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STS Intellectual Revolutions

The document discusses several major intellectual revolutions throughout history that changed paradigms and transformed societies, including the Copernican revolution that established the heliocentric model of the solar system, Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, and Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality development. These revolutions challenged previously held beliefs and established new paradigms through thinkers like Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud that better explained observations and the natural world.

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965 views

STS Intellectual Revolutions

The document discusses several major intellectual revolutions throughout history that changed paradigms and transformed societies, including the Copernican revolution that established the heliocentric model of the solar system, Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, and Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality development. These revolutions challenged previously held beliefs and established new paradigms through thinkers like Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud that better explained observations and the natural world.

Uploaded by

maricrisandem
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTELLECTUAL

REVOLUTIONS
LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson: the students should be


able to:
• Discuss the paradigm shifts through history
• Explain how the Intellectual revolution changed
the way how humans see the world
• Describe the technological advancement that
happened in the information age
PARADIGM SHIFTS
IN HISTORY
WHAT IS A PARADIGM?
WHAT IS A PARADIGM?

• A typical example or pattern of something.


• A distinct set of concepts or thought patterns,
including theories, research methods, postulates,
and standards for what constitutes legitimate
contributions to a field.
WHAT IS A PARADIGM SHIFT?
WHAT IS A PARADIGM SHIFT?

• A fundamental change in approach or


underlying assumptions.
• A concept identified by the American physicist
and philosopher Thomas Kuhn
• A fundamental change in the basic concepts and
experimental practices of a scientific discipline.
Kuhn presented his notion of a paradigm shift in
his influential book The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions (1962).
WHY ARE PARADIGM SHIFTS
IMPORTANT?

• Paradigm shift is another


expression for more significant
changes within belief systems.
• Within philosophy of
science this concept is
sometimes considered
important and is sometimes
given great attention within
education.
KUHN'S PARADIGM
THOMAS SAMUEL KUHN

• Thomas Samuel Kuhn was an


American physicist, historian
and philosopher of science
whose controversial1962
book The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions was influential in
both academic and popular
circles.
KUHN’S CYCLE

• A simple cycle of progress


described by Thomas Kuhn in
1962 in his seminal work The
Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
• Kuhn challenged the world's
current conception of science,
which was that it was a steady
progression of the
accumulation of new ideas.
KUHN’S PARADIGM

• Thomas Kuhn argued that science does not


evolve gradually towards truth.
• Science has a paradigm which remains constant
before going through a paradigm shift when
current theories can’t explain some phenomenon,
and someone proposes a new theory.
KUHN’S PARADIGM

• A scientific revolution occurs when: (i) the new


paradigm better explains the observations, and
offers a model that is closer to the objective,
external reality; and (ii) the new paradigm is
incommensurate with the old.
• For example, Lamarckian evolution was replaced
with Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural
selection.
HISTORICAL
EXAMPLES OF
PARADIGMS
SOCIETY AND ETHICS

• Slavery is acceptable to now slavery being


unacceptable
• Role of Children in Society - Child labor was,
now is not acceptable
• Male Superiority - Beating wives was, now is
not acceptable
SOCIETY AND ETHICS

• Reading and the Control over information -


Invention of the printing press (and other major
inventions) allowed for the elites control over
reading/writing to end.
• The Reformation - broke monopoly of Catholic
Church and Christian's "relationship" with God.
NATURAL SCIENCES

• Darwin’s theory of evolution


• Plate Tectonics - create a physical model of the
Earth's structure
• Albert Einstein’s space-time is not fixed or
objective --- subject to observer’s state of motion
relative to other object.
HUMAN SCIENCES

• Psychology: Sigmund Freud


--- we are not fully in
control of our behavior ---
a subconscious part
operate
• Economics --- government
intervention in economy is
now accepted.
THE ARTS

• The Realist paradigm: the purpose of art is to


copy reality
• Shakespeare's impact on drama / theater
• Jazz & rock revolutionizing music
WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION?

• Refers to Greek speculation about the


"nature" in the period before Socrates (roughly
600 to 400 BCE).
• ”Pre-Socratic" or "non-theological" or
"first philosophy" – more on physics and
logic
• Showed how society was transformed by science
and technology
QUESTIONS

• What created day and night?


• What heavenly bodies are like stars, moons and
planets are?
• What was actually out there in the outer
space?
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

• There had been instances when advancements in


science and technology changed people’s
perceptions and beliefs. The developments during
this period showed how society was transformed
by science and technology.
• Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times
and created things that could make life easier for
the people.
COPERNICAN
REVOLUTION
CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY

• Famous Greek
philosopher and
astronomer.
• Stated that the planets,
the sun and the moon
move in circular motion
around the earth
• Existence of days and
nights
GEOCENTRISM/GEOCENTRIC
MODEL

• A superseded
description of the
universe with earth
at the center.
• Under the
Geocentric model,
the Sun, Moon,
stars, and planets all
orbited Earth.
NICHOLAS COPERNICUS
REVOLUTIONARY ASTRONOMER

• Polish mathematician
and astronomer
• Developed his model
of a sun-centered
universe
• Explained the daily
and yearly motion of
the sun and stars in
the universe
HELIOCENTRISM/HELIOCENTRIC
MODEL

• The center of the


solar system is not
the earth but actually
the sun
• Started the birth of
modern astronomy
• Scientific revolution
• Transformation of
society’s thoughts and
beliefs
DARWINIAN
REVOLUTION
ONE OF THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS OF ITS
TIME
CHARLES DARWIN

• An English naturalist,
biologist and geologist.
• All life is related and has
descended from a common
ancestor: the birds and the
bananas, the fishes and the
flowers -- all related.
• Published his book, On the
Origin of Species.
• complex creatures evolve
from more simplistic
ancestors naturally over time
THEORY OF EVOLUTION

• Populations pass through


a process of natural
selection in which only
the fittest would survive.
• Organisms have the
ability to adapt to their
environment and would
gradually changed into
something that would
be more competitive to
survive – evolution.
FREUDIAN
REVOLUTION
SIGMUND FREUD

• He was the founding


Father of
Psychoanalysis, a
method for treating
mental illness and also a
theory which explains
human behavior.
FREUD’S THEORY

• Freud developed the


psychoanalytic theory of
personality development,
which argued that
personality is formed
through conflicts among
three fundamental
structures of the human
mind: the id, ego, and
superego.

Conflict within the mind: According to Freud, the job of the ego is to
balance the aggressive/pleasure-seeking drives of the id with the
moral control of the superego.
QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION

• Why do you think most intellectual ideas are


controversial?
• Why did the people accept these new
discoveries despite being contradictory to what
was widely accepted at that time?
• How do intellectual revolutions transform
societies?

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