207, 223,
237–239, 347, 395 228, 233, 353, 373–377, 398,
Charland, W., 288, 416 403, 405
Chartrand, J.M., 33, 35, 37, 38, 44, 199, Conscientiousness, 35
206, 214, 416, 458 Conscious cognitions, 114, 115
Cheatham, H.E., 160, 165, 246, 416 Consistency, 43, 44, 60, 290, 300, 302,
Chen, C.P., 89, 128, 206, 207, 279, 334, 348, 378
350, 360, 377, 378, 416, 418 Constructivism, xi, xiii, 3, 10, 11, 18,
Childhood career development, 170 21, 22, 51, 79, 121, 128, 134, 154,
Childhood experiences, 125, 135 187–189, 207, 209, 225, 234, 239,
Circumscription, 6, 14, 18, 19, 87–90, 263, 279, 297, 300, 301, 312, 339,
92, 127, 150, 163, 168, 171, 175, 346, 352, 353, 356–358, 360, 362,
194, 326 381, 385
Clarification, 84, 85, 174, 376 Content, theories of, 12, 13, 15,
Cochran, L., 15, 18, 234, 279, 358, 373, 27–60, 289
376–378, 405, 417 five-factor model of personality,
Cognitive information-processing model, 34–37
xiv, 95, 105 Parson’s work, 27–30
Collin, A., xiv, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, person-environment fit-theory, 37, 38,
18, 20, 23, 30, 116, 119, 139, 58–60
186–188, 191, 194, 208, 233, psychodynamic model of career
235, 236, 244, 250, 261, 265, 279, choice, 50–52
285, 288–290, 328, 339, 350, 352, similarities and differences between,
360, 372, 387, 388, 390, 391, 395, 56–60
396, 400, 401, 406, 417, 427, 445, trait-and-factor theory, 31–34
461, 462 values-based, holistic model, 52–56
Collins, S., 179, 286, 310, 311, 380, 408, Content and process, theories focusing
418, 426, 428, 439 on, 95–120
Common reality, 85, 94, 127 action theory, 114–117
Competencies, 8, 40, 42, 68, 80, 82, 90, cognitive information-processing
125, 141, 179, 237, 258, 259, 290, model, 105–107
291, 299, 300, 302, 310, 311, 325, developmental-contextual approach,
333–335, 338, 340, 351, 359, 108–112
391, 392 Roe’s theory, 112–114
Complexity theory, 217, 222, 223 similarities and differences between,
Compromise, vi, 14, 18, 19, 64, 66, 117–120
69, 71, 80, 87–92, 94, 104, 127, social cognitive career theory,
129, 148, 150, 155, 163, 168, 171, 101–105
194, 265 social learning theory, 96–100
Conceptualized contextual approach, 114 Contextual affordance, 104, 108, 130,
Congruence, 24, 37, 42–46, 53, 57, 58, 190, 206
60, 81, 96, 99, 127, 129, 148, 160, Contextualist worldview, 186, 187, 235,
161, 168, 262, 276, 349 239, 263

465
INDEX

Contextual system, in systems theory life-span, life-space approach, 66–78

framework, 247–254 similarities and differences between,
Conventional personality type, 40, 41, 56–60, 91–94, 117–120
43, 141, 147, 148 Di Fabio, A., 350, 362, 365, 421, 449
Convergence (see Integration and Diagnosis, in career counselling, 346,
convergence in career theory) 348, 349
Conyne, R.K., 15, 18, 133, 154, 202, Diemer, M.A., 174–176, 250, 335, 336,
348–350, 358, 418 412, 420, 421
Cook, E.P., 15, 16, 18, 133, 134, 139, Differential psychology, 30–50
154, 160, 164, 180, 202, 236, 237, five-factor model of personality, 34–37
264, 345, 349, 350, 418 trait-and-factor theory, 31–33
Correspondence, 14, 15, 37, 47–50, 58, Differentiation, 43, 44, 84, 144, 148,
127, 129, 199, 267 161, 174, 207, 221
Crites, J.O., 12, 34, 38, 137, 138, 145, Disability, xv, 17, 25, 59, 93, 96, 101,
147, 349, 400, 419, 422 105, 118, 119, 120, 122, 134–136,
Crystallization, 340 143, 177, 178, 180, 246, 259, 310,
Cultural diversity perspective, 122 311, 383
Curriculum, changes in, 250, 252, 302, Discontinuous change, ix, 226, 230,
311, 325, 328, 329, 331, 332, 334, 231, 274
337, 339, 340, 387 Discorrespondence, 49, 50, 60, 127
Disengagement stage of vocational
Dawis, R.V.,11, 14, 18, 19, 27, 31, 37, development, 72, 73, 80, 82
38, 44, 47–50, 57–60, 85, 113, 114, Diversity, x, xiv, 9, 22, 23, 122, 127,
121, 126, 127, 129–131, 133, 196, 134, 137, 189, 200, 205, 206, 213,
199, 204, 205, 246, 420, 436 216, 257, 262, 264, 310, 311, 355,
Deductive reasoning, 219, 232 379, 388, 389
Developmental-contextual approach, vi, Domene, J.F., 10, 14, 16, 20, 114, 378,
14, 16, 108, 111, 118, 120, 126, 195, 445, 461, 462
198, 237, 238 Downsizing, 281
Developmental psychology, 18, 23, 67, Dynamic complexity, 223, 238
68, 70, 91, 171, 186, 187, 190, Dynamic interaction, 45, 49, 50, 76, 108,
196, 205, 216, 220, 221, 229, 256, 111, 170, 198, 201, 230, 237,
258, 394 239, 327
Developmental systems theory (DST), Dynamic reciprocity, 37
110, 127, 133, 195, 216, 238
Developmental theories, 3, 16, 18, 63, Early recollections, 357, 364
65, 91, 95, 133, 209, 327 Eccles, J.S., 144, 421
circumscription and compromise, Ecological systems framework, 235
88–92, 127, 150, 163, 168, 171, Educational process, 65. (see also School
194, 326 systems, lifelong career develop-
Ginzberg’s work, 63–66 ment learning in)
individualistic approach, 14, 83–86 Ego identity, 84, 123, 127

466
INDEX

Ellyard, P., 258, 288, 317, 319, 421 Fitzgerald, L.F., xiv, 10, 12–16, 17,
Embeddedness, xvi, 111, 131, 197, 20, 64, 66, 134, 137–139, 141,
216, 237 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150–153,
Emergent career decision making, 71, 256 156–159, 168, 169, 180, 181, 194,
Emotional factors, 65 206, 235, 242, 246, 411, 422, 444
Enterprising personality type, 40, 41, Five-factor model of personality,
43, 148 34–37
Environmental influences, 129, 149, 232 Follow-up in career counselling, 346
Environmental/societal system, xi, xxi, 25, Ford, D., 98, 110, 127, 132, 133, 187,
59, 93, 119, 162, 201, 248, 250, 252, 190, 195, 199, 200, 201, 209, 216,
256, 261, 274, 291, 318, 322, 328, 217, 220, 221, 227, 229, 230, 231,
331–333, 334, 336, 341, 343, 344, 238, 242, 245, 250, 423
350, 367, 369, 371, 378, 399, 405 Forrest, L., 31, 154, 423
Epston, D., 233, 293, 378, 442, 461 Fouad, N.A., 46, 111, 123, 125, 128, 132,
Establishment stage of vocational 158–163, 173, 176, 177, 204, 206,
development, 69, 72, 73, 80 237, 244, 246, 248, 252, 260, 263,
Exosystem, 232, 248 327, 388, 412, 423, 431, 434,
Experiential learning, x, xi, 297, 302, 456–458
304, 305, 307, 308, 311, 314, 315,
319, 320, 322, 323, 328, 329, 338, Gallos, J.V., 137–140, 145, 147, 154, 423
340, 342 Gay men, career development of, xv, 16,
Exploration, xvi, 31, 64, 69, 71–73, 80, 82, 17, 120, 134, 136, 164, 166–169,
84, 100, 112, 114, 142, 147, 153, 154, 172, 179, 180, 246, 285, 383
166, 170, 171, 220, 224, 256, 291, Gender (see Women’s career
302, 338, 354, 355, 357, 367, 381 development)
Exploratory stage of vocational General systems theory (GST), 215
development, 69, 70, 73 Genetic endowment, 96, 101, 103, 131
External reality, 90, 92, 94 Gergen, K.J., 354, 361, 374, 424
Extrinsic motives, 125 Gergen, M.M., 361, 374, 424
Extraversion, 35 Gibson, P., 360, 361, 424
Gilligan, C., 154, 424
Family influence, 274 Ginzberg, E., xiv, 7, 10, 14, 14, 16,
Family therapy, 23, 24, 218, 229, 238, 63–67, 92, 93, 121, 126, 243,
258, 261, 262, 367 327, 424
Fantasy stage, 64 Globalization, 281
Farmer, H.S., 14, 16, 17, 43, 149, 151, Goal-directed action, 114, 115, 117
154, 157, 169, 422 Goldman, L., 364, 365, 424
Fassinger, R.E., 134, 151–153, 157, Gottfredson, L.S., xiv, 10, 14, 16–20,
166–169, 205, 246, 419, 422, 424 45, 63, 87, 88, 90–94, 96, 121, 123,
Feller, R., 290, 294, 415, 416, 419, 422, 124, 126, 129, 133, 149, 150, 155,
425–427, 432, 434, 435, 459, 460 159, 162, 168, 172, 175, 186, 196,
Field theory, 216, 219, 231, 306 197, 244–246, 289, 327, 424, 425

467
INDEX

Grant, E.M., 360, 425 Hermans, H.J.M., 124, 201, 428

Group counselling, 314 Hermeneutical approaches, 188, 235
Growth stage of development, 69, 72, Herr, E.I., 5, 12, 13, 29, 67, 78, 92,
73, 80, 81 139, 166, 236, 246, 250, 252,
Grubb, W.N., 252, 370, 425 256, 258, 265, 284, 285, 294,
Guichard, J., 3, 9, 10, 187, 188, 207, 282, 298, 324, 329, 351, 358, 367,
347, 425, 452 379, 388, 389, 390, 400, 428,443,
Gutek, B., 137, 147, 149, 425, 433, 443 453, 459
Gysbers, N.C., 4, 31, 34, 84, 292, 294, Hershenson, D., 236, 428
323, 324, 326, 327, 329, 333, Hesketh, B., 38, 44, 96, 165, 180,
336–338, 340, 360, 365, 413, 425, 191, 193, 199, 206, 207, 260, 400,
426, 437 428, 450
Hiebert, B., 284, 299, 336, 409, 413,
Hackett, G., xiv, 9, 11, 13–17, 20, 63, 67, 429, 451
95, 101, 102, 105, 119, 122, 129, Hispanic Americans (see Racial and ethnic
131–133, 136, 149, 150, 152, 155, groups, career development of)
157, 159, 163, 202, 204, 206, 209, Holland, J.L., xiv, 10, 13, 15, 18–20, 27,
246, 351, 411, 426, 434 28, 34, 37–46, 51, 56–60, 67, 95,
Hall, D.T., 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 23, 139, 244, 252, 96, 112, 113, 121–126, 129, 136,
281, 288, 387, 388, 391, 393, 398, 137, 147, 148, 154, 159, 160, 161,
399, 401, 408, 413, 426, 442, 455 175, 185, 196, 199, 204, 205, 208,
Halpern, R., 328, 332, 426 209, 244, 245, 256, 261, 289, 363,
Hansen, L.S., 23, 144, 246, 252, 253, 401, 424, 429
284, 326–328, 426, 427 Holloway, E.L., 318, 319, 429
Happenstance theory, 99, 100 Hooley, T., 290, 291, 324, 325, 333, 338,
Harris-Bowlsbey, J., 279, 312, 326, 369, 370, 429
331–333, 336, 347, 354, 356, 369, Hughes, D., 285, 291, 298, 325, 326,
370, 407, 427, 443 331, 333, 369, 370, 411, 415, 430
Hartung, P.J., xiv, 8, 10, 14, 19, 31, 68, Human development, 110, 111, 126, 171,
70–73, 75, 76, 101, 105, 112, 123, 179, 186–188, 190, 197, 200, 205,
127, 132, 158, 170, 171, 174, 175, 213, 216, 232, 234, 237, 241, 245,
198, 199, 210, 244, 260, 279, 282, 306, 390
283, 298, 301, 304, 340, 353, 360, Hynes, K., 325, 340, 430
379, 389, 390, 407, 412, 427, 434, Hirsch, B.J., 325, 340, 430
435, 443, 447, 450, 452, 458, 459
Hastorf, A.H., 216, 219, 416, 427 Identity, 5, 17, 21, 43, 44, 51, 71–73,
Health, 25, 29, 55, 57, 59, 93, 101, 105, 82–84, 90, 115, 122–124, 127, 154,
110, 118, 119, 125, 143, 171, 178, 155, 157, 161, 162, 164, 167–169,
246, 282, 295 171, 174, 188, 235, 288, 298, 315,
Heppner, M.J., 15, 137, 149, 152, 153, 317, 321, 327, 340, 360, 373, 385,
157, 174, 176, 298, 301, 315, 360, 391, 401
410, 418, 422, 425, 427, 428, 433 Imaginal experiments, 355

468
INDEX

Implementation, 18, 71, 73, 75, 80, 84, Interpretivism, xiii, 133
85, 92, 107, 127, 129, 161, 287, Intrinsic motives, 125
324, 329, 337, 340 Investigative personality type, 40, 41,
Individual, in systems theory framework, 43, 148
243–245 Irreversibility, 64, 66
Individual system, xxi, 24, 162, 201, Ittelson, W., 216, 416
221, 231, 235, 243, 245–247, 272,
274, 291, 305, 329, 336, 378 Jarvis, P.S., 8, 34, 252, 279, 281, 290,
Induction, 85 345, 426, 431
Inductive reasoning, 215, 219, 232 Jepsen, D.A., 9, 195, 248, 249, 431
Inkson, K., 5, 7, 250, 258, 283, 387, 388, John, O.P., 14, 15, 27, 34–37, 437
390, 392, 393, 394, 396, 397–399, Johnston, J.A., 360, 417, 425
402, 408, 430, 439, 456 Joint action, 114–117
Inskipp, F., 317, 319, 430 Jones, G.B., 33, 96, 432, 442
Instrumental (direct) learning Juntenen, C.L., 87–91
experiences, 97, 163, 187
Integration and convergence in career Kawasaki, T., 110, 111, 126, 200, 220,
theory, 185–210 222, 237, 238, 458
advantages and disadvantages of, Kettunen, J., 369, 370, 431, 458
207, 208 Kidd, J.M., 33, 51, 357, 431–433, 460
bridging frameworks, 197–204 Knowdell, R., 279, 281, 432
integrative frameworks, 191–194, Knowing, assumptions about, 225
206, 207 Knowledge, xiii, xvi, 3, 8, 19, 21, 25,
modification of theories and new 28, 29, 32, 41, 57, 58, 60, 72, 81,
theories, 194–197 84, 85, 92, 96, 106, 110, 117, 118,
1990’s focus on, 204–206 133, 137, 148, 169, 170, 177, 180,
present position on, 208–210 187, 189, 200, 209, 213–215, 219,
stages in, 189–191 221, 225, 226, 245, 252–254, 258,
underlying worldviews, 186–189 259, 263, 266, 272, 275, 281, 282,
Interconnectedness, 23, 259, 303, 318, 286–288, 291, 292, 299–305, 309,
341, 372 311–314, 316, 317, 325, 333, 334,
Interdependence, 23, 56, 166, 220, 227, 340, 342, 352, 353, 375, 377, 378,
228, 236, 399 383, 384, 384, 389, 391
Interests, xiii, 13, 25, 27–29, 31–33, nature of, 57, 303
40, 44, 46, 55, 56, 59, 64, 68–70, self-, 3, 28, 30, 32, 53, 57, 58, 88, 106,
73, 76, 81, 87, 90, 91, 93, 99, 118, 121, 148, 214, 305, 347
101–105, 108, 112, 113, 115, 117, world-of-work, 3, 25, 29, 53, 57–59,
119, 123, 125, 129, 130, 136, 148, 71, 72, 93, 118, 119, 121, 122, 148,
149, 153, 159, 161, 163, 165, 168, 245, 268, 349, 384
170, 171, 173, 234, 245, 261, 272, Kolb, A.Y., 302, 304–306, 320, 432
290, 294, 308, 328, 340, 342, 348, Kolb, D.A., 9, 302–306, 320, 432, 461
349, 392 Kotter, J.P., 191, 194, 208, 261, 454

469
INDEX

Krumboltz, J.D., xiv, 10, 13, 14, 16, 18, Leong, F.T.I, 9, 83, 158–162, 165, 223,
19, 20, 23, 33, 95–101, 117, 119–121, 245, 258, 285, 347, 379, 380, 387,
123, 125, 128, 129, 131, 133, 159, 163, 434, 435, 454
176, 177, 189, 195, 196, 199, 200, 205, Lerner, R.M., xiv, 14, 16, 108, 110, 127,
222, 237, 238, 245, 246, 250, 259, 261, 132, 133, 171, 190, 191, 195, 200,
263, 266, 284, 298, 301, 312, 326, 332, 201, 207, 209, 216, 217, 221, 230,
349–351, 424, 432, 433, 442 238, 239, 241, 250, 262, 420, 435,
454, 456, 458
La Pointe, K., 373, 433 Lesbians, career development of, xv, 16,
Langan-Fox, J., 138, 149, 155, 447 17, 120, 134, 136, 164, 166–169,
Language, 6, 35, 85, 123, 180, 189, 214, 172, 179, 180, 246, 285, 383
218, 219, 224–226, 229, 252, 275, Leung, A., 19, 38, 45, 46, 67, 71,
293, 294, 296, 299, 303, 319, 338, 158–160, 283–285, 294, 327, 335,
346, 353, 354, 355, 358–360, 367, 347, 379, 380, 435
371, 372, 379, 380, 395, 396 Lewin, K., 216, 219, 220, 231, 435
in career counselling, 358–360 Life-career, concept of, 47, 69, 72, 74,
limitations of, 218, 225, 226, 229 75, 76, 117, 288, 324, 327
Lapan, R.T., 327, 331, 335, 340, 457 Life-career rainbow, xxi, 72, 74, 75, 76
Larwood, L., 137, 147, 425, 433 Lifelong career development learning,
Law, 68, 249, 280, 289, 290, 294, 328, 279–296. (see also Career
339, 350, 433 counselling)
Learning, 199, 275, 276, 279–344 consumers of career development
content of, 310–314 services, 285, 286
nature of, 306–310 content of, 310–314
Learning experiences, 96–99, 102, 105, implementing systems, 336–341
129, 130, 288, 294, 302, 306, 310, implications for career development
311, 323, 329, 340, 391 facilitators, 294, 295
Learning system, individual as, 275, 276 language of learning, 293, 294
Learning theory, xiv, 13, 14, 16, 20, 70, 76, necessity of, 296, 316
95, 96, 98–102, 118, 120, 128–130, in school systems, 323–344
133, 159, 163, 176, 185, 193, 196, in supervisory systems, 315–322
197, 199, 222, 245, 289, 302, 306, work environment, 57, 58, 294
314, 323, 326, 328, 329, 339, 342 Lifelong learning, 286–296
Lee, P., 297, 374, 433 Life-span, life-space approach, 66–78
Lent, R.W., xiv, 8–11, 14–16, 19, 20, 22, Littlejohn, E.M., 159, 164, 246, 444
27, 30, 50, 95, 101–105, 117, 119– Living systems framework, 98, 110, 133,
123, 126, 128, 129, 131–134, 137, 200, 201, 220, 221, 238
149, 150, 152, 153, 157, 159, 163, Lofquist, L.H., xiv, 14, 15, 18, 27, 37,
172–174, 177, 188–190, 202, 205, 38, 47, 50, 57–60, 121, 127,129,
206, 208, 209, 222, 224, 230, 239, 130, 133, 196, 204, 246, 420, 436
241, 244–246, 250, 254, 260–262, Logical positivism, 20, 21, 122, 188,
266, 279, 326, 327, 346–348, 388, 263, 381
395, 399, 415, 426, 433, 434, 452 Luckmann, T., 216, 219, 226, 410

470
INDEX

Macrosystem, 232, 248 Miller-Tiedeman, A.I., xiv, 5, 36, 38, 40,

Mahoney, M.J., 21, 187, 188, 214, 353, 63, 83–86, 94, 123, 127, 128, 227,
356, 436 236, 244, 258, 265, 441
Maintenance stage of vocational Minicycles, 75, 82, 94, 126, 398
development, 69, 72, 73 Minority career development (see Gay
Manifest behaviour, 114, 115 men; Lesbians; Racial and ethnic
Maree, K (J.G)., 135, 158, 350, 357, groups; women)
421, 437 Mitchell, A.M., 96, 99, 163, 177, 204,
Marshall, J., 137, 139, 141, 437 245, 266, 432, 442
Mathematics, 145, 148, 151–153, 226 Mitchell, L.K., xiv, 14, 16, 95–100,
Maxicycle, 69, 75, 80, 82, 126 121, 123, 129, 159, 163, 177, 195,
McAdams, D.P., 80, 196, 203, 234, 360, 196, 204, 245, 246, 250, 259, 261,
373, 437 266, 442
McCrae, R.R., 14, 15, 27, 34–37, Mkhize, N., 158, 283, 284, 286, 286,
245, 437 347, 374, 442, 459
McIlveen, P., 11, 15, 18, 21, 25, 105, 124, Moore, E.J., 144, 324, 387, 426
174, 177, 179, 187, 191, 201, 206, Morgan, A., 361, 373, 377, 440–442
217, 233, 234, 239, 242, 298, 348, Morgan, K., 15, 17, 166–169, 246,
360, 362, 364, 365, 371, 380, 381, 440–442
438, 445 Motivational systems theory, 110, 111,
McMahon, M., xvii, 3, 5, 9–13, 15, 17, 200, 216, 222, 238
18, 24, 30, 34, 45, 100, 121, 123, MSCI (My System of Career Influences),
126, 127, 129–133, 135, 140, 142, Multicultural learning, 311
154, 160, 164, 165, 170–172, 176, Mutuality, 23, 132, 229, 230, 239, 274, 389
177, 179, 181, 188–190, 194, 201,
206, 210, 217, 233, 234, 238, Narrative approaches, 29, 30, 51, 233,
240–242, 246, 252, 254, 259, 262, 234, 301, 315, 346, 353, 379, 380
266, 279, 283, 285, 286, 290, Narrative career counselling, 45, 94, 360,
291, 294, 298, 302, 306, 311, 312, 374, 381
315–322, 325–327, 335–338, 340, Nauta, M.M., 10, 13, 39, 40–42, 44–46,
347–350, 352, 354, 355, 357–366, 168, 443
369–382, 385, 396, 398–400, 403 Neuroticism, 35
Meaning-making, 128, 188, 356, 360, Nichols, C.W., 23, 98, 200, 222, 237,
374, 376, 377, 403, 405 238, 432
Mechanism, 51, 186, 296, 297, 310, 315, Niles, S.G., 126, 137, 298, 326, 327,
333, 360 331–333, 336, 354, 356, 370, 389,
Mesosystem, 232, 248 390, 407, 418, 430, 432, 433, 443,
Metacognitions, 106, 107, 130 447, 457, 458
Metaphor, 117, 185, 189, 203, 209,
210, 236, 279, 301, 350, 359, 361, Occupational choice, 7, 33, 34, 64–66,
397–399 90, 113, 125, 146, 164, 192, 283,
Microsystem, 232, 248 346, 347, 350
Mikolaitis, M., 154 Occupational classification system, 112

471
INDEX

Occupational knowledge, 92, 106, 376–381, 382, 388, 395, 396,

347, 391 398–401, 403
Occupational self-concept, 71, 72, 123, Peavy, R.V., 188, 279, 293, 302, 304,
161, 163 312, 320, 350, 354–356, 359–361,
O’Hara, R.P., xiv, 63, 84–86 365, 367, 374, 376–378, 446
“One-size-fits-all” approach, 335 Perry, J.C., 178, 324, 325, 329, 366,
Open and closed systems, 226, 231, 274 412, 446
Opportunity structure, 70, 103, 104, 130, Personal determinants, 76, 95
167–169, 170, 173, 189, 264 Personal goals, 102, 104
Organisational career development, 296 Personal reality, 85, 86, 94, 127, 367
Organism, 69, 187, 197, 198, 214–216, Personal values, 64, 65, 94, 338, 391
221, 225, 228, 239 Person-environment fit theory, 27, 38,
Osipow, S.H., xiv, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 18, 42, 48, 50, 54, 60
20, 23, 64, 66, 114, 127, 136, 137, vocational choice, 12, 38, 39, 41, 45,
145, 147, 159, 161, 164, 185, 194, 87, 88, 89, 113, 148, 167, 347
204, 207, 208, 235, 246, 252, 263, work adjustment, 14, 15, 19, 33, 37, 38,
276, 387, 410, 411, 413, 416, 422, 47–50, 53, 55, 58, 60, 63, 113, 126,
425, 428, 432, 434, 444, 450–452, 127, 130, 131, 133, 193, 197, 199,
454, 455, 458 200, 236, 237, 246, 398, 400, 401
Outcome expectations, 102–105, 130, 176 Person-environment transaction,
Outsourcing, 281 197, 199
Perspectivism, 188, 210, 225
Pantheoretic framework, 133 Peterson, G.W., xiv, 5, 9, 10, 14, 16, 19,
Parent-child relations, 113 20, 95, 105, 106, 107, 119, 121, 130,
Parker, P., 8, 363, 365, 388, 403, 407, 159, 164, 246, 261, 266, 348, 447,
430, 444 449, 451
Parsons, F., xiv, 3, 4, 13, 15, 27–32, 37, Plas, J.W., 23, 214, 227, 229, 330, 447
38, 48, 57–60, 106, 121–125, 130, Poole, M.E., 138, 149, 155, 159, 194,
178, 243, 246, 280, 289, 338, 346, 195, 447
348, 350, 362, 444, 447 Porfeli, E.J., xiv, 14, 28, 30, 110–112,
Patterns and rules, 226–228 128, 133, 134, 172, 175, 176, 190,
Patton, W., xvii, 3, 5, 7, 9–13, 15, 17, 18, 198–200, 210, 220–222, 239, 260,
24, 25, 30, 33, 34, 67, 100, 105, 112, 346, 427, 446–448, 458
121, 123, 124, 126, 127, 129–133, Positivism, 20, 21, 122, 188, 207, 209,
135, 137, 142, 154, 160, 164, 165, 263, 381
167, 170–172, 176, 177, 179, 181, Prigogine, I., 230, 231, 236, 448
186, 188–191, 194, 201, 202, 206, Process, theories of (see Developmental
210, 217, 233, 234, 238, 240–242, theories)
245, 246, 249, 254, 258, 259, 262, Proctor, B., 317, 319, 430, 448
266, 279, 283, 285, 286, 290, 291, Professional standards, 179, 285, 299,
293, 294, 298, 302, 306, 312, 300, 316, 369
314–318, 320–322, 324–329, 332, Prognosis, in career counselling, 346, 348
334, 336–340, 347–350, 352, 357, Project, 47, 114–117, 123, 205, 207, 208,
359, 360, 362, 364–366, 370–374, 245, 258, 392, 400

472
INDEX

Protean career, 7, 244, 391, 398 Reid, H.L., 313, 316, 319, 321, 350, 357,
Pryor, R.G.L., 15, 17, 19, 27, 34–36, 376, 449
100, 131, 176, 191, 193, 194, 199, Reinforcers, 47–49, 57
201, 217, 224, 234, 236–239, 259, Reinforcing feedback, 239
347, 350, 413, 448 Reintegration (integration), 84, 85
Psathas, G., 139, 146, 149, 448 Relatedness, 21, 23, 124, 353, 356, 374
Psychodynamic model of career choice, Repetto, E., 67, 298, 316, 449
50–52 Restructuring, 252, 270, 281, 355
Psychodynamic theory, 13, 15, 50 RIASEC (Realistic, Individual,
Artistic, Social, Enterprising and
Qualitative assessment, xiii, 51, 267, Conventional) model, 39, 41, 45, 46,
312, 313, 363–366, 381 81, 112, 113, 148, 161, 196
Richardson, M.S., 4, 6, 9, 15, 17, 22, 54,
Racial and Ethnic groups, career 76, 124, 135, 136, 137, 140, 145,
development of, 158–160 156–158, 172–174, 177, 178, 234,
broader theoretical models, 162–165 246, 262, 265, 315, 350, 360, 388,
culture-specific conceptual models, 390, 392, 393, 405, 406, 449, 450
165, 166 Roberts, K., 15, 17, 33, 99, 173, 174,
Rapprochement, 56, 95, 123, 132, 189, 185, 190, 244, 250, 252, 284, 285,
191, 195–197, 205, 353 330, 350, 450
Realistic personality type, 40, 41, 43, 46, Roe, A., xiv, 10, 14, 16, 95, 112–114,
64, 69, 148, 160, 168, 171 118–121, 125, 131, 250, 450
Reality, 21, 22, 51, 64, 65, 69, 72, 85, Role conflict, 55, 144, 145, 148, 151
86, 90, 92, 94, 97, 126–128, 145, Rottinghaus, P.J., 37, 38, 450
157, 187, 191, 195, 203, 218, 219, Rounds, J.B., 37, 41, 58, 96, 161, 180,
225, 226, 233, 244, 253, 266, 275, 199, 206, 348, 349, 407, 450, 451
276, 287, 292, 303, 319, 324, 337, Ryan, C.W., 373, 375, 451
339, 345, 351, 353, 358–360, 367,
372, 402 Sampson, J.P.Jr., xiv, 5, 9, 10, 14, 16, 30,
Real-world experiments, 355, 356 31, 33, 95, 105, 106, 107, 130, 253,
Recursiveness, 24, 25, 59, 93, 119, 132, 336, 353, 354, 363, 369, 370, 381,
189, 201, 226, 229, 230, 239, 248, 427, 447, 449, 451
254, 255, 265, 274, 282, 291, 309, Satisfaction/satisfactoriness, 6, 37, 41,
318, 329, 336, 341, 343, 351, 372, 42, 44–55, 57, 60, 65, 66, 70, 76,
373, 374, 403, 405 79, 82, 85, 87, 91, 101–103, 105,
Recycling process, 126 113, 125, 127, 145, 156, 164, 199,
Reflection, 6, 21, 52, 53, 132, 150, 237, 246, 321, 345, 393
165, 198, 207, 233, 245, 262, Savickas, M.L., xiv, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9–11,
266, 284, 303, 306–310, 313, 15, 17–20, 22, 27, 28, 34, 37–39,
317, 318, 320, 341, 342, 345, 63, 64, 67, 68, 72, 73, 76, 78–83,
355, 361, 374, 376, 377, 379–383, 92–95, 112, 122, 126, 128, 130, 132,
403, 405 139, 148, 160, 162, 186, 188–190,
Reflective observation, 304, 309, 321 195–199, 203, 205–208, 226, 233,
Rehfuss, M.C., 362, 364, 449 234, 239, 241, 244–246, 250,

473
INDEX

256, 260, 261–263, 279–285, 287, 148, 150, 151, 156, 165, 172–177,
294, 298, 301, 304, 312, 323, 327, 179, 180, 194, 196, 264, 397
329, 332, 340, 345–350, 352–357, Social cognitive career theory, 14, 19,
359–364, 366, 372, 374–376, 95, 101–105, 118, 120, 126, 128,
387, 389, 395, 396, 398, 400, 129, 130, 132, 147, 153, 163, 188,
401, 405 197, 202, 254, 261, 289, 327, 347
Schenck, P.M., 324, 328, 331, 334, 453 Social justice, xv, 17, 30, 134–136, 174,
Schiersmann, C., 217, 224, 285, 298, 178, 179, 311
300, 329, 453 Social learning theory, 16, 95–100, 118,
Schneider, M., 47–50, 456 120, 128, 129, 130, 133, 159, 163,
Schultheiss, D.E., 7, 11, 15, 17, 18, 21, 193, 196, 222, 245, 289
22, 124, 136, 140, 155, 156, 158, Social meaning, 114, 115, 357
187, 191, 207, 209, 246, 412, 438, Social personality type, 40–42, 45
453, 462 Social system, 24, 25, 59, 93, 119, 162,
School systems, lifelong career 201, 219, 243, 248–250, 274, 291,
development learning in, 323–344 331, 343, 378, 399, 405, 406
Self-assessment, 28, 29, 313, 362 Socioeconomic status, 16, 17, 23, 25, 45,
Self-concept, 5, 12, 18, 25, 36, 59, 46, 53, 59, 65, 93, 103, 119, 122,
67–72, 75, 77, 87–93, 101, 118, 125, 131, 135, 157, 162, 172–175,
119, 123, 124, 129, 148, 150, 151, 180, 244, 248, 267, 310, 335, 379
161–164, 167, 189, 195, 196, 227, Sonnenfeld, J., 191, 194, 208, 256, 261, 454
244, 245, 391 Stead, G., 3, 4, 46, 158, 242, 285, 286,
Self-Directed Search (SDS), 42, 45, 244, 294, 311, 347, 379, 454, 455, 460
363, 381 Story, xvi, 30, 61, 81–83, 86, 188, 233,
Self-efficacy, 101–105, 118, 129, 130, 234, 245, 262, 266, 275, 282, 294,
152, 153, 159, 163, 164, 176, 222, 340, 353–358, 361–363, 365, 366,
244, 326, 340 372–377, 380, 399, 403, 405
Self-knowledge, 3, 28, 30, 53, 57, 58, 88, Story telling, 233, 234, 294, 309, 312,
106, 118, 305, 347 366, 372, 374, 377
Self-learning, 307, 310 Strong Vocational Interest Blank, 45
Self-observation generalisations, 97–99, Structured interviews, 364
163, 189 Successive approximations, 256, 289
Senge, P., 223, 224, 229, 238, 239, Sultana, R., 252, 280, 284, 287–292,
294, 453 294, 295, 297, 298, 300, 301,
Sex-role socialisation, 144, 150 325, 329, 330, 333, 345, 429,
Sexual harassment, 349 455, 460
Sexual orientation, career development Super, D.E., xiv, 4, 5, 9, 10, 17–19, 23,
and, 17, 122, 169, 246 33, 67, 68, 70–73, 75, 94, 126, 129,
Schein, E.H., 191, 192, 193, 195, 387, 137, 147, 159, 195, 196, 207, 243,
388, 391, 396, 397, 402, 453, 457 256, 260, 345, 377, 398, 401, 453,
Situational determinants, 75, 76, 94, 95, 173 455, 456
Social class, xv, 6, 33, 40, 46, 87, 89, Supervisory systems, lifelong career
90, 92, 99, 134, 135, 136, 145, 146, development learning in, 315–322

474
INDEX

Swanson, J.L., 28, 47–50, 60, 160, 310, implications of, 263–266
326, 327, 456, 462 the individual, 243–245
Synthesis in career counselling, 23, 50, individual systems, 245–247
69, 80, 106, 107, 115, 190, 200, 201, recursiveness, 248, 254, 255
211, 221, 241, 346, 348, 397 social system, 248–250
Systems theory, 213–240
acknowledgment of potential of, 235, Task approach skills, 96–99
236 Technology, use of, 312, 370, 371, 384
Bateson’s work, 218, 219 Theories of content, 12–15, 27, 56–61,
Berger and Luckmann’s work, 219 119, 289
Capra’s work, 217, 218 Theories of process, 13, 14, 16, 61,
complexity theory, 214, 217, 93, 289
222–224 Theories of content and process, 13–16,
developmental systems theory, 18, 119, 289
221, 222 Therapeutic system, 296, 318, 320, 321,
development of, 213, 214 366–372, 374, 375, 380, 403, 405
elements of, 226–234 Tiedeman, D.V., xiv, 5, 14, 16, 18, 20,
framework of career development (see 22, 63, 78, 83–86, 93, 94, 123, 127,
Systems theory framework of career 128, 227, 236, 244, 258, 265,
development) 441, 456
frameworks derived from, 237, 238 Townsend, K.C., 374, 457
general systems theory, 214–224 Tracey, T.J., 37, 41, 46, 58, 161, 348,
incorporation of principles of, 349, 420, 436, 450, 451, 457
236, 237 Trait-and-factor theory, 34
issues in, 224–226 Transactional functionalists, 216, 219
Lewin’s work, 219, 220 True reasoning, concept of, 3, 28, 29, 32,
living systems framework, 220, 221 58, 130
motivational systems theory, 222 Turner, S.L., 327, 331, 335, 340, 457
related conceptualizations and, Tyler, L., 5, 20, 136, 457
238, 239
transactional functionalists, 219 Valach, L., xiv, 10, 14, 16, 18, 20, 95,
Systems theory framework of career 114–117, 119, 159, 186–188, 203,
development, 241–276. (see also 350, 357, 377, 457, 461, 462
Career counselling; lifelong career Values-based theory, 13, 15, 52–56
development learning), Van Esbroeck, R., 19, 37, 38, 206, 284,
advantages of, 260–263 298, 387, 409, 450, 453, 457
application of, 266–276 Viljamaa, H., 312, 370, 457
chance, 259 Vocational guidance, 3, 28, 30, 31, 32,
change over time, 256–259 64, 67, 83, 282, 298, 299, 323, 346,
contextual systems, 243, 247–254 347, 350, 358
development of, 241–242 Vocational (occupational) identity, 71,
environmental-societal system, 72, 73, 123, 168, 327, 340, 401
250–254, 256, 261, 343 Vocational Preference Inventory, 45

475
INDEX

von Bertalanffy, L., 23, 214–217, 225, adaptation of traditional theories, 138,
227, 231, 458 147–150
Vondracek, F.W., xiv, 10, 14, 16, 18, 22, definitions of career, 7, 138–142, 155,
75, 95, 104, 108, 110–112, 120, 121, 226, 256, 347, 401
125–128, 131–134, 154, 172, 175, development of comprehensive
176, 185, 186, 190, 194, 196–200, theories, 138, 149–151, 206
206, 210, 220–222, 230, 232, 234, development of specific theories,
237–239, 244, 248, 250, 252, 254, 136, 138
256, 259– 261, 263, 347, 350, 388, issues in women’s careers, 142–145
395, 427, 448, 449, 454, 458 sociocognitive models, 138, 152–153
Vuorinen, R., 369, 370, 431, 458 Work adjustment, theory of, 14, 15,
19, 33, 37, 38, 47–50, 53, 55, 58,
Walz, G., 290, 459 60, 63, 113, 126, 127, 130, 131,
Ward C.M., 180, 351, 411, 412 133, 193, 197, 199, 200, 236, 237,
Watson, M., 3, 4, 30, 45, 46, 83, 140, 246, 398
142, 158, 161, 162, 165, 170–172, Work environment, changing, 19, 44,
188, 206, 217, 233, 234, 238, 242, 47–50, 57, 58, 60, 99, 121, 155,
252, 265, 283, 285, 286, 294, 307, 164, 175, 210, 281, 289, 294, 321
311, 312, 326, 335, 347, 348, 350, Work history, 194, 275
353–355, 358, 362–364, 366, Working life, 66, 75, 141, 288, 357
371–374, 376, 378–381, 385, World-of-work knowledge, 119
403, 411, 440, 441, 446, 455,
459, 460 Young, R.A., 14, 16, 18–20, 23, 28, 50,
Watts, A.G., 5, 8, 67, 100, 139, 252, 253, 58, 95, 114–117, 119–121, 129,
265, 279–281, 283–290, 292, 294, 130, 131, 132, 134, 159, 186–188,
295, 297, 298, 300, 325, 328, 330, 194, 197, 201–203, 207, 208, 217,
333, 339, 345, 351, 369, 370, 418, 233–236, 238, 242, 244, 250, 261,
429, 433, 441, 455, 460 266, 350, 352, 360, 377, 378, 388,
Weitzman, L., 141, 148, 151, 214, 416, 422 418, 457, 461, 462
White, M., 233, 361, 461 Yuen, M., 158, 159, 283, 284, 285, 286,
Whole and parts, 219, 221, 227, 228, 241 294, 300, 327, 335, 347, 379, 380,
Williamson, E., 346, 350, 351, 461 435, 441, 455
Women’s career development, xv, 14, 17,
136–145, 147, 149, 154–157, 159, Zytowski, D.C., 28, 29, 60, 139,
167, 169, 202, 237, 246 146, 462

476