WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Science 8, Quarter 2, Week 1

Earthquakes and Faults

Name: ___________________________________________ Section: ____________________

Learning Objective

Using models or illustrations, explain how movements along faults

generate earthquakes (S8ES-IIa-14).

Sub-tasks:

1. Understand the concepts/terms involved in earthquake and

faults;
2. Using an illustrations, explain how movements along faults generate
earthquakes; and
3. Value the importance of knowing how earthquake occurs and the
impact it brought to Planet Earth.

Time Allotment: 4 hours

Key Concepts:

• An earthquake is a weak to violent shaking of the ground shaped by the

sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface. The
earthquakes originate in tectonic plate boundary.
• The focus is point inside the earth where the earthquake started,
sometimes called the hypocenter, and the point on the surface of the earth
directly above the focus is called the epicenter.
• There are two ways by which we can measure the strength of an
earthquake: magnitude and intensity.
• Magnitude is proportional to the energy released by an earthquake at the
focus. It is calculated from earthquakes recorded by an instrument called
seismograph. It is represented by Arabic Numbers (e.g. 4.8, 9.0).
• Intensity, on the other hand is the strength of an earthquake as perceived
and felt by people in a certain locality. It is a numerical rating based on the
relative effects to people, objects, environment and structures in the
surrounding. The intensity is generally higher near the epicenter. It is
represented by Roman Numerals (e.g. II, IV, IX). In the Philippines, the
Author: GREGORIO T. LLANO JR.
School/Station: SURIGAO DEL NORTE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Division: SURIGAO DEL NORTE
Email address: [email protected]
intensity of an earthquake is determined using the PHIVOLCS Earthquake
Intensity Scale (PEIS).
• There are two types of earthquakes: tectonic and volcanic earthquakes.
Tectonic earthquakes are produced by sudden movement along faults and
plate boundaries. Earthquakes induced by rising lava or magma beneath
active volcanoes is called volcanic earthquakes.
• Earthquakes occur on faults. A fault is a thin zone of crushed rock
separating blocks of the earth's crust. When an earthquake occurs on one
of these faults, the rock on one side of the fault slips with respect to the
other. The friction across the surface of the fault holds the rocks together so
they do not slip immediately when pushed sideways. Eventually, enough
stress builds up and the rocks slip suddenly, releasing energy in waves that
travel through the rock to cause the shaking that we feel during an
earthquake.
• There are three main types of fault, all of which may cause an interplate
earthquake: normal, reverse (thrust) and strike-slip.
• Normal Fault is a dip-slip fault in
which the block above the fault has
moved downward relative to the block
below. This type of faulting occurs in
response to extension. “Occurs when
the “hanging wall” moves down relative
to the “foot wall””. Earthquakes
associated with normal faults are Source:
http://www.geologypage.com/2017/10/three-
generally less than magnitude 7. main-types-faults.html
This fault motion is caused by tensional forces and results in extension. A
dip-slip fault in which the upper block, above the fault plane,
moves up and over the lower block. This type of faulting is common in
areas of compression, When the dip angle is shallow, a reverse fault is often
described as a thrust fault. “Occurs where the “hanging wall” moves up or
is thrust over the “foot wall””.

Author: GREGORIO T. LLANO JR.

School/Station: SURIGAO DEL NORTE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Division: SURIGAO DEL NORTE
Email address: [email protected]
• Reverse faults, particularly those
along convergent plate boundaries
are associated with the most
powerful earthquakes, megathrust
earthquakes, including almost all of
those of magnitude 8 or more. This
fault motion is caused by
Source:
compressional forces and results in
http://www.geologypage.com/2017/10/three-
shortening. A reverse fault is called main-types-faults.html

a thrust fault if the dip of the fault plane is small.

• Strike-slip is a fault on which the
two blocks slide past one another.
The San Andreas Fault is an
example of a right lateral fault.
Strike-slip faults, particularly
Source:
continental transforms, can produce http://www.geologypage.com/2017/10/three-
main-types-faults.html
major earthquakes up to about
magnitude 8. The fault motion of a strike-slip fault is caused by shearing
forces.
• The primary effects of earthquakes are ground shaking, ground rupture,
landslides, tsunamis, and liquefaction. Fires are probably the single most
important secondary effect of earthquakes. At present, PHIVOLCS operates
101 seismic monitoring stations all over the Philippines. These stations are
equipped with seismometers that detect and record earthquakes. Data is
sent to the PHIVOLCS Data Receiving Center (DRC) to determine
earthquake parameters such as magnitude, depth of focus and epicenter.
Together with reported felt intensities in the area (if any), earthquake
information is released once these data are determined. The fact that
earthquake can leave incredible devastation; these same forces have also
created magnificent features with each adding character to a planet so
unique.

Activity 1. “Earthquake and Faults Vocabulary”

What you need: Paper, ballpen , and ruler

Author: GREGORIO T. LLANO JR.

School/Station: SURIGAO DEL NORTE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Division: SURIGAO DEL NORTE
Email address: [email protected]
What to do:
A. Read and understand the words and definition in column A and B.
B. Match the words in column A to its definition in column B, one has been done
for you.
C. Write the definition of its word in your notebook for you to have a copy.
COLUMN A COLUMN B

It is a thin zone of crushed rock

Compressional separating blocks of the earth's
Stress crust.

It occurs when the “hanging wall”

Earthquake moves up or is thrust over the
“foot wall.

It is the force applied to an object.

Epicenter In geology, it is the force per unit
area that is placed on a rock.

It is a type of stress that causes

the rocks to push or squeeze
against one another. It targets the
Faults center of the rock and can cause
either horizontal or vertical
orientation.

A fault on which the two blocks

Focus slide past one another.

It is a dip-slip fault in which the

block above the fault has moved
Normal fault downward relative to the block
below.

It is a sudden and violent shaking

of the ground, sometimes causing
Reverse fault great destruction, as a result of
movements within the earth's
crust or volcanic action.

The point on the surface of the

Shear Stress earth directly above the focus.

It is the opposite of compression.

Stress It forces the rocks to pull apart.

It is point inside the earth where

Strike-slip fault the earthquake started.

It usually happens when two

Tension plates rub against each other as
they move in opposite directions.

Author: GREGORIO T. LLANO JR.

School/Station: SURIGAO DEL NORTE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Division: SURIGAO DEL NORTE
Email address: [email protected]
Activity 2. “Point me the Arrow”

What you need: colored paper, ballpen, scissor, paste.

What to do:

1. Cut a 3 pairs of arrow using your colored paper. Make sure that each pair has
different color.
2. Based on your understanding, paste and place the arrows in each picture
indicating the movement of force in each fault.
3. Explain in the box, how movements along each faults generate earthquakes.

Author: GREGORIO T. LLANO JR.

School/Station: SURIGAO DEL NORTE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Division: SURIGAO DEL NORTE
Email address: [email protected]
Scoring Rubric
4 points Discussions are complete with no misconception and the
arrows were placed correctly.
2 point Discussions are incomplete with minor misconception and
the arrows were placed partly correct
0 point There is no discussion shown and the arrows were placed
incorrectly.

Activity 3. “Earthquakes and Faults”

What you need: Paper and ballpen

What to do:
1. Using a Venn diagram, indicate the differences and similarities on how
these movements along faults generate earthquakes and answer the guide
questions.

Earthquakes
and Faults

Author: GREGORIO T. LLANO JR.

School/Station: SURIGAO DEL NORTE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Division: SURIGAO DEL NORTE
Email address: [email protected]
Guide Questions:
1. What is the relationship between faults and earthquakes?
2. What happens to a fault when an earthquake occurs?
3. Make a brief discussion on how these movements along faults generate
earthquakes.
Scoring Rubric

2 points Discussions are complete with no misconception.

1 point Discussions are incomplete with minor misconception.

0 point There is no discussion shown.

Reflection

For countless years, the forces of plate tectonics have molded the Earth as the
colossal plates that structure the Earth's surface gradually move over, under, and
past one another. On the off chance that this development happens in a populated
area, it might cause numerous deaths and injuries and extensive property damage.
Cite a moment of your life that you have experienced earthquake and share in
a form of essay on how you overcame the scenario. Elaborate what you have
realized after knowing that earthquake can leave incredible devastation but
these same forces have also created magnificent features with each adding
character to a planet so unique.

Rubric for scoring

Task 5 points 3 points 1 point
There are clear ideas and Some ideas are
Ideas are not supported by
Content supported by the supported by the
the concepts.
concepts. concepts.
Generally Attempts to address the
Fully addresses the
Focus addresses the prompt but ideas are not
prompt.
prompt. clear.

References for Learners

Andrew Alden, Reverse, Strike-Slip, Oblique, and Normal Faults,“ThoughCo.”,
accessed November 2, 2020, https://www.thoughtco.com/fault-types-with-
diagrams-3879102

Indiana Geological Survey, “Faults and Earthquakes”, accessed November 2, 2020,

https://igws.indiana.edu/LessonPlans/FaultBlock.pdf

Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology, Fault Types: 3 Basic responses to

stress, accessed November 2, 2020, https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/
animation/fault_types_3_basic_responses_to_stress_

Southern California Earthquake Center, “Earthquake Basics”, accessed November 2,

2020, https://www.thoughtco.com/fault-types-with-diagrams-3879102

Author: GREGORIO T. LLANO JR.

School/Station: SURIGAO DEL NORTE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Division: SURIGAO DEL NORTE
Email address: [email protected]
Answers Key

Activity 1

COLUMN A COLUMN B

It is a thin zone of crushed rock

Compressional separating blocks of the earth's
Stress crust.

It occurs when the “hanging wall”

Earthquake moves up or is thrust over the
“foot wall.

It is the force applied to an object.

Epicenter In geology, it is the force per unit
area that is placed on a rock.

It is a type of stress that causes

the rocks to push or squeeze
against one another. It targets the
Faults center of the rock and can cause
either horizontal or vertical
orientation.

A fault on which the two blocks

Focus slide past one another.

It is a dip-slip fault in which the

block above the fault has moved
Normal fault downward relative to the block
below.

It is a sudden and violent shaking

of the ground, sometimes causing
Reverse fault great destruction, as a result of
movements within the earth's
crust or volcanic action.

The point on the surface of the

Shear Stress earth directly above the focus.

It is the opposite of compression.

Stress It forces the rocks to pull apart.

It is point inside the earth where

Strike-slip fault the earthquake started.

It usually happens when two

Tension plates rub against each other as
they move in opposite directions.

Author: GREGORIO T. LLANO JR.

School/Station: SURIGAO DEL NORTE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Division: SURIGAO DEL NORTE
Email address: [email protected]
Email address: [email protected]
Division: SURIGAO DEL NORTE
School/Station: SURIGAO DEL NORTE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Author: GREGORIO T. LLANO JR.
Where the crust is being pulled
apart, normal faulting occurs, in
which the overlying (hanging-wall)
block moves down with respect to
the lower (foot wall) block.
Where the crust is being
compressed, reverse faulting occurs,
in which the hanging-wall block
moves up and over the footwall
block – reverse slip on a gently
inclined plane is referred to as
thrust faulting.
Crustal blocks may also move
sideways past each other, usually
along nearly-vertical faults. This
‘strike-slip’ movement is described
as sinistral when the far side moves
to the left, and dextral, when the far
side moves to the right.
Activity 2
Email address: [email protected]
Division: SURIGAO DEL NORTE
School/Station: SURIGAO DEL NORTE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Author: GREGORIO T. LLANO JR.
Normal faults
Reverse faults
• form when the hanging wall
drops down in relation to the • form when the hanging wall
footwall. moves up.
• Extensional forces, those • The forces creating reverse
that pull the plates apart, Faults that faults are compressional,
and gravity are the forces can generate pushing the sides together.
that create normal faults. earthquakes • They are common at
• They are most common at convergent boundaries.
divergent boundaries.
Earthquakes
and Faults earthquakes
can generate
Faults that
Faults that Faults that
can generate can generate
earthquakes earthquakes
Strike-slip faults
• have walls that move sideways,
not up or down
• the slip occurs along the strike,
not up or down the dip.
• the fault plane is usually vertical
so there is no hanging wall or
footwall.
• The forces creating these faults
are lateral or horizontal, carrying
the sides past each other.
Activity 3
Email address: [email protected]
Division: SURIGAO DEL NORTE
School/Station: SURIGAO DEL NORTE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Author: GREGORIO T. LLANO JR.
ACTIVITY 3 (Guide Questions)
1. What is the relationship between faults and earthquakes?
Earthquakes occur on faults - strike-slip earthquakes occur on strike-slip
faults, normal earthquakes occur on normal faults, and thrust earthquakes
occur on thrust or reverse faults.
2. What happens to a fault when an earthquake occurs?
When an earthquake occurs on one of these faults, the rock on one side of
the fault slips with respect to the other. The fault surface can be vertical,
horizontal, or at some angle to the surface of the earth. The slip direction can
also be at any angle.
3. Make a brief discussion on how these movements along faults generate
earthquakes.
The friction across the surface of the fault holds the rocks together so they do
not slip immediately when pushed sideways. Eventually enough stress builds up
and the rocks slip suddenly, releasing energy in waves that travel through the
rock to cause the shaking that we feel during an earthquake.
Reflections (Answers may vary based on the experience of the learner)