Microlink Information Technology College

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Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 1

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Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 2

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Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 3

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Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 4

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Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 5

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!
> 3

// my first program in C++ Hello World!

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main ()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
getch();
}
// my first program in C++
3 A//B

#include<iostream.h> and #include<conio.h>

; A# B 3
! P 8
#include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h>

void main ()

3 3
+GG !

cout << "Hello World";

cout +GG
# A Hello World # B
A B

getch()

getch is a code that wait until the user enters any character from keyboard so
here we can see the output on the screen until any character entered.

0 A; B 3
! +GG

// my second program in C++ Hello World! I'm a C++ program

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
cout << "Hello World! ";
cout << "I'm a C++ program";

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 6

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getch();
}

8
F main

,
+ 3 3

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// line comment
/* block comment */

/* my second program in C++ Hello World! I'm a C++

with more comments */ program

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

int main ()
{
cout << "Hello World! "; // prints Hello World!
cout << "I'm a C++ program"; // prints I'm a C++ program
getch();
}

0 * ) 1

9 !
a b result

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# A_ B 0

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A_ B !
8

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asm, auto, bool, break, case, catch, char, class, const, const_cast, continue,
default, delete, do, double, dynamic_cast, else, enum, explicit, export, extern,
false, float, for, friend, goto, if, inline, int, long, mutable, namespace, new,

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 7

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operator, private, protected, public, register, reinterpret_cast, return, short,
signed, sizeof, static, static_cast, struct, switch, template, this, throw, true, try,
typedef, typeid, typename, union, unsigned, using, virtual, void, volatile, wchar_t,
while
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float 4 % & % GK' &6 A* B
double < 6 ( * GK' &76 A(5 B
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long double (7 ( * GK' &76 A(5 B

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8 +GG 3 !
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4 !
int a;
float mynumber;

3 3 int a
3 float mynumber a
mynumber

8
4 !

int a, b, c;

3 +GG
!

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 8

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// operating with variables 4

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main ()
{
// declaring variables:
int a, b;
int result;

// process:
a = 5;
b = 2;
a = a + 1;
result = a - b;

// print out the result:

cout << result;

// terminate the program:

getch();
}

< C

! & *

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 9

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The scope of local variables is limited to the block enclosed in braces ({}) where they are declared.

2 3 & *
@
8 R

4 ! R 7

int a = 10;
,

+ ! !

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const !

const int pathwidth = 100;

const char tabulator = '\t';

pathwidth tabulator 3 F !

#
3
a = 5;

3 5 a

a = b;

4 ! '8

// assignment operator a:4 b:7

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main ()
{
int a, b; // a:?, b:?
a = 10; // a:10, b:?
b = 4; // a:10, b:4

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 10

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a = b; // a:4, b:4
b = 7; // a:4, b:7

cout << "a:";

cout << a;
cout << " b:";
cout << b;

getch();
}

3 ! +GG

a = b = c = 5;

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a = 11 % 3;

a 2 2 11 3

, 7#89#85#8:#

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value += increase; value = value + increase;
a -= 5; a = a - 5;
a /= b; a = a / b;
price *= units + 1; price = price * (units + 1);

4 !

// compound assignment operators 5

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int a, b=3;
Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 11
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a = b;
a+=2; // equivalent to a=a+2
cout << a;
getch();
}

2 77899
- ! A++B A--B
3 # +=1 -=1 3
c++;
c+=1;
c=c+1;

B=3; B=3;
A=++B; A=B++;
// A contains 4, B contains 4 // A contains 3, B contains 4

8 9! ( B A 9! 1 B A
B

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(7 == 5) // evaluates to false.
(5 > 4) // evaluates to true.
(3 != 2) // evaluates to true.
(6 >= 6) // evaluates to true.
(5 < 5) // evaluates to false.

! -
a=2 b=3 c=6

(a == 5) // evaluates to false since a is not equal to 5.

(a*b >= c) // evaluates to true since (2*3 >= 6) is true.
(b+4 > a*c) // evaluates to false since (3+4 > 2*6) is false.
((b=2) == a) // evaluates to true.

' =
8@@8AA

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3 ! +GG @ 0 3

@ @ 4 !

!(5 == 5) // evaluates to false because the expression in (5 == 5) is true.

!(6 <= 4) // evaluates to true because (6 <= 4) would be false.
!true // evaluates to false
!false // evaluates to true.

3 && || ! 3
&& @ 0< 3
3 && ! a &&
b

@@ 6 4 64

* @@ *

3 || @ , 3

a || b

AA6 4 64

* AA*

4 !

( (5 == 5) && (3 > 6) ) // evaluates to false ( true && false ).

( (5 == 5) || (3 > 6) ) // evaluates to true ( true || false ).

, B
3 ! !
! 8

condition ? result1 : result2

8 condition ! result1 result2

7==5 ? 4 : 3 // returns 3, since 7 is not equal to 5.

7==5+2 ? 4 : 3 // returns 4, since 7 is equal to 5+2.
5>3 ? a : b // returns the value of a, since 5 is greater than 3.
a>b ? a : b // returns whichever is greater, a or b.

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// conditional operator 7

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main ()
{
int a,b,c;

a=2;
b=7;
c = (a>b) ? a : b;

cout << c;

getch();
}
8 ! a 2 b 7 ! Aa>bB
# A B
b 7

$ 2 :6

! 6
@ +GG F
cout

cout F << A Q Q B

cout << "Output sentence"; // prints Output sentence on screen

cout << 120; // prints number 120 on screen
cout << x; // prints the content of x on screen

3 << 8 !
Output sentence 120 x
cout 0 # A" B

# A" B 4 !

cout << "Hello"; // prints Hello

cout << Hello; // prints the content of Hello variable

3 A<<B

cout << "Hello, " << "I am " << "a C++ statement";

3 Hello, I am a C++ statement 3

A<<B

cout << "Hello, I am " << age << " years old and my zipcode is " << zipcode;

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 14

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8 age 24 zipcode 90064

Hello, I am 24 years old and my zipcode is 90064

8 ! ' cout 8 +GG

' \n A B

cout << "First sentence.\n ";

cout << "Second sentence.\nThird sentence.";

First sentence.
Second sentence.
Third sentence.

' endl 4 !

cout << "First sentence." << endl;

cout << "Second sentence." << endl;

First sentence.
Second sentence.

! 2
3 +GG
! A>>B cin 3
! 4 !
int age;
cin >> age;

3 int age cin

A B

// i/o example Please enter an integer value: 702

The value you entered is 702 and its
#include<iostream.h> double is 1404.
#include<conio.h>

void main ()
{
int i;
cout << "Please enter an integer value: ";
cin >> i;
cout << "The value you entered is " << i;
cout << " and its double is "<<i*2<<".\n";
getch();
}

C #

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 15

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cin >> a >> b;

cin >> a;
cin >> b;

8 a b

cin ! A>>B
cin >> mystring;

cin !
F ! 3 D
! !

8 getline
cin

// cin with strings What's your name? Juan Souli

#include<iostream.h> Hello Juan Souli .
#include <string> What is your favorite team? The Isotopes
#include<conio.h> I like The Isotopes too!

void main ()
{
char mystr[20];
cout << "What's your name? ";
cin.getline(mystr , 20);
cout << "Hello " << mystr << ".\n";
cout << "What is your favorite team? ";
cin.getline(mystr , 20);
cout << "I like " << mystr << " too!\n";
getch();
}

0 getline AmystrB

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 16

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,
3 if ! 8

if (condition) statement

condition ! 8 statement ! 8
statement A ! B
4 ! x is 100 x
100

if (x == 100)
cout << "x is 100";

8 !
{ }

if (x == 100)
{
cout << "x is ";
cout << x;
}

else 8
F if

if (condition) statement1 else statement2

4 !

if (x == 100)
cout << "x is 100";
else
cout << "x is not 100";

x is 100 x 100 ' ' x is

not 100

3 if + else 3
! x A R B

if (x > 0)
cout << "x is positive";
else if (x < 0)
cout << "x is negative";
else
cout << "x is 0";

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 17

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2
;

while (expression) statement

!
4 ! '

// custom countdown using while Enter the starting number > 8

8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, FIRE!
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main ()
{
int n;
cout << "Enter the starting number > ";
cin >> n;

while (n>0) {
cout << n << ", ";
--n;
}
cout << "FIRE!\n";
getch();
}

do statement while (condition);

8 ! ! condition '
! ! statement
condition 4 ! !
0

// number echoer Enter number (0 to end): 12345

You entered: 12345
#include<iostream.h> Enter number (0 to end): 160277
#include<conio.h> You entered: 160277
Enter number (0 to end): 0
void main () You entered: 0
{
unsigned long n;
do {
cout << "Enter number (0 to end): ";
cin >> n;
cout << "You entered: " << n << "\n";
} while (n != 0);
getch();
}

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 18

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3 '

8 0 !

for (initialization; condition; increase) statement;

statement condition @
for initialization increase
- R

( initialization ! $ 3
!
1 condition 8 statement
A ! B
& statement ! { }
% increase ! 1

// countdown using a for loop 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, FIRE!

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
for (int n=10; n>0; n--) {
cout << n << ", ";
}
cout << "FIRE!\n";
getch();
}

3 initialization increase 3
4 ! for (;n<10;)
R D for (;n<10;n++) R
A R B

A, B !
for initialization ! 3 A, B !
! ! 4 !
R

for ( n=0, i=100 ; n!=i ; n++, i-- )

{
// whatever here...
}

3 ! 57 n i

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 19

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n 0 i 100 n!=i A n # iB @ n
i P 57 n i
# 50

* D

" break 8
4 !
A B

// break loop example 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, countdown aborted!

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main ()
{
int n;
for (n=10; n>0; n--)
{
cout << n << ", ";
if (n==3)
{
cout << "countdown aborted!";
break;
}
}
getch();
}

3 continue
F 4 !
5

// continue loop example 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, FIRE!

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main ()
{
for (int n=10; n>0; n--) {
if (n==5) continue;
cout << n << ", ";
}
cout << "FIRE!\n";
getch();
}

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 20

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goto F C
! F
3
A: B

$ F
' 4 ! goto

// goto loop example 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, FIRE!

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main ()
{
int n=10;
loop:
cout << n << ", ";
n--;
if (n>0) goto loop;
cout << "FIRE!\n";
getch();
}

exit cstdlib

3 exit ! 8

void exit (int exitcode);

3 exitcode @ !
0 !

&
3 ! 8 F
! -
if else if 8
switch (expression)
{
case constant1:
group of statements 1;
break;
case constant2:
group of statements 2;
break;
.
.
.
default:
default group of statements
}

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 21

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8 expression # constant1
! group of statements 1 break break
F switch

8 ! # constant1 constant2 8 #
! group of statements 2 F switch

4 expression A
case B !
default: ! A B

9 < &
switch (x) {
if (x == 1) {
case 1:
cout << "x is 1";
cout << "x is 1";
}
break;
else if (x == 2) {
case 2:
cout << "x is 2";
cout << "x is 2";
}
break;
else {
default:
cout << "value of x unknown";
cout << "value of x unknown";
}
}

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 22

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"
+GG

! 3

type name ( parameter1, parameter2, ...) { statements }

• type
• name
• parameters A B 9
A ! int xB
3 3

• statements P 8 { }

// function example The result is 8

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

int addition (int a, int b)

{
int r;
r=a+b;
return (r);
}

void main ()
{
int z;
z = addition (5,3);
cout << "The result is " << z;
getch();
}

8 ! +GG
! main -

main z int ,
addition >

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3 main addition
5 3 int a int b

main main
addition 3 A5 3B int a
int b

4 addition Aint rB ! r=a+b

r a b @ a b 5 3
8

return (r);

R addition A
mainB
addition @ return addition
r Areturn (r);B 8 3

-
z addition (5, 3) 8 3 !
Aaddition (5,3)B A8 B

cout << "The result is " << z;

3 !

// function example The first result is 5

#include<iostream.h> The second result is 5
#include<conio.h> The third result is 2
The fourth result is 6
int subtraction (int a, int b)
{
int r;
r=a-b;
return (r);
}

void main ()
{
int x=5, y=3, z;
Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 24
Microlink Information Technology College

z = subtraction (7,2);
cout << "The first result is " << z << '\n';
cout << "The second result is " << subtraction (7,2)<< '\n';
cout << "The third result is " << subtraction (x,y) << '\n';
z= 4 + subtraction (x,y);
cout << "The fourth result is " << z << '\n';
getch();
}

8 subtraction 3

0 ! main subtraction

8 !
4 ! A
! B

z = subtraction (7,2);
cout << "The first result is " << z;

8 A 5B

z = 5;
cout << "The first result is " << z;

cout << "The second result is " << subtraction (7,2);

subtraction
cout -

cout << "The second result is " << 5;

5 subtraction (7,2)

cout << "The third result is " << subtraction (x,y);

3 subtraction
3 8 subtraction x y
5 3 2

3 -

z = 4 + subtraction (x,y);

z = subtraction (x,y) + 4;

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 25

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! 8 A; B
8 3 !

z = 4 + 2;
z = 2 + 4;

% 1 &
8 !

type name ( argument1, argument2 ...) statement

type A
B @

8 F
8 void 3

// void function example I'm a function!

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

void printmessage ()
{
cout << "I'm a function!";
}

void main ()
{
printmessage ();
getch();
}

void P !
4 ! printmessage

void printmessage (void)

{
cout << "I'm a function!";
}

void 8 +GG

3 ' ! !
4 printmessage

printmessage ();

3 +GG
3

printmessage;

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 26

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*1& *1
"
3
4 ! addition

int x=5, y=3, z;

z = addition ( x , y );

x y 5 3
x y

3 a b 5 3
a b
x y x y

@ !
4
!

// passing parameters by reference x=2, y=6, z=14

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

void duplicate (int& a, int& b, int& c)

{
a*=2;
b*=2;
c*=2;
}

void main ()
{
int x=1, y=3, z=7;
duplicate (x, y, z);
cout << "x=" << x << ", y=" << y << ", z=" << z;
getch();
}

3 duplicate
A& B 3

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 27

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3 ! a b c Ax y zB
a x
b y c z

3 P x y z duplicate
main

void duplicate (int& a, int& b, int& c)

void duplicate (int a, int b, int c)

A& B
x y z

> 4 !
!

// more than one returning value Previous=99, Next=101

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

void prevnext (int x, int& prev, int& next)

{
prev = x-1;
next = x+1;
}

void main ()
{
int x=100, y, z;
prevnext (x, y, z);
cout << "Previous=" << y << ", Next=" << z;
getch();
}

) &
3
3
8

4 !
// default values in functions 6
#include<iostream.h> 5
#include<conio.h>

int divide (int a, int b=2)

{
int r;
r=a/b;
return (r);
}

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 28

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void main ()
{
cout << divide (12);
cout << endl;
cout << divide (20,4);
getch();
}

divide 8

divide (12)

divide - divide
2
A int b=2 F int bB 3
6 A12/2B

divide (20,4)

b Aint b=2B b
4 # 5 A20/4B

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 29

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! #

3 ! 5 int 5
8 5
int ! #

4 ! 5 int billy

int 3
0 4 ! 0

; +GG

type name [elements];

type A int float B name elements A

# []B

3 billy

int billy [5];

(6 3 elements []
' R
! 8 !

2 3 1

{ } 4 !

int billy [5] = { 16, 2, 77, 40, 12071 };

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 30

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// arrays example 12206
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

int billy [] = {16, 2, 77, 40, 12071};

int n, result=0;

void main ()
{
for ( n=0 ; n<5 ; n++ )
{
result += billy[n];
}
cout << result;
getch();
}
& 1
8
3

name[index]

4 ! billy 5 int

4 ! 75 billy

billy[2] = 75;

! billy a

a = billy[2];

3 ! billy[2] int

" 1
: Q Q4 !

jimmy & 5 int 3 +GG

int jimmy [3][5];

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 31

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! R !

jimmy[1][3]

(remember that array indices always begin by zero).

3 R
A B 3 '

3 #
4 ! (**)
(**5 (*** ! **) !
1**)

) & * 1
3

type * name;

type 3
U 4 !

int * number;
char * character;
float * greatnumber;

4 @

int * ted;
int andy,fred;

3 3
A& B
Q Q4 !
ted = &andy;

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 32

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3 ted andy andy
A& B
A B

4 andy 1776 3
A1776B F

andy = 25;
fred = andy;
ted = &andy;

3 !

4 15 andy A
(**)B

3 fred andy A 15B 3

4 ted andy A
1776B 3
andy A& B
A B

) 5
F >
Q Q

" 3
P ANB
Q Q

3 !

beth = *ted;

A beth #
Q tedQB beth 25 ted 1776
(**) 15

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 33

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C ! ted 1776 *ted A *

B 1776 25 0
A8 !
! B

beth = ted; // beth equal to ted ( 1776 )

beth = *ted; // beth equal to value pointed by ted ( 25 )

• V Q Q
• N Q Q
3 A B & *

andy = 25;
ted = &andy;

, !

andy == 25
&andy == 1776
ted == 1776
*ted == 25

3 ! # andy andy=25
3 A& B andy
1776 3 !
ted ted=&andy 3 !
A* B F Q Q ted 25

- ted
!

*ted == andy

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Microlink Information Technology College
0

// my first pointer firstvalue is 10

#include<iostream.h> secondvalue is 20
#include<conio.h>

void main ()
{
int firstvalue, secondvalue;
int * mypointer;

mypointer = &firstvalue;
*mypointer = 10;
mypointer = &secondvalue;
*mypointer = 20;
cout << "firstvalue is " << firstvalue << endl;
cout << "secondvalue is " << secondvalue << endl;
getch();
}

! , !<

+GG - ;
#
char

4 !

char jenny [20];

17 char 8

3 # 17 @
# 4 ! jenny #
"Hello" # "Merry christmas" 17

3 #
# '\0'
A R B

17 char jenny #
"Hello" "Merry Christmas"

Notice how after the valid content a null character ('\0') has been included in order to indicate the end of
the sequence. The panels in gray color represent char elements with undetermined values.

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Microlink Information Technology College

! 0 *
3

(
2 /W
2 R /XD
< , 2 R /G( Y
Z7=
9! W (7XD

1
N2 /D
<
9! N D

) 1 ,
< 2 /W
2 R / XW
2 R / XD
9!
W5XW
(7XD
A .7D 25D GG B
// WXD
3

! '* 1%
0 8
[ 2 /

( ! -(
D
. A\ E
BD
22 D KK 5

1 1! 8
! -1 -(
W
17X D
A Y EBD
22 D KK
0 1 ! 8! 8

& ! 8
! -1 -(
OW17X <W 17XD
A -( \: EBD
A -1 \; BD
AO <B D
22 O D KK : ;

% ! -(
NCD
AC \ :8+, ;80 E
BD
ACBD
22CD KK

5 ! -(
NCD
AC \ E
BD
ACBD
22CD KK :8+, ;80

) ! 8
! -/-1 -(2-1 R -(.-1
-+88
0 !=
8! -( -1
9!

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 36

Microlink Information Technology College

// string Example

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>

void main ()
{
char name[100][15] , key[15];
int n,m=0;
cout<<”How many names : “;
cout<<”\nEnter all names one by one:”;
cin>>n;
for(int i=0 ; i<n ; i++)
cin>>name[i];
cout<<”Enter the name you are looking for:”;
cin>>key;

for(int i=0 ; i<n ; i++)

if(strcmp(name[i],key)==0)
m++;

cout<<”There are “<<m<<” “<<key;

getch();
}

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Microlink Information Technology College

# +GG @
#

)
3
< +GG
!

] ^
] ( ] (D
] 1 ] 1D
] & ] &D

_ F ] D

structure_name object_name
F { }

3
structure_name
4 !

struct product {
int weight;
float price;
} ;

product apple;
product banana, melon;

; P !

// example about structures Enter title: Alien

#include <iostream.h> Enter year: 1979
#include <string.h>
#include <fstream.h> My favorite movie is:
#include <conio.h> 2001 A Space Odyssey (1968)
And yours is:
struct movies_t { Alien (1979)
char title[20];
int year;
} mine, yours;

void printmovie (movies_t movie);

void main ()
{

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char mystr[20];

strcpy(mine.title,"2001 A Space Odyssey");

mine.year = 1968;

cout << "Enter title: ";

cin.getline(yours.title , 20 );
cout << "Enter year: ";
cin.getline (mystr,20);

cout << "My favorite movie is:\n ";

printmovie (mine);
cout << "And yours is:\n ";
printmovie (yours);
getch();
}

void printmovie (movies_t movie)

{
cout << movie.title;
cout << " (" << movie.year << ")\n";
}

3 ! F 4 !
yours.year int mine.title string

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"

+GG K

• -
• -
• - K

3 istream ostream
F cin F istream cout F
ostream 3
cin cout
; P !

// basic file operations [file example.txt]

#include <iostream.h> Writing this to a file
#include <fstream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main () {
ofstream myfile;
myfile.open ("example.txt");
myfile << "Writing this to a file.\n";
myfile.close();
getch();
}

3 example.txt
cout myfile

@ P

6
8 F open()

open (filename, mode);

filename ' # const char * A

B mode

3
'

, A| B 4 !
example.bin open()

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ofstream myfile;
myfile.open ("example.bin", ios::out | ios::app );

9 open() ofstream ifstream fstream

4 ifstream ofstream ios::in ios::out

open()

8 P close() 3

myfile.close();

3! ios::binary 3
! K

< ! cout

// writing on a text file [file example.txt]

#include <iostream.h> This is a line.
#include <fstream.h> This is another line.
#include <conio.h>

void main () {
ofstream myfile ("example.txt");

myfile << "This is a line.\n";

myfile << "This is another line.\n";
myfile.close();

getch();
}

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< cin

// reading a text file This is a line.

#include <iostream.h> This is another line.
#include <fstream.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main () {
string line;
ifstream myfile ("example.txt");

while (! myfile.eof() )
{
myfile.getline (line,100);
cout<<line<<endl;
}
myfile.close();

getch();
}

3 ! ! 0
eof()
myfile.eof() A
B

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Microlink Information Technology College

1. Microlink IT College, Addis Ababa Branch Student Note By Demesachew , 2004

2. Website: WWW.cplusplus.com
3. Jess Liberity, C++ An Introduction to Programming. Prentice Hall, 1996

Programming Fundamentals with C++ November 2009 43