GEC102 Reviewer (Prelims) Communication Models

UNIT 1 – LESSON 1 1. Aristotle’s Linear Model (300 B.C)

Communication

- Derived from Latin verb

“communicare” or noun “communis”
that means “sharing”
- Process by which information is
transmitted and understood between
two or more people
- Involves paralinguistic (tone, pitch,
pace, etc.) and even silence
3 Rhetorical Appeals
- Relational process of creating and
 Pathos (Emotional) – use of
interpreting messages that elicit a
emotional appeal (ex. Heart-
response
warming stories, jokes)
Linguistic Repertoire – range of linguistic  Logos (Logic) – use of logical
varieties which the speaker has at his argument (ex. Statistics,
disposal and may appropriately use as a facts)
member of his speech community (Platt &  Ethos (Ethics) – use of
Platt) credibility and trust (ex.
Quotes from professionals,
Communicative Competence – includes testimonies)
sociolinguistic, discourse/pragmatic, and
strategic.
Communication Effectiveness 2. Lasswell’s Model (1948)

 Ability of the sender and the receiver

to encode and decode the message
 Extent to which both parties have
similar codebooks
 Shared mental models about the
topic’s context
 Sender’s experience at Channels
communicating the message
 Verbal (ex. Talking, e-mail,
Communication Elements calling)
 Source/Sender – encodes the  Non-verbal (ex. Oculesics,
message haptics, proxemics,
 Message – may be transmitted chronemics)
through words or actions Choosing the best channel
 Medium – how the message is sent
 Barrier/Noise – interferences that  Social acceptance
affect the reception  Media richness
 Receiver – decodes the message
 Feedback - response
Medium’s data carrying-capacity – the Purposive Communication
volume variety of information that can be
- The intentional communication that
transmitted during a specific time
happens within the bounds of
specific contexts
- Challenges the communicator to
3. Osgood-Schramm’s Model (1955)
strategically use a language that is
understood and accepted in a
context, in order to communicate his
or her intentions.
Varieties in Speech and Writing
- Because people are unique and
engage in communication for various
purposes and contexts, people
exhibit a variety in speech.
- Assumes that communication is
circular in nature Why Languages Vary
- Communication is an interaction  Members of different speech
- Communication proceeds by taking communities
turns  Globalization
 Colonization
 Diversity
4. Barnlund’s Model (1962)  Diaspora
 ICT and Media

Sociolinguistics – an attempt to find

correlations between social structure and
linguistic structure and to observe any
changes that occur (Gumpers, 1971)
- Giving and receiving messages is
reciprocal
- Individuals are simultaneously Speech Community
engaging in sending and receiving
messages - Refers to a group of people who
interact by means of speech
Barriers or Noise – may be external or (Bloomfield, 1926)
internal - A community sharing rules for the
conduct and interpretation of
 Language Difference
speech, and rules for the
 Jargon
interpretation of at least one
 Ambiguity of Language
linguistic variety (Hymes, 1967)
 Information Overload
- An activity characterized by frequent
 Cross-Cultural
interaction using a mutually
Linguistic Barrier – when participants intelligible body of verbal sign
come from different linguistic backgrounds (Gumperz, 1968)
Language Varieties Types of Register
1. Pidgins - a grammatically simplified  Frozen or Static – refers to a
form of a language, used for documented text or language that
communication between people not never changes
sharing a common language. (ex.
ex. Wedding vows, National anthem
Chavacano)
2. Creoles – a fully developed or fully  Formal or Regulated – refers to a
functional language of its own which text or utterances that follow similar
includes elements of its parent rules about their form
languages (ex. Manglish, Singlish)
3. Idiolect – used for the personal ex. Warning signs, manuals, sermons
dialect of each individual speaker of  Consultative or Professional –
a language mostly follow the rules of formal text
4. Style – divided from the more formal but different in purpose
to informal speech, and it is
depending on the listener. ex. Patient-doctor consultations, news
5. Register – what type of language casting
you use depending on the situation
 Casual or Group – writing and
6. Jargon – language used among
conversing with people within the
people who have a special activity
same group
Dell Hymes’ Framework (SPEAKING)
ex. Vernacular speech, loose sentence
1. Setting – physical circumstances, structure
scene, time and place
 Intimate or Personal – also called
2. Participants – speaker, listener
“private register”, used in speaking
3. Ends – conventionally recognized
with a family member, friend, or
and expected outcomes of the
lover
exchange
4. Act Sequence – form and content of ex. Endearment, nicknames
what was said, precise words used
5. Keys – tone, manner, spirit of the
conveyance of the message Factors to Linguistic Varieties
6. Instrumentalities – channel (oral,
written) Globalization
7. Norms – standard or pattern of
- A process of interaction and
communication behavior set by a
integration among the people,
specific context
companies, and governments of
8. Genre – types of utterance
different nations
Language Registers - Increasing economic, political,
cultural integration
- Are sets of language items
associated with discrete ICT & Media
occupational or social groups
- Digital technology erases territorial
- Dialect shows who are what you are,
boundaries between countries,
register shows what you are doing
therefore we become
(Hudson, 1996)
multiculturalists
UNIT 1 – LESSON 2
World Englishes Native, Foreign, and Lingua Franca
Communication
- Serves as an “umbrella label”,
covering all varieties of English Native Speaker Communication
worldwide and different approaches
used to describe and analyze them. - Problems are unlikely, though
different accents and colloquialism
- Used in a narrower sense to refer to
may occasionally affect
new Englishes
understanding.
- Used to represent the pluricentric
approach to the study of English Foreign Speaker Communication

- Who should speak the other

Krachu’s Concentric Model person’s language (known as
Linguistic Accommodation)
Braj Krachu – the most influential - The other person sets aside his/her
proponent of the popular concentric circles, own language to accommodate the
which corresponds to the division of world more powerful speaker. (Linguistic
englishes into ENL, ESL, EFL. Imperialism)
1. English as Native Language (ENL) ex. The American needs to know and use
- Also known as the “inner circle” Filipino when speaking with a Filipino
- The norm-providing countries
Lingua Franca Communication
- Historical, linguistic roots of English
- Includes USA, UK, Canada, - If both parties know English, they
Australia, New Zealand can use it as lingua franca to
communicate
2. English as Second Language
(ESL) ex. Japanese doesn’t understand Indian
- Also known as the “outer circle” language, Indian doesn’t know Nihonggo,
- The norm-developing countries so they use English instead.
- English has been institutionalized as McArthur’s Circle of English (1987)
a language with an important
function
- Includes Bangladesh, India,
Pakistan, Philippines, Malaysia,
Singapore, Sri Lanka

3. English as Foreign Language

(EFL)
- Also known as the “expanding circle”
- The norm-depending countries
- English is used as the primary
foreign language
- Includes China, Egypt, Indonesia,
Japan, Saudi Arabia, Korea, Taiwan,
Russia, South Africa
Schneider’s Dynamic Model (2003, 2007)  Sociolinguistic determinants of the
contact settings (Language use,
- Proposed by Edgar Werner
language attitudes)
Schneider
 Linguistic consequences (Changes
- Presents a broader and non-
in lexis, grammar, phonology)
discriminatory perspective of the
spread of the English language. Why there are other Englishes
- Evolutionary cycle of postcolonial
 Bilingual Creativity – competencies
Englishes
in two or more languages resulted to
5 Characteristic Stages in the Spread of a creative linguistic processes
English  Nativization – process which
creates a localized linguistic identity
1. Phase 1 – Foundation
of a variety
- Describes the initial stage when the  Acculturation – gives English
foreigner settles to a territory. distinct and local cultural identities
- There are 2 linguistic processes, the
use of English and indigenous
languages.
Philippine English: Phonological
Features
2. Phase 2 – Exonormative
Stabilization Pronunciation Model
- Foreigners establish their community
in the new territory - PH has immense linguistic diversity,
- The English language is slowly with Ethnologue listing 183 living
integrated into the system language.
- Largest native languages are
3. Phase 3 – Nativization Tagalog, Cebuano, and Ilocano.
- Occurs when the foreigner’s ties with - There are 2 official languages:
his origin become weaker, while the English and Filipino, based on
colony is working on its Tagalog with vocabulary influenced
independence. by other regional languages.

4. Phase 4 – Endonormative
Stabilization Philippine English has 3 broad sociolects:
- When a “local English” flourishes,
 Acrolect – more heavily first-
thereby, giving the natives a certain
language-influenced
degree of linguistic confidence
 Basilect
 Mesolect
5. Phase 5 – Differentiation
- Where the new nation is truly
established
4 Parameters of Schneider’s Model
 Extralinguistic Background (History,
politics)
 Identity constructions of the parties
involved (Culture, history, politics)
UNIT 1 – LESSON 3 Cultural Misevaluation
Communicating with Other Cultures - Evaluation involves judging whether
a person, action, or thing is bad or
- Communication does not always
good
result in understanding especially in
- Cross-culturally, we use our own
culturally diverse contexts
culture as a standard of
- The greater the difference in culture,
measurement.
the greater the chance for cross-
cultural miscommunication.

In cross-cultural situations, labelling

behavior as bizarre usually reflects:
 Cultural Misperception
 Cultural Misinterpretation
 Cultural Misevaluation

Cultural Misperception
- Perception is the process by which
each individual selects, organizes,
and evaluates stimuli from the
external environment to provide
meaningful experiences for himself
or herself.
Cultural Misinterpretation
- Interpretation is the process of
making sense out of perceptions
- Misinterpretation can be caused by
inaccurate perceptions of a person
or situation that arise when what
actually exists is not seen.

Sources of Misinterpretation
 Subconscious Cultural Blinder
 Lack of Cultural Self-Awareness
 Projected Similarity
Projected Similarity

- Refers to the assumption that people

are more similar to you than they
actually are