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Chapter 1

This document discusses numerical methods for solving mathematical problems. It introduces the bungee jumper example problem of calculating velocity over time. The problem is modeled using Newton's second law of motion and the equations for drag force and gravity. Euler's method is presented as a numerical solution technique for approximating the first order differential equation describing the problem. Finally, the document explains that mathematical models relate dependent variables to independent variables, parameters, and forcing functions according to conservation laws.

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ُIBRAHEEM ALHARBI
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349 views

Chapter 1

This document discusses numerical methods for solving mathematical problems. It introduces the bungee jumper example problem of calculating velocity over time. The problem is modeled using Newton's second law of motion and the equations for drag force and gravity. Euler's method is presented as a numerical solution technique for approximating the first order differential equation describing the problem. Finally, the document explains that mathematical models relate dependent variables to independent variables, parameters, and forcing functions according to conservation laws.

Uploaded by

ُIBRAHEEM ALHARBI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE 407 Numerical Methods

Chapter 1
Mathematical Modeling, Numerical Methods,
and Problem Solving
The Book
Steven C. Chapra, Applied Numerical Methods
with MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists, 3rd
ed, McGraw, New York, 2012.
Motivation
• During your carrier or academic study
• Use of prepackaged computer program
• Dealing with problem can not be handled with commercial software or solved
analytically
What is the meaning of numerical method ?
• Numerical methods are techniques that used to formulate
mathematical problems so that they can be solved using
computations.
Problem
2
𝐹𝑈 = 𝑐𝑑 𝑣
Drive the function to calculate the
velocity Of the jumper verse time

𝐹𝐷 = 𝑚 𝑔

Steven C. Chapra, Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB


for Engineers and Scientists, 3rd ed, McGraw, New York, 2012.
Modeling
• Newton second law of motion:
𝐹
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 → 𝑎=
𝑚
𝑑𝑣
• 𝑎 is the acceleration can be defined as 𝑎 =
𝑑𝑡

𝐹 𝑑𝑣 𝐹
𝑎= → =
𝑚 𝑑𝑡 𝑚
Modeling

2
𝑑𝑣 𝐹 𝐹𝑈 = 𝑐𝑑 𝑣
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑚

𝐹 = 𝐹𝐷 − 𝐹𝑈
𝑑𝑣 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2
= 𝑔− 𝐹𝐷 = 𝑚 𝑔
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
Steven C. Chapra, Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB
for Engineers and Scientists, 3rd ed, McGraw, New York, 2012.
EXAMPLE 1.1
A bungee jumper with a mass of 68.1 kg leaps from a
stationary hot air balloon. Use Eq. (1.9) to compute velocity for
the first 12 s of free fall. Also determine the terminal velocity
that will be attained for an infinitely long cord (or alternatively,
the jumpmaster is having a particularly bad day!). Use a drag
coefficient of 0.25 kg/m.

2
𝑑𝑣 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 𝑔𝑚 𝑔𝐶𝑑
= 𝑔−  Exact solution  𝑣 𝑡 =
𝐶𝑑
tanh(
𝑚
𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
Exact solution
𝑑𝑣 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2
= 𝑔−
𝑑𝑡 𝑚

 Exact Solution

𝑔𝑚 𝑔𝐶𝑑
𝑣 𝑡 = tanh( 𝑡)
𝐶𝑑 𝑚
Numerical solution - Euler's Method
First order differential equation

𝑑𝑣 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2
= 𝑔−
𝑑𝑡 𝑚

 Finite difference into the differential equation gives:


𝑐𝑑 𝑣(𝑡𝑖 )2
𝑑𝑣 ∆𝑣 𝑣(𝑡𝑖+1 ) − 𝑣(𝑡𝑖 ) 𝑣(𝑡𝑖+1 ) − 𝑣(𝑡𝑖 ) = 𝑔 − 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
≅ = 𝑚
𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2 𝑡𝑖
𝑣(𝑡𝑖+1 ) − 𝑣(𝑡𝑖 ) 𝑐𝑑 𝑣(𝑡𝑖 )2 𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑔 − ∆𝑡
𝑚
= 𝑔−
𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 𝑚 new = old + slope  step
2
𝑑𝑣 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 𝑡𝑖
= 𝑔− 𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑔 − ∆𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝑚
Model Function

Any models can be represented by


Dependent independent forcing 
 f  , parameters, 
variable  variables functions 

For the bungee jumper example



The dependent variable is velocity v
The Independent variable is time t
The Parameters are mass m, drag coefficient cd
The Forcing function is gravitational acceleration g
CONSERVATION LAWS
Time-variable (or transient)

Change = increases − decreases

Steady-state

if Change = 0  increases = decreases

𝑑𝑣 2 𝑔𝑚
=0  𝑚𝑔 = 𝑐𝑑 𝑣  𝑣=
𝐶𝑑
𝑑𝑡
CONSERVATION LAWS

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