Practice Test

Listening
Duration: 30 minutes

SECTION 1 Questions 1–10

Questions 1–6
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1–6 on your answer sheet.

Hotel information

Name of hotel Where Good features Comments

The Ambassador Next to the sea Good reputation Costs more at the
Excellent 1 weekend
Oaklands Guest In the city centre Very big 2 Some rooms are
House Reasonable price 3
Large number of
4
The Blue House Opposite the Interesting décor Pay extra for
5 Good value 6

Questions 7–10
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE word for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7–10 on your answer sheet.

Suggestions for presents

For Daniel anything related to 7
avoid bringing 8
For Alice a guidebook on 9
For Bill a 10 (traditional design)

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Practice Test

SECTION 2 Questions 11–20

The new gym
Questions 11–14
Label the plan below.
Where in the new gym will the following equipment be placed?
Write the correct letter A–G in boxes 11–14 on your answer sheet.

11 Stationary bikes
12 Strength trainers
13 Running machines
14 Cross trainers

Benches Weights

C
B D E F
G

Water Row
fountain m ach in g
in es

A Warm-up area

Entrance

Questions 15–20
What does the speaker say about the following activities?
Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A–H, in boxes 15–20
on your answer sheet.

Comments
A sessions are felt to be too long
B you can run a session without a teacher
C the online induction is helpful
D it doesn’t appeal to younger members
E it’s open to too many levels of ability
F you pay for the session each week
G it’s the most popular at the gym
H it’s cancelled on a regular basis

Actvities
15 Yoga
16 Basketball
17 Climbing
18 Dance
19 Indoor cycling
20 Badminton

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Practice Test

SECTION 3 Questions 21–30

Questions 21–22
What TWO reasons did Beth give for choosing sign language as the topic for her
project?
Choose TWO answers and write the correct letters A–E in boxes 21 and 22 on your
answer sheet.

A she feels embarrassed that she knows so little about it

B it will help her see how well she can learn a new language
C it will help her understand broader linguistic concepts
D it will improve her employment prospects
E she has personal experience of using the language

Questions 23–24
What TWO things from her reading surprise Beth about sign language?
Choose TWO answers and write the correct letters A–E in boxes 23 and 24 on your
answer sheet.

A that there are numerous different kinds

B that the international version is seldom used
C that some versions don’t have legal status
D that it has all the features of spoken language
E that the earliest version was developed centuries ago

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Practice Test

Questions 25–30
Complete the flow chart below, which shows Beth’s plans for her research sequence.
Choose SIX answers and write the correct letter A–I in boxes 25–30 on your
answer sheet.

A ways to learn
B own performance
C a video record
D an ethics form
E research reports
F fellow students
G a diary
H people with hearing problems
I a questionnaire

Plan for research sequence

Learn some sign language

Keep 25 (for duration of learning)

Review 26

Draft 27

Trial with 28

Complete 29

Conduct main research

Share findings with 30

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Practice Test

SECTION 4 Questions 31–40

Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 31–40 on your answer sheet.

CHEETAHS

Background information
• hunts in open grassland – prey mainly antelope
• numbers in decline
- previously mainly hunted for its 31
- now affected by environment change
• currently found in Africa and Iran

Adaptations
• black tear-marks help keep 32 out of its eyes
• slender, long-legged body
• large nostrils, 33 and lungs aid oxygen absorption

Recent research
• undertaken by veterinary scientists
• recognised previous research was limited to the 34 and straight-
line chases
• attached collars to wild cheetahs
- used 35 energy and batteries
- can be controlled from a nearby 36

Findings
• semi-retractable claws mean it can 37 rapidly
• uses its 38 to steer its body during a chase
• muscles are four times more powerful than the fastest 39
• female cheetahs are less 40 than males

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Practice Test

Academic Reading
Duration: 60 minutes

READING PASSAGE 1 Questions 1–13

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Tristan da Cunha
Tristan Da Cunha is a remote group of volcanic islands population, marriages between distant relatives (e.g.
in the south Atlantic Ocean, and the name of the main second cousins) has inevitably occurred, resulting
island in that group. It is located about 1,750 miles in some minor health issues such as asthma and
away from South Africa, and 1,500 miles away from glaucoma. Health care on the island is free. However,
the nearest land mass (Saint Helena). This means it Tristan Da Cunha has only one resident doctor and five
is the remotest group of islands in the world. It is a nurses, meaning that any serious injuries are treated in
British overseas territory and governed primarily by Cape Town (South Africa).
Saint Helena.
Many of Tristan Da Cunha’s citizens are farmers by
There are four main islands: Tristan Da Cunha (the trade, and money is also earned from fishing and
main island where Tristan’s citizens live), Inaccessible processing. All land on Tristan is owned communally,
Island, Nightingale Island and Gough Island. The and livestock is controlled to ensure that better-off
overall area of the territory is about 80 square miles. families do not build up excessive wealth. Official
The plants on Tristan Da Cunha are mainly species statistics for the islands’ economy are unavailable,
found on South American and African terrain, although because GDP1 figures are not published. Tristan’s main
certain species are shared with New Zealand. currency is pound sterling (£), but the Saint Helenian
pound is also used by residents. Although the island
A Portuguese explorer and naval officer, Tristão
is a British dependency, it is not allowed direct trade
da Cunha, was the first person to spot the islands
access to the European Union. Tristan Da Cunha’s
(hence their name) in 1506, and the first official
main source of income is the island’s lobster factory,
survey/mapping was made in 1767 by the crew of
which sells its product to the United States and Japan
the French warship L’Heure du Berger. However,
via representatives of the South African company
the French warship didn’t attempt to land. The first
‘Ovenstone’. Tristan sells coins and postage stamps
permanent settler was an American by the name of
abroad – the public interest in Tristan Da Cunha means
Jonathan Lambert, who arrived at the end of 1810. He
this is a profitable venture.
appointed himself as ruler of the islands and re-named
them Islands of Refreshment. However he died in a A few misfortunes have harmed the island’s economy.
boating accident just two years later, and the islands In 1961 a volcanic eruption from Tristan destroyed the
became known as Tristan Da Cunha again. island’s crayfish factory. In modern times, demand
for Tristan crayfish in the USA has been declining,
Due to their strategic position, these remote islands
setting the country’s economy back greatly. This has
have been important in various wars and were
meant that the islanders have had to borrow from their
annexed by the United Kingdom in 1816. During World
reserves. In turn this has harmed Tristan’s ability to
War II, the British navy based a top secret weather
update its communication equipment and education
and radio station on Tristan. Since currency wasn’t yet
methods without delays. Even worse than this, a
established on the islands (a system of exchange, or
fire on the 13th of February 2008 destroyed the fish
barter, was used instead) naval supplies were given
factory and two power generators. This has caused
to Tristan’s citizens in payment. Since then the British
further problems for Tristan’s economy because
pound has become the currency. After the war, the
of fishing’s prominent role. In addition the harbour,
island’s newspaper The Tristan Times was born and
through which everything enters and exits Tristan Da
the first administrator was appointed by the British
Cunha, including medical supplies, was damaged
government.
by fire. Since then, engineers from the British army
The island’s population is just 275, and no new have been fixing and helping to maintain the harbour.
residents are allowed to settle on the island, so Despite these numerous problems, Tristan Da Cunha’s
numbers fluctuate only slightly. There are 80 families, residents remain optimistic about the long term future
with just 7 surnames: Glass, Green, Hagan, Lavarello, of their islands.
Repetto, Rogers and Swain. Due to the small
1
Gross Domestic Product: the total value of goods and services produced

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Practice Test

Questions 1–5
Look at the following people (Questions 1–5) and the list of actions below.
Match each person with the correct action.
Write the correct letter A–G in boxes 1–5 on your answer sheet.

1 Tristão da Cunha
2 French sailors
3 Jonathan Lambert
4 British sailors
5 Ovenstone

List of actions
A changed the name of the islands
B saw the islands before anyone else
C made an unsuccessful attempt to land on the islands
D became sales agents for one of the islands’ exports
E made the first formal map of the islands
F agreed to a request to take control of the islands
G established a communications base on the islands

Questions 6–9
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6–9 on your answer sheet.

6 Some on the islands are also found in New Zealand.

7 The islands have been involved in several wars on account of their .
8 is the joint property of all the islanders.
9 There is a limit to the amount of that island families can own.

Questions 10–13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 10–13 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

10 The main market for Tristan's postage stamps is the US.

11 Sales of crayfish are less profitable than they used to be.
12 The factory destroyed by fire in 2008 has since been rebuilt.
13 Commercial airlines regularly land on Tristan.

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Practice Test

READING PASSAGE 2 Questions 14–26

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Investigating the role of vitamin D in health

A About every ten years in the USA, a group called the that someone would have heart disease. This didn't
Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine mean that TVs directly caused heart disease, but it did
calls together a group of experts to set dietary lead researchers to ask what might be the basis for
requirements for vitamin D. This organization has the relationship. Later research showed that lack of
some of the best scientists in the country. The experts activity was the likely reason for the link.
are asked to review all of the research available on
E Another type of research involves controlled clinical
vitamin D and health, and then to write a report with
intervention. When scientists suspect that there is
recommendations based on the evidence. Thus the
a direct link between a nutrient like vitamin D and
American public has access to the latest guidelines on
a health outcome, they set up a study where people
how much vitamin D is good for them.
are given different levels of the nutrient to see if it
B A vitamin is defined as an essential nutrient that a can affect health. The best of these studies control
person must acquire in tiny amounts from the diet. everything about the people being studied; they only
It is a chemical which is essential for the body, but compare people who are the same age, gender and
which the body cannot produce by itself: it must be race, and have similar lifestyle habits, all so they can
eaten. By this definition, despite its misleading name make sure the outcome of the study is affected by
vitamin D is not a vitamin at all, because although one thing only: the nutrient. The good thing about
it is contained in certain foods, especially oily fish, this type of study is that the results are reliable. The
the skin can also make vitamin D when it is exposed negative thing is that the results may not apply to
to sunlight. Once the body has processed vitamin D, another group of people. For example, early on many
it becomes a hormone (a chemical which regulates research studies included only men, and the results
bodily functions). were thought to apply to women. It has since been
learned that this is not always the case. As a result,
C Scientists are in agreement about the importance
studies like these often have to be repeated in infants,
of vitamin D, though not all of its effects in human
children, teens and pre-teens, and adults of different
health are yet fully understood, and they are
ages, as well as in both men and women.
discovering new possible roles for it all the time.
Furthermore, it is not known exactly how much F Sometimes animals are used for controlled studies,
vitamin D is required for each of these separate roles. in place of people. This is because it is often neither
For example, the levels needed to protect the bones feasible nor cost effective to conduct research into
may differ from those needed to protect the heart. In people. For example, it might take 50 years or more to
order to understand the ways in which vitamin D is conduct a study that starts with children and lasts for
important for health, and how much of it is needed, their lifetime, so animals with a lifespan which is not
scientists have to look at the questions from different as long may be used instead. However, some aspects
angles, but each different type of research has its own of animal biology differ from human biology, so
strengths and weaknesses. attempts to apply research findings like this to humans
may not be valid.
D First of all, there are population-based studies which
are carried out using statistical data. Often the first G Finally, some studies are carried out in a laboratory
time that scientists learn that a nutrient like vitamin on particular cells, the smallest independent units of
D is important for health is from a study that looks the human body. One way to show that a nutrient like
at statistics concerning health for a large number of vitamin D directly influences health is to show that
people, and highlights relationships between levels it has an effect on those cells in the body which are
of the vitamin and certain diseases. However, these prone to a particular disease. The advantage of these
associations do not prove that the nutrient (or lack of laboratory studies is that they allow scientists to prove
it) is the cause the disease; they just show that there's a direct link between the vitamin and the specific
an interesting connection. For example, in the early cells under investigation. On the other hand, this same
days of television, researchers showed that the number mechanism may not work in the context of a more
of TV sets in a household was related to the likelihood complex unit like the human body.

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Practice Test

Questions 14–19
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs labelled A–G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A–G in boxes 14–19 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

14 a description of things that scientists’ still need to find out about vitamin D
15 the reason why some studies have to be done several times over, despite results
being dependable
16 a description of the kind of substance that vitamin D is
17 a list of the criteria scientists might use when they select people to take part in
experiments
18 the reason why people are sometimes unsuitable subjects for scientific studies
19 reference to the fact that people in one country are able to get up-to-date
advice about vitamin D

Questions 20–22
Complete the sentences below.
Use ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 20–22 on your answer sheet.

20 True vitamins can only be obtained from a person’s .

21 Foods such as one kind of are a good source of vitamin D.
22 Under certain conditions, vitamin D can be produced by the .

Questions 23–26
Complete the table below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 23–26 on your answer sheet.

TYPES OF HEALTH RESEARCH

Advantages Disadvantages
Population-based studies Highlight interesting Cannot determine the
connections (e.g. 24 of a disease.
between heart disease
and 23 ).
Clinical intervention studies Usually reliable, as a single Studies have to be
study only tests people repeated on several
with similar characteristics different groups.
(e.g. unlike in the past,
when studies only
investigated groups of
25 ).
Laboratory experiments Links between Results may differ if the
medication and body same procedure involves
26 can be proved. people.

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READING PASSAGE 3 Questions 27–40

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

The development of the brain in early humans

Although our ancestors, Homo sapiens, had already informing one another of the whereabouts of food.
populated East Africa 150,000 years ago, they began Neither was it the first language involving the use of
to spread across the rest of the earth and drive out a voice. Many animals, including all ape and monkey
other species only about 70,000 years ago. Until species, have vocal languages. For example, green
then, even though these ancestors looked just like us, monkeys use calls of various kinds to communicate.
and their brains were as big as ours are, they did not Scientists have identified one call that means ‘Careful!
enjoy any marked advantage over the other human An eagle!’ A slightly different call warns, ‘Careful! A
species that existed at that time. In addition, they did lion!’ Homo sapiens can produce many more distinct
not produce particularly sophisticated tools, and did sounds than green monkeys, but whales and elephants
not accomplish any other special feats. This lack of have equally impressive abilities. A parrot can say
achievement has led scientists to speculate that the anything a person could say, as well as mimicking the
internal structure of the brain of Homo sapiens was sounds of phones ringing, doors slamming, and police
probably different from ours. They looked like us, cars with their sirens switched on. What, then, is so
but their cognitive abilities – learning, remembering, special about our language?
communicating – were far more limited.
The most common answer is that our language is
But then, beginning about 70,000 years ago, Homo amazingly flexible. We can connect a limited number
sapiens started doing very special things. Around that of sounds and signs to produce an infinite number of
date, bands of Homo sapiens left Africa for a second sentences, each with a distinct meaning. Therefore
time. This time they drove all other human species from we can take in, store and communicate an enormous
the face of the earth. Within a remarkably short period, amount of information about the surrounding world.
our ancestors reached Europe and East Asia. About A green monkey can yell to its comrades, ‘Careful!
45,000 years ago, they somehow crossed the open A lion!’ But a modern human can tell her friends that
sea and landed in Australia – a continent untouched by this morning, near the bend in a river, she saw a lion
humans until then. The period from about 70,000 years tracking a herd of bison. She can then describe the
ago to about 30,000 years ago witnessed the invention exact location, including the different paths leading
of boats, oil lamps, bows and arrows and needles to the area. With this information, the members of her
(essential for sewing warm clothing). The first objects group can discuss whether they should approach
that can reliably be called art also date from this era, the river, chase away the lion, and hunt the bison
as does the first clear evidence for religion, commerce themselves.
and social organisation.
A second theory agrees that our unique language
Most researchers believe that these unprecedented evolved as a means of sharing information about the
accomplishments were the product of a revolution in world. But according to this theory, the most important
Homo sapiens’ cognitive abilities. They maintain that information that needed to be conveyed was about
the people who drove the Neanderthals to extinction, humans, not about lions and bison: our language
settled Australia, and carved the ivory figure of a lion- evolved as a way of gossiping. Homo sapiens is chiefly
man found in a cave in Germany, were as intelligent, a social animal, and social cooperation is our key for
creative and sensitive as we are. survival. It is not enough for men and women to know
the whereabouts of lions and bison. It is much more
The appearance of new ways of thinking, and
important for them to know who in their group hates
communicating, between 70,000 and 30,000 years ago
whom, who is sleeping with whom, who is honest, and
constitutes the Cognitive Revolution. We are not sure
who is a cheat.
what caused it. The most commonly believed theory
argues that accidental genetic changes altered the The amount of information that one must obtain
inner wiring of the brains of Homo sapiens, enabling and remember, in order to track the ever-changing
them to think in new ways, and to communicate using relationships of even a small number of individuals,
an altogether new type of language. Why did it occur is huge. All apes show a keen interest in such social
in Homo sapiens rather than in other species, like information, but they have trouble gossiping effectively.
Neanderthals? It was just a matter of pure chance, as The new linguistic skills that Homo sapiens acquired
far as we can tell. But it's more important to understand about seventy millennia ago enabled them to gossip
the consequences of this change than its causes. What for hours on end. Reliable information about who could
was so special about Homo sapiens’ new language be trusted meant that small groups could expand into
that it enabled us to conquer the world? larger groups, and Homo sapiens could develop tighter
and more sophisticated types of cooperation. The
It was not the first language; every animal has some
gossip theory might sound like a joke, but numerous
kind of language. Even insects, such as bees and
studies confirm it.
ants, know how to communicate in sophisticated ways,

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Practice Test

Questions 27–28
Choose the appropriate letters A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 27 and 28 on your answer sheet.

27 Between 150,000 and 70,000 years ago, Homo sapiens

A were the dominant species of East Africa.
B demonstrated considerable manual skill.
C developed faster than other human species.
D equalled modern humans in terms of their brain size.

28 How do most scientists account for Homo sapiens’ achievements after leaving
Africa for the second time?
A They experienced a biological change.
B They made use of new raw materials.
C They encountered fewer predators.
D They learned from other human species.

Questions 29–35
Do the following statements agree with the claims made in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 29–35 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

29 There is evidence that Homo sapiens was very creative between 70,000 and
30,000 years ago.
30 The great improvements in Homo sapiens' thinking ability between 70,000
and 30,000 years ago were due to luck.
31 The reasons for the Cognitive Revolution are more worthy of investigation
than the results.
32 Compared to other species of monkey, the green monkey expresses a wider
range of meanings in its calls.
33 The vocal features of human language are generally superior to the vocal
features of other animals’ languages.
34 Humans can express a greater range of meanings than any other animal.
35 Warnings are the most common function of non-human language.

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Questions 36–40
Complete the summary using the list of words, A–I, below.
Write your answers in boxes 36–40 on your answer sheet.

The primary function of human language

Scientists generally agree that human language developed out of the need to
share information. However, they disagree concerning which type of information
was the most important.
Some think that humans first used language to discuss 36 or how to
avoid danger. Others, however, think that sharing information about 37
was more important. 38 seems to have been the main function of early
language. Although this idea may appear unlikely, there is plenty of evidence to
support it.
Even for small groups, the 39 of such information was considerable.
Acquiring it enabled human societies to increase in size and 40 .

A planning
B quantity
C power
D gossiping
E hunting
F complexity
G territory
H people
I tools

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General Training Reading

Duration: 60 minutes

SECTION 1 Questions 1–13

Consumer reviews of coffee-makers

A This traditional free-standing coffee-maker, which is suited to most types of

standard ground coffee, will fill your house with a classic aroma in the morning.
Its conventional black design will look stylish on any kitchen worktop, as long as
you’ve got plenty of space. Although it doesn’t include the components needed
for making a cappuccino, these are available at a reasonable price.

B The advantage of this model is that it’s very simple to operate. You do need
to wash all the component parts after each use, however, so it’s not the ideal
choice for busy workplaces or student kitchens. Small and compact, this
attractive red and grey machine is great value for money, even if it only makes a
standard cup of coffee.

C This classic stove-top model has stood the test of time. It comes in either plain
silver or bright orange, and there are five sizes available. Although it works fine
on either gas or electric cookers, be aware that this coffee-maker isn’t suitable
for use with induction hobs.

D You can make all sorts of coffee at the push of a button with this machine. It
also comes with a separate steam outlet for warming milk and a built-in timer
so that you can wake up to the smell of coffee in the morning. It’s quite bulky,
however, so isn’t great in kitchens where space is limited.

E This large machine is really a type of home coffee-bar and comes with clear
step-by-step guidance for the budding barista. It makes great coffee, but
takes a while to set up so isn’t ideal if you just want one cup of coffee. Also,
you’ll need to give yourself some time to clean all its components if you use it
regularly.

F This electric coffee-maker comes in a distinctive shade of blue and is a favourite

in offices and shared kitchens up and down the country. Not only is it very
easy to move around, but there is also almost no mess to clear up afterwards.
The coffee’s not great, however, and you’re tied into using one brand of coffee
capsules, which are quite expensive.

Questions 1–7
Look at the six reviews (A–F) of coffee makers.
For which model of coffee-maker are the following statements true?
Write the correct letter, A–F in boxes 1–7 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

1 It doesn’t take up much space.

2 There’s a choice of colour.
3 It can be used in a variety of places. 

4 It has a range of functions.
5 An additional purchase may be necessary.
6 There are detailed instructions about how to use it.
7 It’s easy to keep clean.

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Practice Test

Questions 8–13

Medical records in the UK: information for patients

As a patient, you may receive care and treatment from a number of places, such as your health centre, hospitals and
community services. We will use information such as your postcode and National Health Service (NHS) number
to link your records from these different places. Records are linked in a secure system so your identity is protected.
Details that could identify you will be deleted before your information is made available to others.
We sometimes release confidential information to approved researchers, if this is allowed by law, and meets the
strict rules that are in place to protect your privacy. It helps researchers by supporting studies that identify patterns
in diseases, responses to different treatments, and the effectiveness of different services.
Information will also help us to:
• find more effective ways of preventing, treating and managing illnesses
• understand who is at most risk of particular diseases and conditions, so those in charge of care planning can
provide preventative services
• guide decisions about how to manage NHS resources so that they can best support the treatment and care of all
patients
We are very careful with the information, and we follow strict rules about how it is stored and used, and have a
thorough process that must be followed before any information can be shared. When we share information we will
make sure we do so in line with the law, national guidance and best practice.
We have explained how useful information about you is, and the steps that we take to protect your privacy.
However, you may want to prevent confidential information about you being shared or used for any purpose other
than providing your care (except in special circumstances allowed by law, such as when there is a public health
emergency). If you do not want information that identifies you to be shared outside your health centre, please ask
the centre to make a note of this in your medical records.
If you are happy for your information to be shared, you do not need to do anything. There is no form to fill in and
nothing to sign. And you can change your mind at any time.

Content powered by NHS Choices from Better Information Means Better Care NHS Choices Leaflet

Questions 8–13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text above?
In boxes 8–13 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

8 Medical records which were produced in different places are kept separate
from each other.
9 When information about a patient is passed on to others, the patient’s name
and address is removed from it.
10 Patients may be allowed access to the results of studies which involved use of
their records.
11 Information from individual medical records is used for the purpose of
improving medical treatments for everyone.
12 Patients’ agreement is necessary on all occasions when their medical records
are to be shared.
13 It is assumed that patients who take no action are willing to allow their
records to be passed on.

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Practice Test

SECTION 2 Questions 14–26

Starting a family restaurant business: advice for entrepreneurs

Preparation
Television chefs may make running a restaurant look easy, but experts advise prospective business owners
to prepare a comprehensive business plan before hanging out their sign. Modeling the overall expenses of
a restaurant’s first year by asking for quotes from food vendors, electricians and staffing agencies can help
novice owners understand how much is required to make their dream restaurant a reality.
Time Frame
A restaurant owner’s familiarity with the food service industry will often define the turnaround time from idea
to execution. Owners who choose to hire a head chef may need longer to research and interview potential
candidates, or to wait for the chef’s existing contract to finish. The right location may require additional time
for a lease to become available, especially in a dining district which is fashionable. Owners should also plan
for construction, hiring, design and testing phases, budgeting to ensure their companies don’t run out of
cash flow before servers can start taking orders.
Potential
Business owners without experience of the food service industry often make the mistake of believing their
own passion for a particular style of food will translate into a successful new restaurant. In reality, many
owners have to wait until they establish enough rapport with their customers to put some unusual specials
onto the menu. Small restaurants must work even harder to please diners, since they must rely mostly on
word of mouth and critics’ reviews instead of expensive marketing campaigns.
Features
Experts often categorize restaurants as either quick service, mid-scale or upscale. When dreaming about
their ideal food service business, entrepreneurs often think about mid-scale restaurants. However, quick
service restaurants often prove the easiest to start. Quick service no longer means just ‘fast food’, especially
with a variety of concepts that minimize launch and training times. Upscale restaurants often prove trickier to
get started, requiring more hands-on expertise and enough added value to warrant higher prices.
Benefits
New restaurant owners surveyed for articles appearing in the Boston Globe and the New York Times all
cited the desire to ‘work with their hands’ and see more direct results from their labor than they enjoyed in
their previous careers. Small restaurants can benefit from strong word of mouth, especially when they cater
for a specific market, like lunch-hour rush or pre-theater dinner. When choosing a concept, prospective
restaurant owners should be able to explain why diners will prefer their establishment.

Questions 14–20
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text above for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 14–20 on your answer sheet.

Starting a restaurant business

Preparation
Create a 14 .
Use information from suppliers to calculate total annual 15 .
Time Frame
The time needed depends on your familiarity with the industry.
Allow extra time when employing a 16 or when renting premises in a 17 location.
Potential
Don’t offer unusual specials until you have regular customers. This is very important for restaurants
which can’t afford to run 18 .
Features
The simplest food service businesses to open are 19 restaurants.
Benefits
New restaurant owners enjoy manual work.
It’s easy for 20 restaurants which meet a particular need to get customer recommendations.

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Practice Test

Read the text below and answer Questions 21–26.

Five characteristics of successful jobseekers

What does it take to actually get the job you want?
Crafting the perfect curriculum vitae (CV) is vital, and making the right preparations for the interview goes
without saying. And of course, for certain positions, having a particular skill may be a necessity. But apart
from that, what will really make a difference? The answer may be simpler than you think. In fact, there might
be one key change you can make to dramatically improve your chances of success: master your mindset.
Skill set is about what you can do, and mindset is about what you see, think and believe. Used correctly, it
can make any one of us stand out from the crowd.
With technology developing at an unprecedented rate, nobody can predict the skills needed to succeed in
five or ten years’ time. When we asked over 800 employers, 96% of them chose mindset over skill set as the
key element they seek when employing (and retaining) staff.
Based on these findings, here are the top five characteristics of successful job seekers:
5 72.56% of employers highlighted accountability as an essential characteristic when looking for new
employees.
The individuals who demonstrate accountability most effectively are those who go beyond the confines
of their job description, take responsibility for things that go wrong and/or attempt to make improvements
in any way they can.
4 Perhaps unsurprisingly, adaptability was chosen as essential by 75.12% of employers surveyed.
Those candidates who can genuinely display the flexibility and ability to rise to any challenge they face,
and respond positively to it all, will automatically increase their employability.
3 Whatever industry you’re in, having a sense of trust in others around you is vital for a harmonious
workplace. Perhaps that’s why 90.93% of employers chose trustworthiness as their next essential
characteristic when hiring.
2 91.4% of hiring managers think that honesty is the best policy.
Although honesty is inevitably linked to accountability and trustworthiness to a certain degree, adopting
it as an integral part of your mindset, and being able to practically display it is crucial. It doesn’t have to
be too hard-hitting, just a few words to show that you have morals should be more than enough.
1 Finally, according to our research the most important trait for successful jobseekers is commitment. In fact,
92.09% of all employers said that this was absolutely essential for all team members and potential hires.
Being dedicated to one's work undoubtedly has an exceptionally powerful effect. If it’s there, it engenders
trust and earns respect. When it’s missing, it’s almost impossible to replicate or attain belief from any level of
the business.

reed.co.uk

Questions 21–26
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 21–26 on your answer sheet.

21 It is obvious that having appropriate skills, producing an excellent and preparing

well for interview are essential for getting a job.
22 A majority of employers said they valued more than skills when they recruit staff.
23 Employees who do more than their specifies are considered to be accountable.
24 Employees who are able to react well to every are demonstrating adaptability.
25 For a friendly atmosphere, it is necessary for colleagues to have in each other.
26 The highest proportion of employers felt that it was essential for their staff to have .

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Practice Test

SECTION 3 Questions 27–40

Questions 27–32
The text on the next page has six paragraphs, A–F.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 27–32 on your answer sheet.

List of headings
i Advantages and disadvantages of selling products online
ii Introducing a company’s products to their customers
iii The characteristics of a successful fashion model
iv The features of two kinds of fashion show
v Finding out what kind of clothing buyers want
vi The control of a company’s supply and pricing levels
vii Global changes in clothing styles
viii How fashion shows developed over time

27 Paragraph A
28 Paragraph B
29 Paragraph C
30 Paragraph D
31 Paragraph E
32 Paragraph F

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Practice Test

The fashion industry

A The process of managing the flow of products, from D By the early 21st century, the Internet had become
the initial selection of designs, to the presentation an increasingly important retail outlet, creating
of products to retail customers, is known as fashion new challenges (e.g., the inability for customers
marketing. Its goal is to maximize a company’s to try on clothes prior to purchase, the need for
sales and profitability. Successful fashion marketing facilities designed to handle clothing returns and
depends on understanding consumer wishes and exchanges) and opening up new opportunities
responding with appropriate products. Marketers for merchandisers (e.g., the ability to provide
use sales tracking data, attention to media coverage, customers with shopping opportunities 24 hours
focus groups and other means of determining per day, affording access to rural customers). In
consumer preferences. They then provide feedback an era of increasingly diverse shopping options for
to designers and manufacturers about the type and retail customers, and of intense price competition
quantity of goods to be produced. Marketers are thus among retailers, merchandising through the web has
responsible for identifying and defining a fashion emerged as one of the most important functions of
producer’s target customers, and for responding to the modern fashion industry.
the preferences of those customers.
E Fashion designers and manufacturers promote their
B Marketing operates at both the wholesale and retail clothes not only to retailers, but also to the media
levels. Businesses that do not sell their own products and directly to customers. Already in the late 19th
to customers must place those products at wholesale century, Paris couture houses began to offer their
prices in the hands of retailers, such as boutiques, clients private viewings of the latest fashions. By
department stores, and online sales companies. They the early 20th century, not only couture houses but
use fashion shows, catalogs, and a sales force armed also department stores regularly put on fashion
with sample products to find a close fit between their shows with professional models. In imitation of
products and the retailer’s customers. Marketers for Parisian couturiers, ready-to-wear designers in other
companies that do sell their own products at retail countries also began mounting fashion shows for
are primarily concerned with matching products to a mixed audience. In the late 20th and early 21st
their own customer base. At both the wholesale and centuries, fashion shows became more elaborate and
the retail level, marketing also involves promotional theatrical, were held in larger venues with specially
activities, such as advertising. This is aimed at constructed elevated runways (‘catwalks’) for the
establishing brand recognition and brand reputation models, and played an increasingly prominent role
for a range of characteristics such as quality, low in the presentation of new fashions.
price, or trendiness.
F By the early 21st century, fashion shows were a
C Closely related to marketing is merchandising, regular part of the fashion calendar. The couture
which attempts to maximize sales and profitability shows, held twice a year in Paris (in January and
by persuading consumers to buy a company’s July) by the official association of couture designers
products. In the standard definition of the term, (comprising the most exclusive and expensive fashion
merchandising involves selling the right product, houses), present outfits that might be ordered by
at the right price, at the right time and place, to the potential clients, but which often are intended more
right customers. So fashion merchandisers must to showcase the designers’ concepts of fashion trends
utilize marketers’ information about customer and brand image. Ready-to-wear fashion shows,
preferences as the basis for decisions about such separately presenting both women’s and men’s wear,
things as stocking appropriate merchandise in are held during spring and fall ‘Fashion Weeks’, of
adequate but not excessive quantities, offering which the most important take place in Paris, Milan,
items for sale at attractive but still profitable prices, New York, and London. However, there are literally
and discounting overstocked goods. Merchandising dozens of other Fashion Weeks internationally—from
also involves presenting goods attractively and Tokyo to São Paolo. These shows, of much greater
accessibly through the use of store windows, in- commercial importance than the couture shows, are
store displays, and special promotional events. aimed primarily at fashion journalists and at buyers
Merchandising specialists must be able to respond for department stores, wholesalers, and other major
to surges in demand by rapidly acquiring new stocks markets. Extensively covered in the media, fashion
of the favoured product. An inventory-tracking shows both reflect and advance the direction of
software program in a department store in London, fashion change. Photographs and videos of fashion
for instance, can trigger an automatic order to a shows are instantaneously transmitted to mass-market
production facility in Shanghai for a certain quantity producers, who then produce inexpensive clothing
of garments, of a specified type and size, to be copied from, or inspired by the runway designs.
delivered in a matter of days.

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Practice Test

Questions 33–35
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 33–35 on your answer sheet.

33 What does the writer say about fashion marketers?

A They operate according to instructions from fashion designers.
B They deal with retail rather than wholesale clients.
C They are not bound by financial considerations.
D They employ various means of gathering information.

34 According to the writer, the work of a merchandiser includes

A passing information to marketers.
B ensuring that clothing items are not overpriced.
C calculating the quantity of garments already sold.
D returning goods that are faulty.

35 Regarding internet selling, what does the writer suggest is a benefit for retailers?
A 24-hour shopping
B lower costs
C systems for handling exchanges
D fewer clothing returns

Questions 36–40
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the text for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 36–40 on your answer sheet.

Fashion in the 21st century

Regular fashion shows are now held all over the world. 36 is the location
for couture shows, which are often simply an opportunity to present 37
ideas regarding fashion. On the other hand, shows for ready-to-wear clothing take
place in many different cities, for the benefit of 38 and clients of all kinds.
Thanks to reports in the 39 these shows are very influential. Images of the
clothing are immediately dispatched to manufacturers, and they then make
40 copies.

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Practice Test

Academic Writing
Duration: 60 minutes

TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The chart below shows the value of some of Australia's trading links in 2012,
2013 and 2014.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and making comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Value of Australia’s trading links

180,000

160,000

140,000

120,000
A$ millions

100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

0
China Japan Korea Thailand Vietnam
Trading partners

2012 2013 2014

TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:

In many countries, wages for some types of job are much higher than wages
for other types of job. Some people think that this is unfair.
Do you agree or disagree?
How should different types of job be paid?

Give reasons for your answer, and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

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Practice Test

General Training Writing

Duration: 60 minutes

TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

Recently a friend from another country visited you. Your friend has written
asking for details about a traditional dish you ate together at a restaurant
during the visit.
Write a letter to this friend. In your letter,
• say why the dish is so popular in your country
• outline what you need to make it
• suggest where to get a good recipe for it

Write at least 150 words.

You do NOT need to write any addresses.
Begin your letter as follows:

Dear …

TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:

In many countries, more young people are moving away from the place
where they were born to find jobs in other places.
Why do you think this is happening?
Is this a positive or negative development?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your
knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

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Practice Test

Speaking
Duration: 11–14 minutes

Part 1 Introduction and interview

[This part of the test begins with the examiner introducing himself or herself and
checking the candidate’s identification. It then continues as an interview.]

Study
• What subject are you studying at present?
• Why did you choose to study this subject?
• How long have you been studying for?

Work
• What kind of work do you do?
• How long have you had this job?
• Is your work easy or difficult?

Shopping
• Do you enjoy shopping? Why?/Why not?
• What was the last thing you bought?
• How often do you buy things online?
• Do you prefer to go shopping with friends, or to go shopping by yourself? Why?

Part 2 Individual long turn

Candidate Task Card

Describe a change in your life which was positive.

You should say:
what the change was
when it happened
why it happened
and explain why the change was positive.

You will have to talk about the topic for 1 to 2 minutes.

You have one minute to think about what you’re going to say.
You can make some notes to help you if you wish.

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Practice Test

Part 3 Two-way discussion

Changes of place
• In your country, do many people move from the countryside to live in a city?
• What are the main reasons why people go to live in a different place?
• How easy is it to find suitable accommodation in a new area?

Changes in the workplace

• Do you agree that women can now do a bigger variety of jobs than they were
able to do in the past?
• How has new technology changed the way people work?
• What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of doing part-time
work?

Impact of change
• How easy do you think it is for people of different ages to adapt to rapid change?
• In your opinion, which recent social changes have been the most beneficial for
people in general?
• Countries have been generally slow to respond to the risks posed by climate
change. Why do you think this is?

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