I.

Definition of terms:

1. Purposive - having a purpose; done with the aim of achieving a particular thing.

2. Communication - is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions from one person
to another and aims for understanding. It is a way of interchanging messages or information between
two or more people, focusing on the message.

3. Context - the parts of something written or spoken that immediately precede and follow a word or
passage and clarify its meaning. It is the events, circumstances or background that helps us to interpret a
piece of work.

4. Language – it is a system of communication that relies on verbal or non-verbal codes to transfer

information.

5. Mother tongue - the first language that a person learns during their childhood, rather than a language
learned at school or as an adult.

6. Second language – a language learned by a person after his or her native language, especially as a
resident of an area where it is in general use.

7. Language registers - is the level of formality with which a person speaks. It describes the various styles
of language available for writing or speaking.

8. Multimodal - is simply a term for describing all the different ways we employ in communicating with
each other, every day. This may be via spoken language, texting, tweeting, emailing, handwriting, body
language, & gesturing, or by using a communication device.

Communication takes places when one person transmits information and understanding to another
person. There is a communication when you respond or listen to someone. Movements of lips, the wave
of hands or the wink of an eye may convey more meaning than even written or spoken words.

What are the elements in communication?

1. Sender - is the one who initiates the communication.

2. Receiver -provides the sender with feedback which may prompt the sender to clarify the message or
signal to carry on as planned.

3. Message – is made up of the ideas and feelings that a sender-receiver wants to share with others.

 Verbal symbols – express through words

 Non-Verbal symbols – express through gestures, inflection, tone, etc.

4. Channel - are means through which we transmit the message in either vocal or non-vocal messages.

 Vocal messages– are verbal and spoken

 Non-vocal messages– may be expressed in words or non-verbal symbols

5. Feedback - the behavioral response of the sender-receiver to each other. It is the information that
comes back to the sender of the message and informs how well the message is getting through.

6. Noise - an interference that bars the message from being understood or interpreted.

 External noise– comes from the physical environment

 Internal Noise– confined within the psychological and sociological nature of individuals when
thoughts and feelings are engrossed on something other than the communication at hand.

7. Context - refers to the surrounding/environment that helps shape the interaction between and/or
among individuals.

 Physical context– the physical environment where the communication takes place.
 Social context– refers to the relationship the participants hold for each other.
 Psychological context– which has to do with the mood and emotions of the communicators at
the moment of communication.

Communication models:

The Linear Models:

- Linear models explain one directional communication processes.

1. Aristotle’s Model
- Aristotle’s model of communication is the oldest communication model, dating back to 300BC. The
model was designed to examine how to become a better and more convincing communicator. Aristotle
argues we should look at five elements of a communication event to analyze how best to communicate:
speaker, speech, occasion, target audience and effect. He also identified three elements that will
improve communication: ethos (credibility), pathos (ability to connect) and logos (logical argument).
Aristotle’s model does not pay attention to the role of feedback in communication.

2. Lasswell’s Model

- Harold D. Laswell

- Lasswell’s model of communication tries to understand a communication event by asking five

important questions. It looks at who created the message (and what their bias may be), what they said,
the channel they said it through (e.g. TV, radio, blog), who they said it two, and what effect it had on the
receiver. This model is effective as it provides a very simple and practical way of critiquing a message
and exploring five important elements that can help explain the event under analysis in more detail.

3. Shannon-Weaver Model

- Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver

- The Shannon-Weaver model sees communication occurring in five key parts: sender, encoder, channel,
decoder, receiver. It emphasizes the importance of encoding and decoding messages for them to be
sent (e.g. turning them into written words, morse code, etc.). During the process of encoding, sending
and decoding, ‘noise’ occurs that can disrupt or cloud a message. In the most traditional sense, this may
be static on a radio broadcast, or even extend to mishearing a conversation or misspelling an email. This
model was the first to introduce the role of noise in the communication process. The idea of feedback
was retroactively introduced to this model.

4. Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model

Berlo’s model of communication explains it in four steps: Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver. The
unique aspect of Berlo’s model is that it gives a detailed account of the key elements in each step that
will affect how well the message is communicated.

The Interactive Models:

- Interactive models are best for explaining impersonal two-way communication processes.

5. Osgood-Schramm Model
The Osgood-Schramm model explores communication that is equal and reciprocal. It does not
differentiate between the sender and receiver, but sees each as being in an equal position as message
encoders and decoders. This model is best for explaining and examining personal synchronous
communication where feedback is immediate (such as face-to-face discussions). As feedback is
immediate, noise can be reduced through ongoing clarification of messages during the conversation.

6. The Westley and Maclean Model

The Westley and Maclean model embraces the importance of feedback in communication. However, it
also emphasizes the important role of environmental and cultural factors in influencing communication.
It shows that the things we say and communicate are influenced by who we are, what our background
is, and what perspective we are approaching issues from. The model takes into account the object of
orientation (background, culture and beliefs) of the sender and receiver of messages. It also considers
the message to have been received and sent within a broader social context that needs to be considered
to know and understand the message.
The Transactional Models:

- Transactional models explain direct personal communication processes where two-way feedback is
immediate.

7. Barnlund’s Transactional Model

- Barnlund’s Transactional Model of Communication is a model that explores interpersonal, immediate-

feedback communication. Central to this approach is the idea that feedback for the sender is the reply
for the receiver.

This model also highlights the role of ‘cues’ in impacting our messages. Barnlund highlights the role of
public cues which are environmental cues, and private cues which are a person’s personal thoughts and
background. With this emphasis on cues, Barnlund’s model highlights the factors that influence what we
think and say.

8. Dance’s Helical Model

- Dance’s Helical Model builds on circular models by explaining how we improve our messages over time
by using feedback. When we communicate with others, their feedback will influence our next
statement. We become more knowledgeable with each cycle of communication, enabling up to ‘expand
our circle’, as represented by the increasingly wider and wider circles. The movement up the spiral
indicates that each communication practice is new and different from the previous, as communication
does not ever perfectly repeat itself.

Principles of Communication

1. Principle of Clarity

The thought or idea that needs to be communicated should be spelled properly. The word should be
arranged in such a way that the receiver understand the same word which the sender conveys.
Pronunciation should be clear as possible including the enunciation to avoid misconception.
2. Principle of Attention

Attention is very important in communication. One should pay attention to every single detail in
communicating. To understand what the sender means, the receiver should be drawn towards the
message by paying attention to the emotion, behavior, manner and gestures so they may respond
properly to the message.

3. Principles of Feedback

A feedback signifies that communication is effective. Therefore, it is important to provide feedback once
communication takes place.

4. Principle of Informality

There are major distinctions between formal and informal communication. To emphasize, there are
times that formal communication may not accomplish and desired results so informal communication
can be effective and efficient in some situations. It is valid to convey message informally because it is as
important as formal communication.

5. Principle of Consistency

Consistency always matters in communication. To achieve consistent result once must be consistent in
the way they communicate. It contributes to the reputation of both sender and

receiver and strengthens relationship.

6. Principle of Timeliness

This principle states that communication should be done at an accurate time as possible. To attain this
principle, the sender who conveys the message should make a safety measures when delivering the
message. Time is very important, when the receiver is not ready to accept or hear

the message it is therefore not the right time to convey the message.

7. Principles of Adequacy

This principle is important in communication. Inadequate message creates confusion to the receiver, but
an adequate message build rapport to both parties. So, it is important to deliver adequate message at all
times in all respect.
Principles for Effective Oral Communication

A. Be clear with your purpose.

B. Be complete with the message you deliver.

C. Be concise.

D. Be natural with your delivery.

E. Be specific and timely with your feedback.

Principles for Effective Written Communication

A. Be clear.

B. Be concise.

C. Be concrete.

D. Be correct.

E. Be coherent.

F. Be complete.

G. Be courteous.

Types of Communication according to mode:

The channel through which one expresses his / her communicative intent; the medium through which
one conveys his / her thoughts.

1. Face-to-face interaction – an informal or casual conversation between two or more people.

2. Video – use of web cameras (Viber, WhatsApp, Apple FaceTime, Facebook Messenger)
3. Audio – transmitted sound

4. Text-based communication – e-mail, facsimile, text messaging, instant messaging, Facebook, Twitter,
Instagram

MODE:

1. Verbal-Non-verbal

words-gestures, facial expressions

2. Visual

signs, symbols, imagery, maps, graphs, charts, diagrams, pictograms, photos, drawings or illustrations,
forms of electronic communication

Ethics in Communication:

Emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual, group, or organization thereby affecting
their communication.

1. Establish an effective value system that will pave the way for the development of your integrity as a
person.

2. Provide complete and accurate information.

3. Disclose vital information adequately and appropriately.

Heavenly Father, we come to you today asking for your guidance, wisdom, and support as we
begin this meeting. Help us to engage in meaningful discussion and continue to remind us that all that
we do here today, all that we accomplish, is for the pursuit of truth for the greater glory of You, and for
the service to our school and the SSCT community. We ask these things in your mighty name, Amen.

Purpose of Communication
1. Inform

2. Entertain – express feelings

3. Persuade/ Convince – tell reasons or arguments to persuade

Barriers

Physical Noise

Semantic – language that was used

Physiological barriers – mental, emotions, feelings, motivation, physical condition

References:

Chand, S. (2016, May 11). Elements of communication. Retrieved from

https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/business-communication/7-major-elements-of-communication-
process/25815

Drew, C. (2017, January 19). All 8 Models of Communication. Retrieved from

https://helpfulprofessor.com/communication-models/

Jansen, T.M (2016, May 20). Communication: English Subject. Retrieved from
https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-2-the-communication-process/