TOPIC NAME

E-TRENDING BUILDING MANAGEMENT

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

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ABSTRACT

By utilizing the fast developing information technology these days the researchers try to build
a E-trending building management construction system application which simplify people in
accessing application to make implementers only need to send data about the project location,
type of work, work volume and number of workers in real time where automatically being
recorded directly in the database because the application is online based. Therefore, it is
possible to know and control multiple projects. Construction management applications based
on JavaScript, PHP, MySQL and Boostrap can be built through several stages of research,
namely: 1) Potential and Problems; 2) Field Observation; 3) System Analysis; 4) System
Design; 5) Application Design; and 6) Application Testing. The assessment of the
construction management application was carried out at the validation stage by 3 (three)
respondents and the trial stage was carried out by 10 (ten) respondents consisting of
administrators, field implementers and directors. The final product built is a construction
management application based on PHP, JavaScript, MySQL and Boostrap.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

PARTICULARS PAGE NUMBER

INTRODUCTION 4–6

SYSTEM ANALYSIS 7–8

SYSTEM DESIGN 9 – 10

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 11

IMPLEMENTATION 12 – 15

TECHNOLOGY USED 16 – 22

OUTPUT SCREEN 23 - 33

SOFTWARE TESTING 34 – 44

LIMITATION AND FURTHER 45

ENHANCEMENT

CONCLUSION 46

NON-FUNCTION 47

REQURIEMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY 48

INTRODUCTION

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E-trending building management construction system is Web Application to manage all day
to day operations related to events for an organization. There are mainly 4 modules in this
website CCD, Account, admin, super admin. In this website admin can register the members
and assign a roles to member.

PROJECT SUMMERY

E-trending building management construction system provide information in a quick time

according to the requirements that are to be fulfilled. This website provides inconsistency of
data and reduce the paper work. Functionality: Admin: Create users Assign roles. One from
many development targets of Regional Government in order to achieve its vision and mission
is an acceleration of regional infrastructure development, stated in annual working program
and activities of Bima Regency Public Work Office (Dinas Pekerjaan Umum) in the form of
construction project implementation. Project managers often dealing with problems about E-
trending building management construction system project work packages that sometimes
amounted into more than 5 (five) packages which termed here as “Multi Construction
Projects” in 1 (one) current budgeting year. According to Irawan & Syairudin (2015) multiple
projects have more than one goal even though carried out at the same or different locations.
While Aritua, Smith, & Bower (2009) stated that most projects are parts of a multi-project
environment. The management of multiple projects presents challenges that fundamentally
different from single project management. Recent theoretical developments provide a
foundation for gaining insight into the proposition that multiproject management is not an
extension of single project management. In an essence, a multi-project environment is
showing characteristic when offering a new approach to its project managers.

According to Gray & Larson (2011) evaluation and control are part of the job of every project
manager. Taking from a wide scope perspective, a management of multi construction projects
with a limited time only 1 (one) budgeting year in a run, it is obvious very difficult for project
managers to monitor and control the above projects. Gray & Larson (2011) also stated that
for effective control, project managers need a single information system to collect good data
and information. In general, poor quality information will lead to poor decision making as
well (Blichfeldt and Eskerod, 2008; Elonen and Artto, 2003; Engwall and Jerbrant, 2003). E-
trending building management construction system applications must provide a support to

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project managers or company directors in making decisions for planning, organizing and
controlling projects (Caniëls and Ralph, 2011). The use of project management information
system applications is considered to be beneficial to project managers because of its assumed
contributions regarding to precise decision making and the fruitfulness of the project.
(Raymond and Bergeron, 2008). Implementation of a construction project management
information system application in a multi-project scope can help in completing realistic
project tasks, one effective strategy when managing various projects (Patanakul and
Milosevic, 2008a). A E-trending building management construction system application
makes it easy for teams in companies to finish construction work on a project activity in
accurate an relevant ways wherever they are located.

PROJECT PROFILE

 Operating System Windows 7,8

 Front end tool PHP
 Back end tool MySQL
 Editor Notepad++

PURPOSE

The purpose of this project is to develop the user friendly and interactive website which will
reduce the paper work, faster and easy work and save the time.

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SCOPE

The aim of the project is to build a simple, effective computerized E-trending building
management construction system. It starts from the process of collecting relevant details and
requirements from the Companies. The Scope of this application deals with the administrator
of the software. The administrator here is the advocate who deals with the handling of
addition, deletion and updating the detail This Daily Board software is limited to advocates
only who is the administrator of the software, who manages all the working and allows the
client to enroll and handle the data of clients in their respective registered cases and its details

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

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REQUIREMENT OF SYSTEM

This Website is a very important feature used for e-trending building management
construction management. The primary goal of this website is to store or keep all records of
construction project. In this project only admin will have to create new user, than they create
the records, create purchase order, create vendors, etc. and super admin will provide the role
like ccd, account and admin to users.

Can update /edit its records.

ADMINISTATOR

 Editing/Deleting/Creating the database

 Logging into the system.
 Product added and deleted

FEASIBILITY STUDY

Operational Feasibility In this we check the entire task by operation. That means when we get
task at the time first we search for what operation will going on during this task. What will be
input, output and what condition we have to put. And from this kind of operation we get more
clear idea, and thus we can understand more about client requirement and functionality which
client want. So, operational feasibility is helpful to get more idea about task and client
requirement.

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

 Technically my project was feasible enough.

 But the sources for guidance was not enough for my development.

ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY

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 I consider economic analysis for checking how much my project would cost.
 In economic feasibility, cost benefit analysis is done in which expected costs and
benefits are evaluated.
 For any system if the expected benefits equal or exceed the expected costs, the system
can be economically feasible.

SYSTEM DESIGN
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Use case diagram

 Admin

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

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Sequence Diagram

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SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

Software requirements: A set of programs associated with the operation of a computer is

called software. Software is the part of the computer system which enables the user to interact
with several physical hardware devices.

The minimum software requirement specifications for developing this project are as follows:-

 Operating system : Windows 2000, XP, 7/8/8.1/10

 Client side scripting tool : html, JavaScript
 Server side scripting tool :
 PHP Server : Apache
 Database connection : MySQL
 Web browser : Google chrome

Hardware requirements: The Collection of internal electronic circuits and external physical
devices used in building a computer is called Hardware.

The minimum hardware requirement specification for developing this project is as follows:-

 Processor : Any processor above 500 MHz

 RAM : 512MB RAM
 Hard Disk : 10GB
 Monitor : Standard Color Monitor
 Keyboard : Standard Keyboard
 Mouse : Standard Mouse

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IMPLEMENTATION

While there are number of software tools to develop and implement the web based online
shopping system, I have chosen those are open source, so that it will reduce the developing
cost of the project. For designing the project HTML, CSS, Bootstraps, Apache server as web
server, PHP for making the system dynamic. MySQL as database server. All of the tools are
open source.

HTML In this project HTML used for design the structure. HTML is a markup language for
describing web documents and stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, a markup language
is a set of markup tags.HTML documents are described by HTML tags. Each HTML tag
describes different document content. HTML used because: • Easy to learn. • Easy to use. •
Supported by all browser.

PHP In this project making the web page content dynamic and for interconnecting with
database coding done by PHP. PHP stats for Hypertext Preprocessor.
The reason of using PHP are:
• PHP can generate dynamic page content.
• PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files on the server
• PHP can send and receive cookies.
• PHP can add, delete, and modify data in database.
• PHP can be used to control user-access.
• PHP can encrypt data. With PHP we cannot limited to output HTML.

We can output images, PDF files, and even flash movies. We can also output any text, such
as XHTML and XML.

MySQL MySQL is a database system used for the web application and it runs that runs on a
server. The reason of using MySQL are:
• MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications.
• MySQL is very fast, reliable, and easy to use.
• MySQL uses standard SQL.
• MySQL compiles on a number of platforms.

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• MySQL is free to download and use.

XAMPP server XAMPP is a free and open source cross-platform web server solution stack
package developed by Apache Friends, consisting mainly of the Apache HTTP Server,
MariaDB database, and interpreters for scripts written in the PHP and Perl programming
languages. XAMPP stands for Cross-Platform (X), Apache (A), MariaDB (M), PHP (P) and
Perl (P).

It is a simple, lightweight Apache distribution that makes it extremely easy for developers to
create a local web server for testing purposes. Everything needed to set up a web server –
server application (Apache), database (MariaDB), and scripting language (PHP) – is included
in an extractable file. XAMPP is also cross-platform, which means it works equally well on
Linux, Mac and Windows. Since most actual web server deployments use the same
components as XAMPP, it makes transitioning from a local test server to a live server
extremely easy as well.

TESTING Exhaustive testing for the project is not possible. Some testing strategies and stage
designed manually. For this project Black box and White box testing are chosen. This two
type testing applied different part of the project.

BLACK BOX TESTING

Black Box Testing, also known as Behavioral Testing, is a software testing method in which
the internal structure/ design/ implementation of the item being tested is not known to the
tester.

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These tests can be functional or non-functional, though usually functional. This method is
named so because the Software program, in the eyes of the tester, is like a black box; inside
which one cannot see. This method attempts to find errors in the following categories:

• Incorrect or missing functions

• Interface errors
• Errors in data structures or external database access
• Behavior or performance errors
• Initialization and termination errors

WHITE BOX TESTING

White Box Testing also known as Clear Box Testing, Open Box Testing, Glass Box Testing,
Transparent Box Testing, Code-Based Testing or Structural Testing is a software testing
method in which the internal structure/ design/ implementation of the item being tested is
known to the tester.

The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determines the appropriate
outputs. Programming know-how and the implementation knowledge is essential. White box
testing is testing beyond the user interface. The white box testing perform normally in this
project different part.

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TECHNOLOGY USED

PHP

PHP, which stands for “hypertext pre-processor”, is a server side, HTML embedded scripting
language used to create dynamic web page. Much of its syntax is borrowed from C. JAVA
and Perl with some unique features thrown in. the goal of the language is to allow Web
developers to write dynamically generated pages quickly. In a Web HTML page, PHP code is
enclosed within special PHP tags. When a visitor opens the page, the processor the PHP code
and then sends the output to the visitor browser. It means that, unlike JavaScript, you don’t
have to worry that someone can steal your PHP script.

What is PHP offers..?

PHP offers excellent connectivity to many databases including:
 MySQL

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 Informix
 Oracle
 Sybase
 Solid
 Postgre SQL and
 Generic ODBC
 The popular PHP-MySQL combination is available on almost every UNIX host
.Being web-oriented, PHP also contains all the function to do things on the internet –
connecting to remote servers, checking email via POP3 or IMIP, url encoding, setting
cookies, redirecting, etc.
 It is often pointed to as the main competitor with:
 Microsoft’s C#- visual basic.
 Sun’s Java-JSP.

What do PHP code like?

PHP is rather simple language. Much of its syntax is borrowed from c except for dealing with
the types of variable. You don’t need to think of the types of variable at all – you just work
with their values, not their types. And you don’t have to declare variable before you use
them.
Basic syntax:
File name: You should save your file with the extension.PHP (earlier version used the
extension .php3 and .phtml).
Comment: // This comment extend to the end of line /* this is a multi-line
Comment*/

Escaping from HTML:

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A PHP code block starts with “<? php” and ends with “>; A php code block can be placed
anywhere in the HTML document
Instruction separation: Each separate instruction must end with the semicolon. The PHP
closing tags (?>) also implies the end of the instruction.

PHP files have a file extension of “.phtml” “.PHP3 ” or  “.PHP” 

What can PHP do:

Greet field for PHP you need three things to make this work, the PHP parser (CGI or server
module), a web server and web browser. You need to run the web server, with a connected
PHP installation. You can access the PHP program output with a web browser, viewing the
PHP page through the server, all these can run on your home machine if you are just
experimenting with PHP programming.

Command line scripting you can make php script to run it without any server or browser. You
only need the PHP to use it this way Writing desktop application, PHP is probably not the
very best language to create the desktop application.

With a graphical user interface , but if you know PHP very well ,and would like to use some
advanced PHP features in your client – side application you can also use PHP-GTK to
write such programs, you can also have the ability to write cross – platform application this
way, PHP-Anything PHP is mainly focused on server–side scripting, so you can do anything
any other CGI program can do, such as collect from data, generate dynamic page content, or
send and receive cookie. But PHP can do much more.
There are three main areas where PHP scripts are used. Server-side scripting, this is most
traditional and main GTK is an extension to PHP not available in the main distribution.

PHP security:

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PHP is a power full language and the interpreter whether included in a web server as a
module or executed as a separate CGI binary, is able to access files execute commands open
network connection on the server.
This property makes anything run on web server insecure by default.
PHP is designed specifically to be a more secure language for writing a CGI program then
Perl or C, and with correct selection of compile-time and run time configuration option and
proper coding practice it can give you exactly the combination of freedom and security you
need.

MYSQL: Security Improvements: MySQL now enables database administrators to establish

a policy for automatic password expiration: Any user who connects to the server using an
account for which the password is past its permitted lifetime must change the password. For
more information, Administrators can lock and unlock accounts for better control over who
can log in.

For more information, To make it easier to support secure connections, MySQL servers
compiled using Open SSL can automatically generate missing SSL and RSA certificate and
key files at start-up.

SQL mode changes: The ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO, NO_ZERO_DATE, SQL

modes are now deprecated but enabled by default. The long term plan is to have them
included in strict SQL mode and to remove them as explicit modes in a future MySQL
release. Globalization improvements:

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MySQL 5.7.4 includes a gb18030 character set that supports the China National Standard
GB18030 character set. For more information about MySQL character set support.

JSON support:

Beginning with MySQL 5.7.8, MySQL supports a native JSON type. JSON values are not
stored as strings, instead using an internal binary format that permits quick read access to
document elements. JSON documents stored in JSON columns are automatically validated
whenever they are inserted or updated, with an invalid document producing an error.

JSON documents are normalized on creation, and can be compared using most comparison
operators such as =, <, <=, >, >=, <>, !=, and <=>; for information about supported operators
as well as precedence and other rules that MySQL follows when comparing JSON values

Sys Schema:

MySQL distributions now include the sys schema, which is a set of objects that help DBAs
and developers interpret data collected by the Performance Schema. sys schema objects can
be used for typical tuning and diagnosis use cases. For more information

Condition handling:

MySQL now supports stacked diagnostics areas. When the diagnostics area stack is pushed,
the first (current) diagnostics area becomes the second (stacked) diagnostics area and a new
current diagnostics area is created as a copy of it. Within a condition handler, executed
statements modify the new current diagnostics area, but GET STACKED DIAGNOSTICS
can be used to inspect the stacked diagnostics area to obtain information about the condition
that caused the handler to activate, independent of current conditions within the handler itself.

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(Previously, there was a single diagnostics area. To inspect handler-activating conditions
within a handler,

Master dump thread improvements:

The master dump thread was refectories to reduce lock contention and improve master
throughput. Previous to MySQL 5.7.2, the dump thread took a lock on the binary log
whenever reading an event; in MySQL 5.7.2 and later, this lock is held only while reading the
position at the end of the last successfully written event. This means both that multiple dump
threads are now able to read concurrently from the binary log file, and that dump threads are
now able to read while clients are writing to the binary log.

Multi-source replication is now possible:

MySQL Multi-Source Replication adds the ability to replicate from multiple masters to a
slave. MySQL Multi-Source Replication topologies can be used to back up multiple servers
to a single server, to merge table shards.

Features of apache server:

UNIX Threading: On UNIX systems with POSIX threads support, Apache can now run in a
hybrid multiprocessor, multithreaded mode. This improves scalability for many, but not all
configurations.

New Build System: The build system has been rewritten from scratch to be based on auto
conf and libation. This makes Apache's configuration system more similar to that of other
packages.

Multiprotocol Support: Apache now has some of the infrastructure in place to support serving
multiple protocols. Mod echo has been written as an example.

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Better support for non-Unix platforms: Apache 2.0 is faster and more stable on nonUnix
platforms such as BeOS, OS/2, and Windows. With the introduction of platformspecific
multi-processing modules (MPMs) and the Apache Portable Runtime (APR), these platforms
are now implemented in their native API, avoiding the often buggy and poorly performing
POSIX-emulation layers.

New Apache API: The API for modules has changed significantly for 2.0. Many of the
module-ordering/-priority problems from 1.3 should be gone. 2.0 does much of this
automatically, and module ordering is now done per-hook to allow more flexibility. Also,
new calls have been added that provide additional module capabilities without patching the
core Apache server.

IPv6 Support: here IPv6 is supported by the underlying Apache Portable Runtime library,
Apache gets IPv6 listening sockets by default. Additionally, the Listen, Name Virtual Host,
and Virtual Host directives support IPv6 numeric address strings (e.g., "Listen
[2001:db8:1]:8080").

Filtering: Apache modules may now be written as filters which act on the stream of content
as it is delivered to or from the server, the module mod_ext_filter allows external programs to
act as filters in much the same way that CGI programs can act as handlers.

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OUTPUT SCREEN

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Sample code:
<?php
session_start();
//error_reporting(0);
include('includes/config.php');
if (strlen($_SESSION['aid']==0)) {
header('location:logout.php');
} else{ ?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-
scale=1.0, user-scalable=no" />
<title>Dashboard</title>
<link href="vendors/vectormap/jquery-jvectormap-2.0.3.css" rel="stylesheet"
type="text/css" />
<link href="vendors/jquery-toggles/css/toggles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="vendors/jquery-toggles/css/themes/toggles-light.css" rel="stylesheet"
type="text/css">
<link href="vendors/jquery-toast-plugin/dist/jquery.toast.min.css" rel="stylesheet"
type="text/css">
<link href="dist/css/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
</head>

<body>

<!-- HK Wrapper -->

<div class="hk-wrapper hk-vertical-nav">

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<?php include_once('includes/navbar.php');
include_once('includes/sidebar.php');
?>
<div id="hk_nav_backdrop" class="hk-nav-backdrop"></div>
<!-- /Vertical Nav -->
<!-- Main Content -->
<div class="hk-pg-wrapper">
<!-- Container -->
<div class="container-fluid mt-xl-50 mt-sm-30 mt-15">
<!-- Row -->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xl-12">
<div class="hk-row">

<?php
$query=mysqli_query($con,"select id from tblcategory");
$listedcat=mysqli_num_rows($query);
?>

<div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6">

<div class="card card-sm">
<div class="card-body">
<div class="d-flex justify-content-between mb-5">
<div>
<span class="d-block font-15 text-dark font-weight-500">Categories</span>
</div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="text-center">

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<span class="d-block display-4 text-dark mb-5"><?php echo $listedcat;?></span>
<small class="d-block">Listed Categories</small>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<?php
$ret=mysqli_query($con,"select id from tblcompany");
$listedcomp=mysqli_num_rows($ret);
?>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6">
<div class="card card-sm">
<div class="card-body">
<div class="d-flex justify-content-between mb-5">
<div>
<span class="d-block font-15 text-dark font-weight-500">Companies</span>
</div>
<div>
</div>
</div>

<div class="text-center">
<span class="d-block display-4 text-dark mb-5"><span class="counter-anim"><?php echo
$listedcomp;?></span></span>
<small class="d-block">Listed Companies</small>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

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<?php
$sql=mysqli_query($con,"select id from tblproducts");
$listedproduct=mysqli_num_rows($sql);
?>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6">
<div class="card card-sm">
<div class="card-body">
<div class="d-flex justify-content-between mb-5">
<div>
<span class="d-block font-15 text-dark font-weight-500">Products</span>
</div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="text-center">
<span class="d-block display-4 text-dark mb-5"><?php echo $listedproduct;?></span>
<small class="d-block">Listed Products</small>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<?php
$query=mysqli_query($con,"select sum(tblorders.Quantity*tblproducts.ProductPrice) as tt
from tblorders join tblproducts on tblproducts.id=tblorders.ProductId ");
$row=mysqli_fetch_array($query);
?>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6">
<div class="card card-sm">
<div class="card-body">
<div class="d-flex justify-content-between mb-5">

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<div>
<span class="d-block font-15 text-dark font-weight-500">Total Sales</span>
</div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="text-center">
<span class="d-block display-4 text-dark mb-5"><?php echo number_format($row['tt'],2);?
></span>
<small class="d-block">Total sales till date</small>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<?php
$qury=mysqli_query($con,"select sum(tblorders.Quantity*tblproducts.ProductPrice) as tt
from tblorders join tblproducts on tblproducts.id=tblorders.ProductId where
date(tblorders.InvoiceGenDate)>=(DATE(NOW()) - INTERVAL 7 DAY)");
$row=mysqli_fetch_array($qury);
?>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6">
<div class="card card-sm">
<div class="card-body">
<div class="d-flex justify-content-between mb-5">
<div>
<span class="d-block font-15 text-dark font-weight-500">Last 7 Days Sales</span>
</div>
<div>
</div>
</div>

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<div class="text-center">
<span class="d-block display-4 text-dark mb-5"><?php echo number_format($row['tt'],2);?
></span>
<small class="d-block">Last 7 Days Total Sales</small>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<?php
$qurys=mysqli_query($con,"select sum(tblorders.Quantity*tblproducts.ProductPrice) as tt
from tblorders join tblproducts on tblproducts.id=tblorders.ProductId where
date(tblorders.InvoiceGenDate)=CURDATE()-1");
$rw=mysqli_fetch_array($qurys);
?>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6">
<div class="card card-sm">
<div class="card-body">
<div class="d-flex justify-content-between mb-5">
<div>
<span class="d-block font-15 text-dark font-weight-500">Yesterday Sales</span>
</div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="text-center">
<span class="d-block display-4 text-dark mb-5"><?php echo number_format($rw['tt'],2);?
></span>
<small class="d-block">Yesterday Total Sales</small>
</div>
</div>
</div>

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</div>

<?php
$quryss=mysqli_query($con,"select sum(tblorders.Quantity*tblproducts.ProductPrice) as tt
from tblorders join tblproducts on tblproducts.id=tblorders.ProductId where
date(tblorders.InvoiceGenDate)=CURDATE()");
$rws=mysqli_fetch_array($quryss);
?>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6">
<div class="card card-sm">
<div class="card-body">
<div class="d-flex justify-content-between mb-5">
<div>
<span class="d-block font-15 text-dark font-weight-500">Today's Sales</span>
</div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="text-center">
<span class="d-block display-4 text-dark mb-5"><?php echo number_format($rws['tt'],2);?
></span>
<small class="d-block">Today's Total Sales</small>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

</div>

</div>

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<!-- /Container -->

<!-- Footer -->

<?php include_once('includes/footer.php');?>
<!-- /Footer -->
</div>
<!-- /Main Content -->

</div>
<!-- /HK Wrapper -->

<!-- jQuery -->

<script src="vendors/jquery/dist/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="vendors/popper.js/dist/umd/popper.min.js"></script>
<script src="vendors/bootstrap/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script src="dist/js/jquery.slimscroll.js"></script>
<script src="dist/js/dropdown-bootstrap-extended.js"></script>
<script src="dist/js/feather.min.js"></script>
<script src="vendors/jquery-toggles/toggles.min.js"></script>
<script src="dist/js/toggle-data.js"></script>
<script src="vendors/waypoints/lib/jquery.waypoints.min.js"></script>
<script src="vendors/jquery.counterup/jquery.counterup.min.js"></script>
<script src="vendors/jquery.sparkline/dist/jquery.sparkline.min.js"></script>
<script src="vendors/vectormap/jquery-jvectormap-2.0.3.min.js"></script>
<script src="vendors/vectormap/jquery-jvectormap-world-mill-en.js"></script>
<script src="dist/js/vectormap-data.js"></script>
<script src="vendors/owl.carousel/dist/owl.carousel.min.js"></script>
<script src="vendors/jquery-toast-plugin/dist/jquery.toast.min.js"></script>
<script src="vendors/apexcharts/dist/apexcharts.min.js"></script>
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SOFTWARE TESTING

Software testing:
Is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of
the product or service under test. Software testing can also provide an objective, independent
view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks of software
implementation. Test techniques include the process of executing a program or application
with the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects).

Software testing involves the execution of a software component or system component to

evaluate one or more properties of interest. In general, these properties indicate the extent to
which the component or system under test:

 meets the requirements that guided its design and development,

 responds correctly to all kinds of inputs,
 performs its functions within an acceptable time,
 is sufficiently usable,
 can be installed and run in its intended environments, and
 Achieves the general result its stakeholder’s desire.

Software testing can provide objective, independent information about the quality of software
and risk of its failure to users and/or sponsors. As the number of possible tests for even
simple software components is practically infinite, all software testing uses some strategy to
select tests that are feasible for the available time and resources.

As a result, software testing typically (but not exclusively) attempts to execute a program or
application with the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects).The job of testing
is an iterative process as when one bug is fixed it can illuminate other deeper bugs or can
even create new ones. Software testing can be conducted as soon as executable software
(even if partially complete) exists.

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The overall approach to software development often determines when and how testing is
conducted. For example, in a phased process, most testing occurs after system requirements
have been defined and then implemented in testable programs. In contrast, under an Agile
approach, requirements, programming, and testing are often done concurrently.

Levels of Testing:
 Unit Testing.
 Module Testing.
 Integration Testing.
 System Testing.
 User Acceptance Testing.

 Levels of Testing:

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 Unit testing: In computer programming, unit testing is a software testing method by
which individual units of source code, sets of one or more computer program modules
together with associated control data, usage procedures, and operating procedures, are
tested to determine whether they are fit for use.

Intuitively, one can view a unit as the smallest testable part of an application. In procedural
programming, a unit could be an entire module, but it is more commonly an individual
function or procedure. In objectoriented programming, a unit is often an entire interface, such
as a class, but could be an individual method. Unit tests are short code fragments created by
programmers or occasionally by white box testers during the development process. It forms
the basis for component testing.

Ideally, each test case is independent from the others. Substitutes such as method stubs, mock
objects, fakes, and test harnesses can be used to assist testing a module in isolation. Unit tests
are typically written and run by software developers to ensure that code meets its design and
behaves as intended

 Module Testing: Module test plans must be created prior to module test execution.
The following is a module testing test plan for the microwave oven example.

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Integration: The purpose of integration testing is to verify functional, performance, and
reliability requirements placed on major design items. These "design items", i.e., assemblages
(or groups of units), are exercised through their interfaces using black box testing, success
and error cases being simulated via appropriate parameter and data inputs. Simulated usage of
shared data areas and inter-process communication is tested and individual subsystems are
exercised through their input interface.

Test cases are constructed to test whether all the components within assemblages interact
correctly, for example across procedure calls or process activations, and this is done after
testing individual modules, i.e., unit testing. The overall idea is a "building block" approach,
in which verified assemblages are added to a verified base which is then used to support the
integration testing of further assemblages.

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Software Integration Testing is performed according to the Software Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) after module and functional tests. The cross-dependencies for software integration
testing are: schedule for integration testing, strategy and selection of the tools used for
integration, define the cyclomatical complexity of the software and software architecture,
reusability of modules and life-cycle / versioning management.

System testing: Software or hardware is testing conducted on a complete, integrated system

to evaluate the system's compliance with its specified requirements. System testing falls
within the scope of black-box testing, and as such, should require no knowledge of the inner
design of the code or logic.

As a rule, system testing takes, as its input, all of the "integrated" software components that
have passed integration testing and also the software system itself integrated with any
applicable hardware system(s). The purpose of integration testing is to detect any
inconsistencies between the software units that are integrated together (called assemblages)
or between any of the assemblages and the hardware. System testing is a more limited type of
testing; it seeks to detect defects both within the "inter-assemblages" and also within the
system as a wholeTesting the whole system.

System testing is performed on the entire system in the context of a Functional Requirement
Specification(s) (FRS) and/or a System Requirement Specification (SRS). System testing
tests not only the design, but also the behavior and even the believed expectations of the
customer. It is also intended to test up to and beyond the bounds defined in the
software/hardware requirements specification(s).

Static vs. dynamic testing:

There are many approaches available in software testing. Reviews, walkthroughs, or

inspections are referred to as static testing, whereas actually executing programmed code
with a given set of test cases is referred to as dynamic testing. Static testing is often implicit,
as proofreading, plus when programming tools/text editors check source code structure or
compilers (pre-compilers) check syntax and data flow as static program analysis.

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Dynamic testing takes place when the program itself is run. Dynamic testing may begin
before the program is 100% complete in order to test particular sections of code and are
applied to discrete functions or modules. Typical techniques for this are either using
stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment.

Static testing involves verification, whereas dynamic testing involves validation. Together
they help improve software quality. Among the techniques for static analysis, mutation
testing can be used to ensure the test-cases will detect errors which are introduced by
mutating the source code.

Acceptance testing: In engineering and its various sub disciplines, acceptance testing is a test
conducted to determine if the requirements of specification or contract are met. It may
involve chemical tests, physical tests, or performance tests.

In systems engineering it may involve black-box testing performed on a system (for example:
a piece of software, lots of manufactured mechanical parts, or batches of chemical products)
prior to its delivery.

In software testing the ISTQB defines acceptance as: formal testing with respect to user
needs, requirements, and business processes conducted to determine whether a system
satisfies the acceptance criteria and to enable the user, customers or other authorized entity to
determine whether or not to accept the system. Acceptance testing is also known as user
acceptance testing (UAT), end-user testing, and operational acceptance testing (OAT) or field
(acceptance) testing. A smoke test may be used as an acceptance test prior to introducing a
build of software to the main testing process

Testing is a set of activities conducted to facilitate discovery and/or evaluation of properties

of one or more items under test. Each individual test, known as a test case, exercises a set of
predefined test activities, developed to drive the execution of the test item to meet test
objectives; including correct implementation, error identification, quality verification and

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other valued detail. The test environment is usually designed to be identical, or as close as
possible, to the anticipated production environment.

It includes all facilities, hardware, software, firmware, procedures and/or documentation

intended for or used to perform the testing of software. Operational acceptance test (OAT)
criteria (regardless if using agile, iterative or sequential development) are defined in terms of
functional and non-functional requirements; covering key quality attributes of functional
stability, portability and reliability.

User acceptance: User acceptance testing (UAT) consists of a process of verifying that a
solution works for the user. It is not system testing (ensuring software does not crash and
meets documented requirements), but rather ensures that the solution will work for the user
i.e., test the user accepts the solution (software vendors often refer to this as "Beta testing").

This testing should be undertaken by a subject-matter expert (SME), preferably the owner or
client of the solution under test, and provide a summary of the findings for confirmation to
proceed after trial or review.

In software development, UAT as one of the final stages of a project often occurs before a
client or customer accepts the new system. Users of the system perform tests in line with
what would occur in real-life scenarios. It is important that the materials given to the tester be
similar to the materials that the end user will have. Provide testers with real-life scenarios
such as the three most common tasks or the three most difficult tasks you expect an average
user will undertake. Instructions on how to complete the tasks must not be provided.

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The UAT acts as a final verification of the required business functionality and proper
functioning of the system, emulating real-world usage conditions on behalf of the paying
client or a specific large customer. If the software works as required and without issues
during normal use, one can reasonably extrapolate the same level of stability in production.
User tests, usually performed by clients or by end-users, do not normally focus on identifying
simple problems such as spelling errors or cosmetic problems, nor on showstopper defects,
such as software crashes; testers and developers previously identify and fix these issues
during earlier unit testing, integration testing, and system testing phases.

UAT should be executed against test scenarios. Test scenarios usually differ from System or
Functional test cases in the sense that they represent a "player" or "user" journey. The broad
nature of the test scenario ensures that the focus is on the journey and not on technical or
system-specific key presses, staying away from "click-by-click" test steps to allow for a
variance in users' steps through systems. Test scenarios can be broken down into logical
"days", which are usually where the actor (player/customer/operator) or system (back office,
front end) changes.

Maintenance and environment:

AS the number of computer based systems, grieve libraries of computer software

began to expand. In house developed projects produced tones of thousand soft program
source statements. Software products purchased from the outside added hundreds of
thousands of new statements. A dark cloud appeared on the horizon. All of these programs,
all of those source statements-had to be corrected when false were detected, modified as user
requirements changed, or adapted to new hardware that was purchased. These activities were
collectively called software Maintenance.

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The maintenance phase focuses on change that is associated with error
correction, adaptations required as the software's environment evolves, and changes due to
enhancements brought about by changing customer requirements. Four types of changes are
encountered during the maintenance phase.

1. Correction
2. Adaptation
3. Enhancement
4. Prevention

Correction:

Even with the best quality assurance activities is lightly that the customer will
uncover defects in the software. Corrective maintenance changes the software to
correct defects.

Maintenance is a set of software Engineering activities that occur after software

has been delivered to the customer and put into operation. Software configuration
management is a set of tracking and control activities that began when a software
project begins and terminates only when the software is taken out of the operation.

We may define maintenance by describing four activities that are undertaken after a
program is released for use:

 Corrective Maintenance
 Adaptive Maintenance
 Perfective Maintenance or Enhancement
 Preventive Maintenance or reengineering

Only about 20 percent of all maintenance work are spent "fixing mistakes". The
remaining 80 percent are spent adapting existing systems to changes in their external
environment, making enhancements requested by users, and reengineering an
application for use.

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Adaptation:

Over time, the original environment (E>G., CPU, operating system, business rules,
external product characteristics) for which the software was developed is likely to change.
Adaptive maintenance results in modification to the software to accommodate change to its
external environment.-

Enhancement:

As software is used, the customer/user will recognize additional functions that will
provide benefit. Perceptive maintenance extends the software beyond its original function
requirements.

Prevention :

Computer software deteriorates due to change, and because of this, preventive maintenance,
often called software re engineering, must be conducted to enable the software to serve the
needs of its end users. In essence, preventive maintenance makes changes to computer
programs so that they can be more easily corrected, adapted, and enhanced. Software
configuration management (SCM) is an umbrella activity that is applied throughout the
software process.

ADVANTAGES

 Security of Data

 Greater efficiency

 Better Service

 User friendliness and interactive

 Minimum time required

 Easy to use

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Scope of the project

System development is also considered as a process backed by engineering approach. We

have tried to incorporate & develop new particles for our education particles have been
followed not during the but coding but also during the analysis, design phases & in
documentation.

E-trending Building construction management system is considered as an expansion of

business relations. It contributes a lot by providing quick & fast services of sending
documents letters (formal & informal both) to business as it enables any business to flourish

Following modification or upgrades can be done in system.

1) More than one company can be integrated through this software.

2) Web services can be used to know exact delivery status of packets.

3) Client can check the repacked delivery status online.

4) Distributed database approach in place of centralized approach

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LIMITATION AND FURTHER ENHANCEMENT

Limitation

 User cannot print whole data only admin can.

 Only admin can create a new Member.
 Members can change or create the records when access is granted by admin.

Further Enhancement

This system is developed based upon the basics requirement so may there is some
limitation in development. But as per global requirement it may be enhanced to following
points in next release.

 User Tracking.
 Reminder System can be enhanced.
 Data security can be enhanced.
 Member can do online bidding.
 Member can give orders online.

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CONCLUSION

This website is basically used for keep data on related E-trending building construction
management system. This website provides features that admin can create Projects, Branches,
product, etc. of construction. And also they can change the created records. This website is
fast and easy retrieval and to reduce the work and time. Use of this project would make the
website interactive.

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NON- FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT:

Performance Requirements:

The proposed system that we are going to develop will be used as the Chief performance
system for providing help to the organization in managing the whole database of the E-
trending building constructor management system. Therefore, it is expected that the database
would perform functionally all the requirements that are specified.

Safety Requirements:

The database may get crashed at any certain time due to virus or operating system failure.
Therefore, it is required to take the database backup.

Security Requirements:

We are going to develop a secured database. There are different categories of users E-
trending building constructor management system ,Student who will be viewing either all or
some specific information form the database.
Depending upon the category of user the access rights are decided. It means if the user is an
administrator then he can be able to modify the data, append etc. All other users only have
the rights to retrieve the information about database.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

a. http://www.bluedart.com/

b. http://www.wampserver.com/en/

c. http://www.php.net/

d. http://www.tutorialspoint.com/mysql/

e. httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/misc/tutorials.html

f. http://www.w3schools.com/php/ http://www.w3schools.com/css/

g. http://www.php.net

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