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Lecture 25

- A petroleum fraction is pumped through a 2 km mild steel pipeline from a distillation plant to storage. The pipeline has a diameter of 150 mm and flow rate of 0.04 m3/s. - The pressure drop along the pipe and power supplied to the pumping unit is calculated based on the pipe dimensions, flow properties, and pump efficiency of 50%. - When the pump impeller erodes, the pressure at its delivery is reduced to half. The new flow rate is then calculated to be 0.025 m3/s.

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43 views

Lecture 25

- A petroleum fraction is pumped through a 2 km mild steel pipeline from a distillation plant to storage. The pipeline has a diameter of 150 mm and flow rate of 0.04 m3/s. - The pressure drop along the pipe and power supplied to the pumping unit is calculated based on the pipe dimensions, flow properties, and pump efficiency of 50%. - When the pump impeller erodes, the pressure at its delivery is reduced to half. The new flow rate is then calculated to be 0.025 m3/s.

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216435964
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Example -4.

20-
A petroleum fraction is pumped 2 km from a distillation plant to storage take through a
mild steel pipeline, 150 mm I.D. at 0.04 m3/s rate. What is the pressure drop along the
pipe and the power supplied to the pumping unit if it has an efficiency of 50%. The
pump impeller is eroded and the pressure at its delivery falls to one half. By how much
is the flow rate reduced? Take that: sp.gr. = 0.705, μ= 0.5 m Pa.s e = 0.004 mm.
Solution:
u = Q/A = (0.04 m3/s)/(π/4 x 0.152) ⇒ u = 2.26 m/s
Re = (705 x 2.26 x 0.15)/ 0.5x10-3 = 4.78x105
e/d = 0.000027 ⇒ Figure (3.7) f = 2 Φ ⇒f = 0.0033
⎡ ⎛ L ⎞⎤ ρ u 2
− ΔPFs = ⎢ 4 f ⎜ ⎟⎥ = 4 (0.0033) (2000/0.15) (705 x 2.262/2) = 316876 Pa.
⎣ ⎝ d ⎠⎦ 2
Q (− Δ P )
Power = = (0.04 m3/s)(316876 Pa)/0.5 = 25.35 kW
η
Due to impeller erosion (-ΔP)new = (-ΔP)old/2 = 316876 Pa/2 = 158438 Pa
ΦRe2=(-ΔPfs/L)(ρd3/4μ2)=[(158438)/(2000)][(1000)(0.15)3/(4)(0.5x10-3)2] = 1.885x108
e/d = 0.000027⇒ From Figure (3.8) Re = 3 x105 ⇒u = 1.42m/s
The new volumetric flow rate is now Q = 1.42 (π/4 x 0.152) = 0.025 m3/s.
4.9 Friction Losses in Noncircular Conduits
The friction loss in long straight channels or conduits of noncircular cross-section
can be estimated by using the same equations employed for circular pipes if the diameter
in the Reynolds number and in the friction factor equation is taken as equivalent
diameter. The equivalent diameter De or hydraulic diameter defined as four times the
cross-sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter of the conduit.
Cross - sectional area of channel
De = 4
Wetted perimeter of channel
• For circular cross section.
De = 4 (π/4 x d2)/ π d = d
• For an annular space with outside diameter d1 and inside d2. d1 d2
De = 4 [π/4 x (d1 – d2 )]/ π (d1 + d2) = d1+d2
2 2

• For a rectangular duct of sides a and b. a


De = 4 (a.b) / 2(a + b) = 2ab / (a + b) b
• For open channels and pattly filled ducts of y-liquid depth and b width
De = 4 (b.y) / (b + 2y)
y
b

4.10 Selection of Pipe Sizes


In large or complex piping systems, the optimum size of pipe to use for a specific
situation depends upon the relative costs of capital investment, power, maintenance, and
so on. Charts are available for determining these optimum sizes. However, for small
installations approximations are usually sufficient accurate. A table of representative
values of ranges of velocity in pipes is shown in the following table: -

Velocity
Type of fluid Type of flow
ft/s m/s
Inlet to pump 2-3 0.6 – 0.9
Nonviscous liquid Process line or
5-8 1.5 – 2.5
Pump discharge
Inlet to pump 0.2 – 0.8 0.06 – 0.25
Viscous liquid Process line or
0.5 - 2 0.15 – 0.6
Pump discharge
Gas 30 - 120 9 – 36
Steam 30 - 75 9 – 23

4.11 The Boundary Layer


When a fluid flow over a surface, that part of the stream, which is close to the
surface, suffers a significant retardation, and a velocity profile develops in the fluid. In
the bulk of the fluid away from the boundary layer the flow can be adequately described
by the theory of ideal fluids with zero viscosity (μ =0). However in the thin boundary
layer, viscosity is important.

Laminar Transition Turbulent


us us us

us ux
us
ux
us us
ux
y ux
δ
us
x Buffer layer Boundary sublayer
Leading edge
Figure of boundary layer for flow past a flat plate
If the velocity profile of the entrance region of a tube is flat, a certain length of the
tube is necessary for the velocity profile to be fully established (developed). This length
for the establishment of fully developed flow is called “entrance length”.
Laminar B.L. Turbulent B.L.

Fully developed flow

Le
Entrance length
Figure of conditions at entry to pipe.
At the entrance the velocity profile is flat; i.e. the velocity is the same at all
positions. As the fluid progresses down the tube, the boundary layer thickness increases
until finally they meet at the centerline of the pipe.
For fully developed velocity profile to be formed in laminar flow, the approximate
entry length (Le) of pipe having diameter d, is: -
Le/d = 0.0575 Re --------------------laminar
For fully developed velocity profile to be formed in turbulent flow, no relation is
available to predict the entry length. As an approximation the entry length (Le) is after
50 diameters downstream of pipe. Thus;
Le/d = 50 ------------------turbulent

4.12 Unsteady State Problems


Example -4.21-
A cylindrical tank, 5 m in diameter, discharges through a horizontal mild steel pipe
100 m long and 225 mm diameter connected to the base of the tank. Find the time taken
for the water level in the tank to drop from 3 m to 0.3 m above the bottom. The viscosity
of water is 1.0 mNs/m2, e = 0.05 mm.
Solution:
ΔP Δu 2 η Ws 1.
+ Δz + − + hF = 0 D
ρg 2α g g
dz
u1 ≈ 0, z2 = 0 (datum line) z1
at time = 0 ⇒z = z1 z-dz z
at time = t ⇒z = z 3.
d
.2
2
u
⇒ z1 = 2
+ hF at t = 0
2α 2
⎡ ⎛ L ⎞⎤ u 2
hFs = ⎢ 4 f ⎜ ⎟⎥ = 90.61 f u22
⎣ ⎝ d ⎠⎦ 2 g
z1
at time = 0 ⇒z1 = (0.051 + 90.61 f ) u22 ⇒ u 2 =
0.051 + 90.61 f
z
at time = t, ⇒z = (0.051 + 90.61 f ) u22 ⇒ u 2 = --------------------- (1)
0.051 + 90.61 f
Let the level of liquid in the tank at time (t) is (z)
and the level of liquid in the tank at time (t+dt) is (z–dz)
The volume of liquid discharge during (time =t) to (time = t+dt) is (– dV)
= (π/4 D2) [z– (z-dz)] = (19.63 dz) m3
Q = dV/dt = –19.63 (dz/dt) m3/s ------------------------------------------(2)
But Q = A u2 = (π/4 d2) u2 = (0.04 m2) u2 -------------------------------------(3)
Substitute eq.(1) into eq.(3) to give;
z
Q = 0.04 ----------------------------------(4)
0.051 + 90.61 f
The equalization between eq.(2) and eq.(4) gives;
T 0.3 1
dz z
⇒ ∫ dt = ∫ − 490.75 0.051 + 90.61 f z 2 dz
−
Q = −19.63 = 0.04
dt 0.051 + 90.61 f 0 3

1 3
3 1 2
z
∫z
−
⇒ T = 490.75 0.051 + 90.61 f 2
dz = 490.75 0.051 + 90.61 f
0.3 1/ 2
0.3

⇒ T = 1169.4 0.051 + 90.61 f


P3 = Po + zρg, and P2 = Po
⇒ (P3 – P2) = (– ΔPFs) the pressure drop along the pipe due to friction
From applied the modified Bernoulli’s equation between 3 and 2 ⇒ (– ΔPFs) = zρg
But ΦRe2 = (-ΔPfs/L)(ρd3/4μ2) = [(zρg)/(L)][ (ρd3/4μ2)] = 2.79x108z
at z = 3.0 m ⇒ ΦRe2 = 8.79x108
at z = 0.3 m ⇒ ΦRe2 = 8.38x107
e/d = 0.0002 ⇒ From Figure (3.8)
⇒at z = 3.0 m Re = 7.0 x105
Turbulent
⇒at z = 0.3 m Re = 2.2 x105
e/d = 0.0002 ⇒ From Figure (3.7)
⇒at z = 3.0 m Re = 7.0 x105 ⇒ f = 0.0038
⇒at z = 0.3 m Re = 2.2 x105 ⇒ f = 0.004
taking a value of f = 0.004, and assume it constant
∴ T = 752 s

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