EENG441 SOLVED PROBLEMS

P1-) The transistor Q in the chopper shown below has a maximum (dv/dt) rating of 50 V/s. It is used
to supply a resistive load of RL = 100 . Find the snubber capacitance Cs required to protect the
transistor for dv/dt, when it is turned off. Assume that the transistor is turned off at t=0 , and vc(0)= 0.

vc
+ _ R s= 5 

Cs

+ v _
+
Q
Vs = 500 V RL

Solution:

The solution for the capacitor voltage after Q is turned off:

vc (t )  Vs (1  et / )   ( Rs  RL )Cs

dvc Vs  RL 
ic  Cs  e t /  v(t )  Vs  RLic  Vs 1  e  t / 
dt Rs  RL  Rs  RL 

dv RL  dv  RL 9.8765
 Vs e  t /     Vs   50 V/μs  50 106 V/s
dt Cs ( Rs  RL )2  max
dt C s ( Rs  RL ) 2
C s

 Cs  0.1975 μF

Alternatively, the voltage across Q can be solved directly from the eqn. x(t )  x()   x(0)  x() et /

Vs
v()  vc ()  Vs v(0 )  Rsic (0 )  Rs   ( Rs  RL )Cs
Rs  RL
 Rs   RL 
 v(t )  Vs  Vs  Vs  e  t /  Vs 1  e  t / 
 Rs  RL   Rs  RL 
P2-) In the circuit shown below, transistor Q is turned off at t = 0. The transistor current falls linearly
after it is turned off, as shown below. The fall time is tf = 2 s. Diode Ds is ideal. (Note: the
freewheeling diode DF does not turn on until the capacitor voltage reaches Vs).

(a) Find and sketch the voltage v across the transistor until steady state is reached.
(b) Find the maximum dv/dt across the transistor.

Ds
Cs Cs= 0.2 F
Vs= 200 V
R
I0=10 A
+ v _
+ iQ iQ
Q
Vs I0
DF
I0
_ tf t
0

Solution:

(a) After Q is turned off, the capacitor current is equal to I0-iQ :

 t  dv 1
t

C 0
ic  I 0  iQ  I 0   ic  C  v ( t )  v ( t0 )  ic dt '
t dt
 f 
t
I0 I0 I0
 v (t ) 
Ct f  t '.dt '  2Ct
0 f
t2 0  t  t f  v( t f ) 
2C
t f  50 V

t
1 I I
C tf
t  tf v (t )  v (t f )  I 0dt  0 t f + 0 (t  t f )  50  50(t  2) V ; t in s
2C C

v (V)
200

150

100
slope = I0 /C
50

0 1 2 3 4 5 t (μs)
tf

(b) The maximum dv/dt across the transistor is

 dv  I0 10
    6
 50 V/s
 dt max C 0.2  10
P3-) In the circuit shown below, transistor Q is turned off at t = 0. The transistor current falls linearly
after it is turned off, as shown below. The fall time tf = 2 s. Diode Ds is ideal.

(a) Find and sketch the voltage across the transistor until steady state is reached.
(b) Find the maximum dv/dt across the transistor.
(c) Find R so that the initial current through Q is limited to 40A when it is turned on again.

Ds
Cs Cs= 0.2 F
Vs= 200 V
R
I0=10 A
+ v _
+ iQ iQ
Q
Vs I0
DF
I0
_ t
tf

Solution:

(a) Same as in P1.

(b) Same as in P1.
(c) When Q turns on, its current is the sum of the load current and the snubber capacitor
discharging current iC. Let Q be turned on at t = 0+. Then,

Ds
Cs

R
iC
+ v _
+ iQ
Q
Vs
I0
_

vC (0 ) 200
iQ (0 )  I 0  iC (0 ) iC (0 )  
R R
200 200
 iQ (0 )  10   40  R  6.67 
R 30
P4-) In the circuit shown below, transistor Q is turned off at t = 0. The transistor turns off with its
current falling to zero instantly. Diode Ds is ideal. (Note: the freewheeling diode DF does not turn on
until the capacitor voltage reaches Vs).

(a) Find the capacitance Cs so that the maximum dv/dt across the transistor is 100 V/s.
(b) With Cs = 0.25 F, find and sketch the voltage v across the transistor for 0  t  5 s . Indicate all
time and voltage values.
Ds
Cs
Vs= 200 V
R
+ v _ I0= 20 A
+ iQ
Q
Vs DF
I0
_

Solution:

(a) After Q is turned off, the capacitor current becomes equal to I0:
dv dv I 0
ic  I 0  Cs    100 V/s  Cs  0.2  F
dt dt Cs
(b)

I0
v (t )  t the capacitor charges linearly.
Cs
CsVs 0.25  200
It becomes equal to Vs at t1    2.5 s
I0 20

v (V)
200

150

100 slope = I0 /C

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 t (μs)
P5-) The step-down chopper shown below is operated at the switching frequency f s = 10 kHz.
(a) Find the duty ratio k so that the average load current Ia = 2 A.
(b) Find the range of k in which the load current io is continuous ( i.e. k  k1 , find k1).

S
io
+ +
vo Vs = 100 V
R
D E = 40 V
Vs L L = 5 mH
+E R=5Ω
-

Solution:

Va  E Va
(a) Ia   Va  5  2  40  50 V  k  0.5
R Vs

(b) Conduction is continuous if I1 > 0

1  E  T 104
 k  ln 1  (e z  1)  z   0.1  k  10  ln 1  0.4( e0.1  1)   0.412
z  Vs   103
P6-) The step-up dc-dc converter shown below is operated at a switching frequency of fs = 20 kHz.

(a) For R = 20 Ω find the duty ratio k so that the average power supplied to the load is
Pav = 500 W.

(b) For k=0.7 find the maximum value of the load resistance R so that the source current is is
continuous. fs

L D io

is + Vs = 40 V
vo L = 500 μH
Vs Q C fs = 20 kHz
R
-

Solution:

Vdc2 Vs Vs2
(a) Pav  Vdc .I dc  Vdc   500   k  0.6
R 1 k R(1  k )2

(b) When the switch Q is on

dis Vs
L  Vs 0  t  kTs  is (t )  I1  t where I1  is (0)
dt L
Vs
 I 2  I1  kTs where I 2  is ( kTs )
L
Vdc2
Power balance of the converter: Pin  Pout  Vs I s ,av 
R

 I1  I 2    2 I1  s kTs   I1  s kTs
1 1 V V
I s ,av 
2 2 L  2L
 
2
V Vs Vs V
 Vs  I1  s kTs    I1   s kTs
 2 L  R (1  k ) 2
R (1  k ) 2
2 L

For continuous source current,

Vs V 2 fs L 2  20 103  500 106
I1  0   s kTs  R   317.46 
R(1  k )2 2 L k (1  k ) 2
(0.3)2  0.7
P7-) The step-up converter shown below is operated with a duty cycle k = 0.75. The minimum value
of the source current is is I1 = 10 A . Assume that is decreases linearly when transistor Q is turned off.
Find the switching frequency of the converter.

L D io
Vs = 20 V
is +
vo L = 5 mH
Vs Q R = 20 
C R CF
-

Solution:

is
I2

I1

kT T t

Power balance:

Va2 Vs
Pin  Pout  Vs I s ,av   I s ,av   16 A
R R(1  k )2

1
I s ,av  ( I1  I 2 )  I 2  32  10  22 A
2

dis Vs Vs
In 0 < t < kT L  Vs  is (t )  I1  t where I1  is (0)  I 2  I1  kTs
dt L L

1 kVs 0.75  20
fs     250 Hz
Ts L( I 2  I1 ) 5 103 12
P8-) The buck regulator shown below is operated at the switching frequency f s = 10 kHz.

(a) Find the average transistor current IQ,av as a function of the duty ratio k, assuming that the
inductor current iL is continuous.

(b) Find the maximum duty ratio kmax if Q has a maximum average current rating of 4 A.

(c) Find the maximum duty ratio kc for which iL is continuous.

Q L io
+ iL Vs = 50 V
iQ +
vo C = 100 μF
Vs D L = 200 μH
C R R=5Ω
- - fs = 10 kHz

Solution:

Vo2 Vs
(a) Pin  Pout Vs .IQ ,av  Vo  kVs  IQ ,av  k 2
R R

Vs
(b) IQ ,av  4 A  k2 4A  k  0.6325  kmax  0.6325
R

(c) When the switch Q is on,

diL Vs  Vo
L  Vs  Vo 0  t  kTs  iL (t )  I1  t where I1  iL (0)
dt L
Vs (1  k )
Vo  kVs  I 2  I1  kTs (1) where I 2  iL ( kTs )
L

1 V 2Vs Vs V
I Q ,av  ( I1  I 2 )k  k 2 s  I1  I 2  k (1)  I1  k  k (1  k ) s
2 R R R 2 fs L
2 fs L 2  104  200 106
For continuous conduction I1  0  1  k   k 1  0.2  kc
R 5
P9-) The step-down chopper shown below is operated at the switching frequency fs = 10 kHz.

(a) Find the minimum value of the duty ratio k so that the load current io is continuous.

(b) Find the duty ratio k so that the average load current is 20 A.

(c) Find the average value (IQ,av) of the transistor current iQ for k = 0.5.

iQ Q io
+ +
vo Vs = 200 V
R E = 50 V
D L = 10 mH
Vs L
R=5Ω
+E fs = 10 kHz
-

Solution:

(a) The minimum value of the load current is

Vs  e- (1-k ) a  e- a  E T L 1 0.1
I1   R ; a   2 ms T   0.1 ms  a   0.05
R  1- e- a   R fs 2
For continuous conduction
1  E a  1  50 0.05 
I1  0  k  ln 1  (e  1)   ln 1  ( e  1)   0.2547
a  Vs  0.05  200 

(b) Average load current

Va  E kVs  E 20  5  50
Ia    20  k   0.75
R R 200

(c) iQ = io when Q is on.

Vs  E  V  E   t /
In 0  t  kT , io (t )  io ()  io (0)  io () e  t /    I1  s e
R  R 
200  e0.50.05  e0.05  50
I1    9.75 A  io (t )  30  (9.75  30).e  t /  30  20.25 e  t / A
5  1  e0.05  5
1
kT

 i (t ).dt  30k  20.25 T 1  e
 kT /
I Q ,av  o
  15  20.25  20  1  e 0.50.05   5.0 A
T 0
P10-) Below is shown a step-down dc-dc converter with an LC filter at its output. Diode D is ideal.
Switch S is operated with duty ratio k = 0.4 at the switching frequency fs = 10 kHz. Assume that the
output voltage vo = Va is constant and also the output current io = Ia is constant. Given that Va = kVs ,
Vs = 100 V, L = 250 H and C = 100 F

(a) Find the minimum and maximum values of the inductor current iL for Ia = 10A. Show all
your calculations.

(b) Sketch the source current is , and find its average value.

S fs L io
Switching function of S:
is iL
+
vo
Vs D C 1
Load
- 0
kT T t

Solution:

(a)

vD Vs  Va V V
0  t  kT : iL (t )  I1  t  iL (kT )  I 2  I1  s a kT (1)
L L
Vs
V V
0  t   (1  k )T : iL (t )  I 2  a t   iL (1  k )T   I1  I 2  a (1  k )T (2)
0 L L
kT T t
iL
1
I2 I L,av  ( I1  I 2 )  I a  I1  I 2  2 I a (3)
2
I1 Vs
t
Va  kVs  I1  I 2  k (1  k )T (4)
L
t'

Vs Vs
(3)&(4)  I1  I a  k (1  k )T I2  Ia  k (1  k )T
2L 2L
100
 I1  10  (0.6)(0.4)104  5.2 A I 2  14.8 A
5 104

(b)
iL 1
I s ,av  k ( I1  I 2 )  kI a  4 A
I2 2

I1
t
kT T