Exam Essentials Eee) You are going to read three extracts which are all concerned in some way with ethical fashion. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. PAPER 2 Writing PAPER 3. Use of English PAPER 4 Listening Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. PAPER 5 Speaking Essential tips ‘Question 2: Read stem carefully Ethical Fashion It is hip to be eco-friendly in the business world nowadays, and even the fashion industry has jumped on the bandwagon. A network of designers | and businesses connected with the industry have collaborated to form the HGRA Aedag eeadt Ethical Fashion Forum. Its aims are, ostensibly, to bring together all the improve the etuation? components in the global garment supply chain and to promote sustainable practices in the manufacture of clothing, particularly in developing countries. The Ethical Fashion Forum encourages manufacturers to improve working conditions by reducing the use of dangerous chemicals, and dyes in the treatment of fabrics. This is one of the ways, it is hoped, that the clothing industry can alleviate the negative impact it has on the environment. All noble intentions, and admirable indeed. However, the cynics among us cannot help but question the sincerity of entrepreneurs in an industry as | notoriously exploitative as this one. Is the fashion industry honestly becoming more socially aware? Or is it simply capitalising on the eco- friendly fad of the moment in an attempt to combat the growing number of anti-consumerism campaigns by marketing the idea that the fashion | industry is also now socially and environmentally aware? The industry | appears to be saying that it is still acceptable, in fact necessary, to buy | lots of clothes and accessories. In other words, ‘buy ethically, but don’t stop buying’! | The truth of the matter is that it will be extremely difficult to persuade all the links in the supply chain to act responsibly, especially when profits are at stake. Furthermore, we cannot ignore the fickle nature of fashion itself, which is constantly subject to changing tastes. TT eee 1 The Ethical Fashion Forum A. is an environmentally-friendly fashion company. B__promotes the clothing industry in developing countries. c D is an organisation made up of fashion designers. seems to be encouraging the clothing industry to change. 2 The writer implies that the Ethical Fashion Forum's real motives are to \prove working conditions within the fashion industry. ‘coordinate the different stages in the manufacture of clothing. take advantage of current trends in favour of ecologically sound practices. reduce the use of dangerous chemicals and dyes in the treatment of te ‘The rn B c D CAE Test 2 PAPER 1 Reading >> Part 34Essential tips e STOMPING GREEN! Y You think ethically V You eat ethically V You buy ethically V You dress ethically Question 4:You need to read the whole of the third paragraph. All | Soe splore meysogear | poole but wha doce te advertisement actually say? | J Now you can also walk ethically with our new range of ethical footwear! Made from a special material that breathes, and looks and feels like supple leather, our shoes are not only ethical, they're STOMPING GREEN! Our footwear is genuinely animal- and environment-friendly. It is, made in European factories in worker-friendly environments. We use high-tech synthetics that are bio-degradable where possible to provide you with shoes that suit your requirements aesthetically, ethically and economically. Most of our shoes are made to order, so check out our web site to see the full range of the colours and styles we offer in boots, shoes | and sandals, as well as details about the materials we use in their manufacture. And of course, if you live in Portsmouth or are passing through, do visit our shop. We guarantee that you will walk ‘ut wearing one of our models! You will be amazed at the quality and the variety available! STOMPING GREEN — Footwear for the Environment. 3 According to the advertisement, Stomping Green footwear ‘A. does not harm the environment in any way. B is handmade on the premises of the shop. © is designed to suit people with different tastes. D_ is made specifically for vegetarians. 4 The advertisement implias that Stomping Green care for the people who work in the manufacture of their footwear. would prefer customers to order their footwear onli pride themselves on their unique designs. soll most of their footwear in Portsmouth. com> 32 CAE Test 2>> PAPER 1 Reading >» Part 1Essential tips ‘Question 5: Read the question stem carefully. When looking for the answer, restrict yourself to the part of the tox it refers to. Think carefully what each of the ‘options expresses, and find th fone which raflects what is said the text most closely Recycle that suit! Have you taken a good long look in your wardrobe recently? How full is it, and how many of the clothes do you actually wear? Did you know that in Britain alone, people throw away an estimated one million tonnes of clothing material every year? And yet we regularly seem to need to buy new clothes. Discarded textiles present a health hazard because of the chemicals used to treat them, such as dyes and bleaches. As these decompose, they release toxic gases into the atmosphere. There is a wealth of sites on the Internet devoted to recycling old clothes, and several offer useful practical advice on how to revamp items like old suits, aprons, curtains, ete. Recycling old clothes can help reduce the amount of waste generated, and with a little imagination, you can customise an outtit and create your own individual style. At the same time, you save money. Some very innovative people have set up sewing groups dedicated to recycling old clothes, and exchange ideas and tips on how to do it. if you aren‘t interested in sewing, then at least you can take your old clothes to charity shops, pass on children’s clothes to friends and neighbours, and support fashion businesses which use recycled products. You will be making a difference, no matter how small. a 5 The purpose of the first paragraph is to A persuade readers to be more adventurous when choosing new clothes. make people aware of how wasteful they are with thelr clothing. © discuss the problems involved in achieving an individual style. D__ warn people against spending money on fashionable clothes. 6 The article suggests that people should ‘A. save money by making their own clothes. B stop buying clothes in order to reduce waste. © make new outfits using old clothes. D__ only buy clothes from charity shops. CAE Test 2>> PAPER 1 Reading >> Part1 33Pee) Pal 2 writing You are going to read a magazine article. Six paragraphs have been removed from Pa the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (7-12). PAPER 3 Use of English | 5.7 PAPER 4 Listening PAPER 5 Speaking ‘There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Mind your languages ‘Thousands of the world’s languages are dying, taking to the grave not just words but records of civilisations and cultures that we may never come to fully know or understand. It is a loss of which few people are aware, yet it will affect us all. Linguists have calculated that of the 6,000 languages currently spoken worldwide most will disappear over the next hundred years. As many as 1,000 languages have died in the past 400 years. Conversely, the handful of major international languages are forging ahead. 7 But the vast majority of the world never had need of phrases in Heiltsuk (a Native Indian language from the Canadian Pacific coast of British Columbia which is now dead). Nor will most people be interested in learning any of the 800 languages spoken on the island of New Guinea or the 2,400 spoken by Native American indians (many of which are threatened), but their deaths are robbing us of the knowledge needed to write many chapters of history. generally happy when we have a corpus of texts which we can read and understand with the help of a reliable grammar and dictionary provided by a competent linguist, preferably including texts of some particular interest’ says Kortlandt. 10 To non-linguists it must seem an odd issue to get worked up about. Why waste so much time saving languages spoken by so few and not concentrate on the languages of the future that most of us speak? Why look back instead of forward? ‘Would you ask a biologist looking for disappearing species the same question?” Kortlandt asks. ‘Or an astronomer looking for distant galaxies? Why should languages, the mouthpiece of threatened cultures, be less interesting than unknown species or galaxies? Language is the defining characteristic of the human spocies. These people say things to each other which are very different from the things we say, and think very different thoughts, which are often incomprehensible to us. ci Documenting a threatened language can be difficult and dangerous, requiring consummate diplomacy with tribes, some of which may be meeting outsiders for the first time and may well be wary about why these strangers need so much information about their language. ‘Some peoples are extremely proud of their language while others are sceptical of the “white man’? believing he now wants to rob them of their language as well! says Kortlandt. Take, for example, the vast potential for modern medicine that lies within tropical rainforests. For centuries forest tribes have known about the healing Properties of certain plants, but it is only recently that the outside world has discovered that the rainforests and coral reefs hold potential cures for some of the world's major diseases. All this knowledge could be lost if the tribes and their languages die out without being documented. 1 “There are about 200 Tibeto-Burman languages, only about ten of which have been properly described; says Kortlandt. ‘We now have fourteen PhD students describing different, unknown languages: The problem is it can take years to document a language. ‘We are —- 34 CAE Test 2>> PAPER 1 Reading >> Part 2 Kortlandt is blunt about why some languages have suffered. ‘if we look back to the history of the Empire; he says, ‘for social, economic and political reasons, a majority never has an interest in preserving the culture of a minority!A Frederik Kortlandt, Professor of Comparative Linguistics at Leiden University in Holland, has a mission to document as many of the remaining endangered languages as he can. He leads a band of language experts trekking to some of the most inaccessible parts of the earth to save such threatened languages. B This is one of the factors worrying Paul Qer linguist in Fiji in the South Pacific, There are hundreds of known remedies in Fiji's forests. The guava leaf relieves diarrhoea, the udi tree eases sore throats, and hibiscus leaf tea is used by expectant mothers. There are possibly scores more yet to be discovered. We will only be able to find them and benefit from their properties through one or more of the 300 languages and dialects spoken islands. if the languages die, so too will ‘the medicinal knowledge of naturally occurring tonics, rubs and potions. Science could be left wondering what we might have found. English now spoken by almost everyone in Fiji and Qoreti is teaching Fijians how to speak their own disappearing native languages and dialects. € In September this year, like-minds met in Kathmandu for a conference on how to save some Himalayan languages spoken by just a handful of people. A great number of languages in the greater Himalayan region are endangered or have already reached the point of no return. D As Kortlandt stresses, ‘If you want to understand, the human species, you have to take the full range of human thought into consideration. Language is Essential tips part of the exam you need to understand the structure and organisation of a text: how its paragraphs work together. > First look at the instructions and the ttle ofthe text. Then | skim the gapped text for the general meaning and notice how it develops rely simply on recognising repeated names, dates etc. G the binding force of culture, and the disappearance of a language means the disappearance of culture. It Is not only the words that disappear, but also knowledge about many things.” Kortlandt knows a language is disappearing when the younger generation does not use it any more, When a language is spoken by fewer than forty people, he calculates that it will die out. Every now and then language researchers get lucky. Kamassian, a southern Samoyed language spoken in the Upper Yenisey region of Russia, was supposed to have died out, until two old women who still spoke it turned up at a conference in Tallinn, Estonia in the early 1970s. According to the Atlas of Languages, Chinese is now spoken by 1,000 million people and English by 360 million. Spanish, spoken by 260 million people, is fast overtaking French as the first foreign language choice of British schoolchildren, Kortlandt is one of several linguists who have sounded the alarm that humankind is on the brink of losing over fifty percent of its languages within the next generation or two. ‘This loss may be unavoidable in most cases; says one authority, ‘but at the very least, we can record as much as we can of these endangered languages before they die out altogether. Such an undertaking would naturally require support from international organisations, ot to mention funding! Question 7: In the paragraph after the gap, the word ‘But shows that a contrast is being described. Itis likely that the Contrast is between the extinct or threatened languages referred to and the ‘major international languages’ ‘mentioned in the paragraph before the gap. {Question 8: In the peragraph following the gap, the name of a person ~ Kortlandt ~Is mentioned, but there is no ication who this person is. tis likly that the gapped paragraph gives some details about hi Question 11: The paragraph after the gap describes the kind of knowledge that could be lost if cartain languages become extinct. Which gapped paragraph introduces this theme? CAE Test 2 >> PAPER 1 Reading > Part 2 35,Pi PAPER 5 Baw Reading writing Use of English APER A Listening Speaking You are going to read a magazine article. For questions 13-19, choose the answer (A,B, C or D) which you think fits bast according to the text, Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. The Cinderella Story CF re basic story is very old indeed and familiar to most of us. The heroine, Cinderella, is treated cruelly by her stepmother and mocked by her two ugly stepsisters. ‘And even though her father loves her, she can’t tell him how unhappy she is because her stepmother has bewitched him. One day Cinderella’s stepmother and stepsisters are invited to a ball at the royal palace. Cinderella is told she cannot go and is understandably very unhappy. However, her fairy godmother comes to the rescue and, waving her magic wand, produces some beautiful clothes for Cinderella as well as a carriage to convey her to the ball. There, she dances with the handsome prince, who falls in love with her, not only because she is beautiful but also because she is good and gracious. Cinderella has been warned that the magic will wear off at midnight, so when the clock strikes twelve, she hurries away, leaving behind her a glass slipper. Next day, the prince, smitten by her charms, comes looking for the girl whose foot fits the glass slipper. He finds Cinderella and they marry amid general rejoicing. Just a sweet, pretty tale? Not in the view of Ellen MacIntosh, who has written extensively about fairy tales. ‘This story features the stock, two-dimensional characters of most fairy tales, and little character development is attempted,’ she says. Indeed, although her comment does make one wonder why simplicity of this sort should be out of place in a story for children. Be that as it may, Ellen’s main problem is with what the story implies. ‘Instead of standing up to her cruel stepmother and absurd stepsisters, Cinderella just waits for a fairy godmother to appear and solve her problems. But wouldn’t you want a daughter of yours to show more spirit?” The story is enduring, whatever its shortcomings, and it doesn’t take much in the way of analytical skills to see its influence on a number of recent Hollywood productions, all aimed at girls aged five to fifteen. In these versions for the silver screen, the Cinderella character no longer has to clean the house and has no siblings to make her life a misery, though she persists, in not showing much backbone. The character of the rich and handsome stranger, however, is retained, and in some cases really is a prince. The role of the fairy godmother is often played by coincidence or sheer luck; we live in an entightened age when even very young children might reject the notion of fairies. ‘The wicked stepmother may be transformed into a villain of some sort. In the majority of film versions, the heroine has a profession and is even permitted to continue working after marrying her prince ~ this is the twenty-first century, after all. Doesn't the success of these films indicate that the story has relevance to children even today? ‘Yes,’ admits Ellen, who sees its message as being rooted in a fundamental childhood desire for love and attention. ‘Most children experience a sense of inner loneliness as they are growing up and empathise with the protagonist who faces some sort of test or challenge. ‘This can be seen in the original story of Cinderella, where the fairy godmother tells the heroine that she must learn to be gracious and confident if she is to 90 to the ball. She has to grow spiritually, and by maturing, she becomes attractive to the prince, thus ensuring that the ending of the story will be happy. ‘In the later versions, this element is missing,’ says Ellen, ‘and the theme of the story is simply that a gir’s rote in life is to be more beautiful than other little girls so that she can carry off the prize: the handsome prince. Is this really what we want girls to grow up believing?” 36 CCAE Test 2 >> PAPER 1 Reading > part 3Essential tips » Remember: in this part of the ‘exam you need to understand the details of etext, as well as the writer's opinion, attitude and purpose. > You can approach this part in ‘wo slightly diferent ways. However, you should begin by reading the instructions and the ttle of the text. Then you can either skim the toxt first before you read the questions, ‘or read the questions first before you skim the text > There will be seven questions ‘or question stems. Read each ‘question carefully and, without looking at the options, scan the text for the answer or for ‘suitable and accurate way to ‘complete the question stem. > Think about the meaning of what you read, and only then see if you can match the relevant section of the ‘one of the options, The correct option is unlikely to use the same words as the text 10 express an idea, ot with Question 13: You are being askod about the writer's view, rot Ellen Macintoshs. Look for a section of the text where the writer describes Ellen's eas and then gives her opinion of these ideas. ‘Question 16:This question is ‘about filme based on the Cinderella story. Look in the text for the word ‘lm’ or any other | word which moans the ea thing, for example, “movie! When you find the relevant section of the text, read it Carefully. Then soe which option | corresponds procisaly to what the toxt says Question 19: Even though you may be nervous and in a hurry, You must think carefully about tho meaning of tho questions. Which word in the question stom | shows you are being asked to | find a difference between the original story and the modern ion? SSS 4 8 6 v7 8 1» What does the writer imply about fairy tales? ‘A. Fully developed characters would improve them, B_ The stories are very basic. © Its unrealistic to expect character development. D_ It is a mistake to consider them sweet and pretty. What is Ellen's main objection to the Cinderella story? A The heroine is treated cruelly. B_ The heroine is not assertive enough. © The ugly stepsisters are figures of ridicule, D_ The stepmother is a stereotypical character. In film versions of the Cinderella story ‘A the prince is invariably replaced by @ rich stranger. B two characters from the original story are omitted, C.. there is no longer a wicked stepmother. D the Cinderella character no longer has to work. Modern film adaptations of the story tend to present a Cinderella ‘A. whose character remains basically unchanged, B who [s luckier than she is in the original story. © whose circumstances are unusual. D_ that many children might find unconvincing. Modern variants on the story generally A. portray Cinderella as a successful professional. B__ imply that Cinderella will become a real princess. © reflect children’s beliefs. D__ make concessions to modern women's lives. In Ellen's view, what makes the Cinderella story so appealing? A Children can identify with the heroine. B Little girls enjoy being challenged. © Ithas an element of magi D_ Cinderella is more beautiful than other girls. Unlike the original tale, modern versions of the Cinder suggest that girls do not need strength of character. do not require the heroine to develop. underestimate the power of love. are aimed solely at young children. story com> CAE Test 2>> PAPER 1 Reading >> Parts 37Exam Essentials Eee) PAPER 2. Writing You are going to read an article in which people talk about turning their hobbies into careers. For questions 20-34, choose from the sections of the article (A-F). PAPER 3. Use of English ‘Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. PAPER 4 Listening PAPER 5 Speaking In which section of the article are the following mentioned? Essential tips the pleasure of teaching young people You can approach this part of the Reading paper in two ways. However, you should begin by valuable experience gained from voluntary work roading tho instructions and ‘an enhanced appreciation of other people's work the title of the taxt.Then you can either skim the text frst neglecting a job feepratecenmeey oreeaa stam a Savcseasuimuced Experiment and eesti a} | tne rnanctel neces tor ence > Doe’ ata ta rscg tha font in dota, You ely need tmutapecti norton a thoughts about the future 1g in other ventures as well ‘encouragement from 2 family member lecteaie coeiea vo fon ocala Rites ar oie oer en eee enemas finding an akerntive leisure pursuit Stem ee weiseoed es the value of ensessing one's abilities objectively ‘any part of the text at a glance. Identifying potential customers ‘Question 25: Some questions eee ao aT an impulsive decision ant oe a Scene! |. mt fora pariuler Hae for xo, the gun nxpectod ton or «particular job iepibrdiee tery Joes nate rover it «fooling of opprohension before making a mejr change paneer Sean etey Geren | | scedorta qualictons which wore never used ‘an idea in simple language but the text will use more format language. Question 28: A ‘leisure pursuit’ is ‘hobby; an ‘alternative leisure pursuit is one different to the hobby already mentioned. You know from the ttle that this text ls about people who have made their hobbies into their careers, 0 find a saction of the text Where someone talks about ‘taking up another hobby. ‘Question 32: Hero, a key word ‘unexpected All the people in this toxt were able to turn thelr hobby into their career, so they all probably had a talent or at least, a certain ability. But which person had an unexpected talent? 38 CAE Test 2>» PAPER 1 Reading b> Part 4Turning a Hobby into a Career It may seem idealistic or risky to exchange one’s regular job for the uncertainty of earning your living from a hobby — but more and more people are attempting to do just that. A. Lhad piano lessons when I was young, and I did have some talent, But it soon became obvious I'd never be good enough for a career on the concert stage. In a way, [was lucky. IF hadn't realised early on that Vd never make it as a performer, | probably would have carried on dreaming that my big break would come. As it is, I became a music teacher instead, and in my free time I started to dabble in the technical side of ‘music production, Then an aunt died, leaving me some cash, and I suddenly realised I could finally set up my own recording studio! Of course, there is a downside to turning a hobby into a career. I love my Job so much that I used to work seven days a week, ‘but after a while I realised I was getting burnt out — you need to switch off occasionally. My job has definitely added depth to the way Histen to music; ‘now I can really understand why someone's using @ certain technique or piece of equipment. B 1 studied medicine, but when I finished medical school I hada sort of crisis. [suddenly knew I couldn't g0 on with it! ’d have been an awful doctor: But | was keen on amateur dramatics and I enjoyed putting on plays at the local youth centre, especially coaching budding actors, Sol started wondering iT could make a living from teaching drama. A friend suggested 1 should set up as a freelance teacher and offer acting lessons for children. It was tricky and at first, | couldn't work out how to find customers who would pay for their children to attend the kind of courses | wanted to run. Then someone at an organisation called Business Link, which helps people set up their ‘own businesses, suggested advertising on the Internet! 1 was contacted by a surprising number of interested people, and five years down the line 'm doing all right. The classes themselves aren’t terribly Jucrative, but I supplement my income by giving talks to amateur dramatics societies, writing articles for magazines and organising trips to see shows in London. It's not a bad lle. C When 1 left college I started working in a bank, but my heart was never really in it. The problem was partly the environment: 1 don't like working in an office. I'm more of an outdoor person — and I'd always been crazy about surfing. Well, one summer while I was in Cornwall on holiday, I got chatting to the owner of surf shop, He said he wanted to sell up and I jumped at the chance to buy the business from hhim! Looking back, I can see how hacky L was. It’s incredibly difficult to set up a shop like that from scratch, Besides, being such an avid surfer myself, 1 assumed a lot of other people must share that interest = which isn’t the case! Obvious when you think about it, but it took me a while to realise what a naive attitude that was. Now that I've learnt the ropes, I'm thinking either of expanding — more shops, ‘managers and so on ~ or diversifying, perhaps producing my own surf boards! I actually think the second option is more likely because it’s a subject which interests me a lot, D I'd always been a serious amateur photographer, and ‘when [eft school wanted a job that would allow me alotof free time for my hobby. So l got ajob asa waiter, ‘working evenings only. Around that time I also offered to help my uncle out in his studio, He was a professional photographer, and I'd go along at the weekends and act as general umpaid dogsbody. 1 got an insight into the business, which made me wonder whether too could earn aliving from photography. So 1 saved, set myself up as a professional photographer and tried to survive solely on my earnings from selling pictures. However, alter a while I realised it simply ‘wasn't going to happen. So swallowed my pride and. got some work as a sales representative for one of the big camera manufacturers, which takes me round the country to trade fairs and so on, demonstrating the latest equipment. I'm doing quite well in that line of work, although I've noticed one odd thing: now that my hobby is my work, more or less, 've had to find another way to switch off In fact, I've taken up fishing, CAE Test 2 >> PAPER 1 Reading > Part a re 3940 E My first job was with an insurance company, but Twas hardly a model employee. loathed my job, and instead of selling insurance, I used to wander around the city's rumerous art galleries. I have no creative talent of my cown, but [ean recognise it in the work of others. I soon picked up quite a lot of knowledge about contemporary art, Then one day 1 got talking to the manager of an art guillery. She mentioned a new gallery that was going to bbe opened and suggested | apply for the job of manager. At first, Iwas doubtful, but T realised 1 had nothing to lose, so l applied and was asked to go for an interview. 1 think the fact that 1 was so obviously crazy about art impressed the owners. To my surprise, I've turned out to be quite a good saleswoman. OF course, most people come into the gallery just to look around, but when someone shows an interest in one of the works on show, Tdon’t immediately star to persuade them to buy it. just chat about the work and what makes it interesting to me, People feel reassured when they sense your enthusiasm. CAE Test 2>> PAPER 1 Reading >> Part 4 F I wanted to study graphic design when Heft school, but | didn’t have good enough grades to go on to art school Instead, I got a job ina garage, and forthe next ten years | worked as a car mechanic. But while I was working, I did some evening courses in industrial design and got lots of books on the subject. 1 was interested in the practical side of construction, too: even built car of my own from spare parts. Then I got the idea of building a bike ~a four-wheel delivery bike — and the next thing I knew, my wife was urging me to set up my own ‘company! I had to take a very deep breath before 1 finally took the plunge. I'd done my best to prepare for it taking a course in business management in my spare time, and 1 knew I'd be working longer hours for less ‘money, at least at first. The big difficulty was the ‘uncertainty of not knowing how much would be coming ‘in each month. And things were pretty tough for the first few years, although | never regretted it. Looking back, I can see that I underestimated the amount of paperwork Vd have to do, I somehow thought 1 could just concentrate on the nice stuff — designing!