QUIZ # 2

I. Modified True or False.

Write True if the statement is correct and if the statement Is false underline the
word/s that make it wrong and write the correct answer on the blank.
___________________1.
Structural There are three levels of dilemma namely Individual,
Organizational and Situational.
___________________2.
True The concept of ethics is derived from the Greek word
“ethos” which mean tradition, habit, or attitude.
___________________3.
True Normative ethics is a branch of Philosophy that deals
with human behavior or question about the essence of human behavior.
___________________4.
reason Kant’s definition of freedom is based on desire.
___________________5.
Organizational Individual moral dilemma refers to a situation that
causes an organization to respond negatively to an ethical issue that affects staffs
and employee.
___________________6.
True Morals are shaped by the beliefs of an individual.
___________________7.
True Moral standard is not determined by authority figures.
___________________8.
Meta-Ethics Normative Ethics is a discipline that relies on the
meaning
Moral Dilemma
___________________9. Situational morality is a situation in which a decision
maker must give preference to one moral principle or another.
___________________10.
True Justice does not affect the desires, wishes and need of
others
__________________11.
Article VI, Section 28 Article VII, Section 38 refers to the rules of taxation
shall be uniform and equal.
__________________12.
autonomy The term justice is derived from the Greek word term
which translate self-legislator.
___________________13.
True Structural moral dilemma is selecting proper system of
responsibilities and relationships which is a universal challenge.
___________________14.
organizational Unrealistic and conflicting goals are common ethical
problems under individual moral dilemma
___________________15.
True Ethics is all about decision making.
II. Enumeration.
1-6. Characteristics of Moral standards
a. Moral standards entail serious harm or benefit
b. Moral standards are not determined by authority figures
c. Moral standards should be adopted over other values including self-interest
d. Moral standards are focused on objective considerations
e. Moral standards are perceived to be universal
f. Moral standards are correlated with different feelings and vocabulary
7-10. Give 4 common ethical issues on the Organizations
a. Unethical leadership or bad leadership behavior
b. Toxic workplace culture
c. Discrimination and harassment or peril of employee favoritism
d. Unrealistic and conflicting goals

III. Essay

1. Briefly discuss the characteristics of Kant’s philosophy on freedom,

morality, and principles of justice and fairness.
Kant’s philosophy on freedom defined freedom as the right to control one’s
actions based on reason, not desire. This definition of freedom is related to the
definition of the derived Greek word for autonomy which means self-legislator.
Thus, freedom as self-legislative is live by the laws that a person enforced to
him/herself. Kant also mentioned that freedom is a limited independence because it
can coexist with the freedom of one another, thus, freedom follows a universal law.
He also stated on his philosophy on freedom that it is a person’s autonomous right
to be happy in their own way. Thus, the intervention of another’s freedom indicates
forcing others to be happy.
Kant’s philosophy on morality is outlined through five moral philosophies
which are the good will and duty, perfect and imperfect duties, categorical
imperative, universalizability, and humanity as end of in itself. Kant described
good will as unique because it is always good and retains its moral values, yet it
fails to achieve its moral intentions. While duty restricts people to act against their
inclinations, Kant believes that only actions committed concerning duty or
obligation have moral meaning. Categorical imperative command unconditionally.
It binds us as everyone has a responsibility not to lie, regardless of conditions and
even though it is in our interest to do so. Applying categorical imperative on duties
results in a contradiction of conception or a contradiction of will. Thus, the former
is categorized as perfect task, and the latter as imperfect. Kant believes that perfect
duty is more important than an imperfect duty: when a conflict of duty arises,
perfect duty must be carried out. Kant also described the philosophy on morality as
universalizability because for him, an act is only permissible if one can have the
principle that allows an action to be the universal law by which everybody acts.
The second interpretation of Kant's categorical imperative is to view life as an end
in itself. He argued that rational beings should never be viewed simply as a means
to ends; they must also be viewed as ends themselves, demanding equal regard for
their own logical motives.
Kant’s philosophy on justice and fairness presents three meanings of justice and
fairness. First is that justice involves external acts through which an individual may
directly or indirectly influence others. Second is that justice does not affect the
desires, wishes, or needs of others. Lastly, justice is concerned primarily with the
nature of interpersonal relationships and not with their substance. Kant added that
being just and fair is not about having influence with other people particularly to
those in the higher-ups or those who are considered influential. Desires, wishes, or
needs of others has nothing to do with justice.

2. Choose one of Kant’s philosophy (freedom, morality, justice and fairness)

and write a short reaction.
I always thought that with freedom, we can do anything that we wanted. Yet in
Kant’s philosophy on freedom, that is not the case. Freedom is not defined of what
we desire, but it is defined by our reasons. I am dumbfounded with Kant’s
statement that it is our autonomous right to be happy on our own way. It is our
freedom to be happy on our own way, and the legislation cannot enforce how we
define happiness. It is our freedom to be happy and yet this is limited because we
co-exist with each other’s freedom. Thus, a universal law is formed.