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Turkey is a transcontinental country located in both Western Asia and Southeast Europe. It borders Greece, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea. Istanbul is Turkey's largest city and financial center, while Ankara is its capital. Turkey has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations like the Hittites and has been influenced by the Greeks, Romans, Seljuk Turks, and Ottoman Empire over the centuries. In recent history, Turkey abolished the Ottoman Sultanate in 1922 and formed a secular republic under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, pursuing modernization and Westernization. Today, Turkey has a developing economy and is a regional power with a strategic location brid

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76 views

Yyyyyyyyyy

Turkey is a transcontinental country located in both Western Asia and Southeast Europe. It borders Greece, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea. Istanbul is Turkey's largest city and financial center, while Ankara is its capital. Turkey has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations like the Hittites and has been influenced by the Greeks, Romans, Seljuk Turks, and Ottoman Empire over the centuries. In recent history, Turkey abolished the Ottoman Sultanate in 1922 and formed a secular republic under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, pursuing modernization and Westernization. Today, Turkey has a developing economy and is a regional power with a strategic location brid

Uploaded by

Paul Ciobanu
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Turkey 

(Turkish: Türkiye [ˈtyɾcije]), officially the Republic of Turkey,[a] is a country


straddling Western Asia and Southeast Europe. It shares borders with Greece and Bulgaria to the
northwest; the Black Sea to the north; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the
east; Iraq to the southeast; Syria and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the Aegean Sea to
the west. Istanbul, the largest city, is the financial centre, and Ankara is the capital. Turks form the
vast majority of the nation's population, and Kurds are the largest minority.[4] Its capital
is Ankara while its largest city is Istanbul.
One of the world's earliest permanently settled regions, present-day Turkey was home to
important Neolithic sites like Göbekli Tepe, and was inhabited by ancient civilisations such as
the Hattians and Anatolian peoples.[11][12][13] Hellenization started in the area during the era
of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era.[12][14] The Seljuk Turks began migrating
in the 11th century, and the Sultanate of Rum ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when
it disintegrated into small Turkish principalities.[15] Beginning in the late 13th century,
the Ottomans started uniting the principalities and conquering the Balkans, and the Turkification of
Anatolia increased during the Ottoman period. After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453,
Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I. During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent,
the Ottoman Empire became a global power.[11][16][17] From the late 18th century onwards, the empire's
power declined with a gradual loss of territories and wars.[18] In an effort to consolidate the weakening
empire, Mahmud II started a period of modernisation in the early 19th century.[19] The 1913 coup
d'état effectively put the country under the control of the Three Pashas, who were largely responsible
for the Empire's entry into World War I in 1914. During World War I, the Ottoman government
committed genocides against its Armenian, Assyrian and Pontic Greek subjects.[b][22] After the
Ottomans and the other Central Powers lost the war, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned.
[23]
 The Turkish War of Independence against the occupying Allied Powers resulted in the abolition of
the Sultanate on 1 November 1922, the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne (which superseded
the Treaty of Sèvres) on 24 July 1923 and the proclamation of the Republic on 29 October 1923.
With the reforms initiated by the country's first president, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Turkey became
a secular, unitary and parliamentary republic; which was later replaced by a presidential system with
a referendum in 2017. Since then, the new Turkish governmental system under president Recep
Tayyip Erdoğan and his party, the AKP, has often been described
as populist, conservative and authoritarian.[24][25][26][27][28]
Turkey is a regional power and a newly industrialized country, with a geopolitically strategic location.
[29]
 Its economy, which is classified among the emerging and growth-leading economies, is
the twentieth-largest in the world by nominal GDP, and the eleventh-largest by PPP. It is a charter
member of the United Nations, an early member of NATO, the IMF, and the World Bank, and a
founding member of the OECD, OSCE, BSEC, OIC, and G20. After becoming one of the early
members of the Council of Europe in 1950, Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in
1963, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995, and started accession negotiations with the European
Union in 2005.

Contents

 1Etymology
 2History
o 2.1Prehistory of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace
o 2.2Antiquity
o 2.3Early Christian and Byzantine period
o 2.4Seljuks and the Ottoman Empire
o 2.5Republic of Turkey
 3Administrative divisions
 4Politics
o 4.1Law
o 4.2Foreign relations
o 4.3Military
o 4.4Human rights
o 4.5LGBT rights
 5Geography
o 5.1Biodiversity
o 5.2Climate
 6Economy
o 6.1Tourism
o 6.2Infrastructure
o 6.3Science and technology
 7Demographics
o 7.1Immigration
o 7.2Languages
o 7.3Religion
o 7.4Education
o 7.5Health
 8Culture
o 8.1Visual arts
o 8.2Literature and theatre
o 8.3Music and dance
o 8.4Architecture
o 8.5Cuisine
o 8.6Sports
o 8.7Media and cinema
 9See also
 10Notes
 11References
 12Further reading
 13External links

Etymology
Main article: Name of Turkey
The English name of Turkey (from Medieval Latin Turchia/Turquia[30]) means "land of the
Turks". Middle English usage of Turkye is evidenced in an early work by Chaucer called The Book of
the Duchess (c. 1369). The phrase land of Torke is used in the 15th-century Digby Mysteries. Later
usages can be found in the Dunbar poems, the 16th century Manipulus Vocabulorum (Turkie)
and Francis Bacon's Sylva Sylvarum (Turky). The modern spelling Turkey dates back to at least
1719.[31]

History
Main article: History of Turkey

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