A

TRAINING REPORT

ON

“ AUTODESK AUTOCAD ”
submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

FIRE TECHNOLOGY & SAFETY

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Er. J.K.Narwal Vikash Kadian
HOD, FTS Roll No:-17FTS039
FTS 8th SEM

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE TECHNOLOGY & SAFETY

GANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

July 2021
A

TRAINING REPORT

ON

“AUTODESK AUTOCAD”
submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

FIRE TECHNOLOGY & SAFETY

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Er. J.K. Narwal Vikash Kadian
HOD, FTS Roll No:-17FTS039
FTS 8th SEM

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE TECHNOLOGY & SAFETY

GANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

July 2021

ii
GANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

JHAJJAR, HARYANA

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I, Vikash Kadian, hereby declare that the project work entitled “AUTODESK AUTOCAD” is an
authenticated work carried out by me at “Social solutions technology”for the partial fulfillment of
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in FIRE TECHNOLOGY & SAFETY
submitted at Ganga Institute of Technology and Management, Kablana, Jhajjar, (Haryana). This
work has not been submitted for similar purpose anywhere else.

Date: July,2021
Place: Online Vikash kadian
B.Tech FTS 8thSem
Roll No.- 17FTS039

iii
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the AUTOCAD CERTIFICATION is completed by MR. Vikash Kadian
University Roll No. in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Fire Technology And Safety submitted at Ganga Institute of
Technology and Management, Kablana, Jhajjar, (Haryana) is an authentic record of his/her work
carried out under my supervision.

GUIDE NAME
JAIPAL SINGH

Vikash kadian
B.Tech FTS 8thSem
Roll No.- 17FTS039

iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

During my project I would like to thanks my worthy guide Mr. Jaipal Singh Training guide ,social
solution technology who supervised me to complete my training His technical advice, ideas and
constructive criticism contributed to the success of this report.
I would also like to thanks my respected Head of department, Fire technology and safety and faculty
members of FTS department for providing me the opportunities, support and the necessary help to
complete this Training.

Vikash kadian
Roll no:-17FTS039
B.Tech FTS 8thSem

5
Table of Contents

DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE iii

CERTIFICATE iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT 8
LIST OF FIGURE 9
CHAPTER-1 10
1. ORGANISATION OVERVIEW 10
1.1 MISSION 10
1.2 VISION 10
CHAPTER-2 11
2. SYNOPSIS 11
2.1 TITLE OF THE PROJECT 11
2.2 INTRODUCTION 11
2.3 HISTORY 11
2.4 PRODUCTS 12
2.5 SCOPE OF PROJECT 12
CHAPTER-3 13
3. AUTOCAD 16
3.1 INTRODUCTION 16
3.2 AUTOCAD WINDOW 17
CHAPTER-4 20
4. SELECTING THE WORKSPACE 20
CHAPTER-5 21
5 FILING DATA INPUT 21
5.1 OPENING FILES 21
5.2 FILES SAVINGS 22
5.3 CLOSING A FILE 22
CHAPTER-6 23
6 COORDINATES ENTRY 23
6.1 OVERVIEW 23
6.2 COORDINATE SYSTEM 23
6.3 ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE COORDINATES 23
CHAPTER-7 24
7 NAVIGATION TOOLS OBJECT DISPLAY 24
7.1 OVERVIEW 24
7.2 ACCESSING THE TOOLS 24
6
CHAPTER-8 26
8. DRAWING UNITS AND LIMITS 26
8.1 UNITS 26
CHAPTER-9 27
9 COMMANDS 27
9.1 OVERVIEW AND DEFINITIONS 27
9.2 DRAW COMMAND TOOLS 28
9.3 MODIFY COMMANDS 31
CHAPTER-10 35
10 DIMENSION TOOLBAR 35
CHAPTER-11 40
11 TABLE 40
CHAPTER-12 41
12 LAYER 41
CHAPTER-13 43
13 BLOCK 43
CHAPTER-14 45
14 ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS 45
CHAPTER-15 47
15 3D- MODELING 47
15.1 BOOLEAN OPERATIONS 50
CHAPTER-16 53
16 PAINTING AND PLOTTING 53
CHAPTER-17 55
17 CONCLUSION 55
CHAPTER-18 56
18 REFERENCES 56

7
ABSTRACT

AutoCAD was derived from a program that began in 1977, and then released in 1979 called
Interact CAD, also referred to in early Autodesk documents as MicroCAD, which was
written prior to Autodesk's (then Marinchip Software Partners) formation by Autodesk
cofounder Michael Riddle.

The first version by Autodesk was demonstrated at the 1982 Comdex and released that
December. AutoCAD supported CP/M-80 computers. As Autodesk's flagship product, by
March 1986 AutoCAD had become the most ubiquitous CAD program worldwide. The
2021 release marked the 35th major release of AutoCAD for Windows. The 2021 release
marked the 11th consecutive year of AutoCAD for Mac. The native file format ofAutoCAD
is .dwg. This and, to a lesser extent, its interchange file format DXF, have become de facto,
if proprietary, standards for CAD data interoperability, particularly for 2D drawing
exchange. AutoCAD has included support for .dwf, a format developed and promoted by
Autodesk, for publishing CAD data.

AutoCAD supports a number of APIs for customization and automation. These include
AutoLISP, Visual LISP, VBA, .NET and ObjectARX. ObjectARX is a C++ class library,
which was also the base for:

● products extending AutoCAD functionality to specific fields

● creating products such as AutoCAD Architecture, AutoCAD Electrical,
AutoCAD Civil 3D
● third-party AutoCAD-based application

There are a large number of AutoCAD plugins (add-on applications) available on the
application store Autodesk Exchange Apps. AutoCAD's DXF, drawing exchange format,
allows importing and exporting drawing information.

8
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Title Page
No
Figure 2.1: Autodesk 15
Figure 3.1: AutoCAD Window 17
Figure 8.1: Drawing Units 26
Figure 9.2.1: Command Tools 28
Figure 9.2.2: Rectangle 28
Figure 9.2.3: Polygon 28
Figure 9.2.4: Circle 29
Figure 9.2.5: Arc 29
Figure 9.2.6: SP line 30
Figure 9.2.7: Ellipse 30
Figure 9.2.8: Hatch 31
Figure 9.3.1: Modify Commands 31
Figure 9.3.2: Copy 31
Figure 9.3.3: Mirror 32
Figure 9.3.4: Rectangular Arrays 32
Figure 9.3.5: Scale 32
Figure 9.3.6: Extend 33
Figure 9.3.7: Fillet 33
Figure 9.3.8: Chamfer 33
Figure 9.3.9: Some Drawings Using Draw and Modify Toolbars 34
Figure 10.1: Dimension Toolbar 35
Figure 10.2: Linear Dimensions 36
Figure 10.3: Radial Dimensions 36
Figure 10.4: Angular Dimensions 36
Figure 10.5: Ordinate Dimensions 37
Figure 10.6: Arc Dimensions 37
Figure 10.7: Some Drawings with Dimensions 38
Figure 10.8: Multiline Text 39
Figure 10.9: SingleLine Text 39
Figure 11.1: Insert Table 40
Figure 11.2: Some Drawings of Table 40
Figure 12.1: Layers 41
Figure 12.2: Layers Properties 41
Figure 12.3: Some Drawings with layers 42
Figure 13.1: Block 43
Figure 13.2: Insert a block 43
Figure 13.3: Insert 44
Figure 13.4: Create a block definition 44
Figure 14.1: Isometric Drawings 45
Figure 14.2: Some Isometric Drawings 46
Figure 15.1: Box 3-d Modelling 47
Figure 15.2: Cylinder 3-d Modelling 47
Figure 15.3: Sphere 3-d Modelling 48
Figure 15.4: Wedge 3-d Modelling 48
Figure 15.5: Torus 3-d Modelling 48
Figure 15.6: PolySolid 3-d Modelling 49
Figure 15.7: Extrude 3-d Modelling 49
Figure 15.8: Loft 3-d Modelling 49
Figure 15.9: Sweep 3-d Modelling 50
Figure 15.10: Revolve 3-d Modelling 50

9
CHAPTER-1

ORGANISATION OVERVIEW

Social Solutions Technology established in 2019. Social Solutions Technology is built on

comprehensive knowledge and Experience gained from converting complex technical
problems into simple effective solutions. We aim to transform and simplify the way
software is created. It is our business to make your Work effective and simpler, giving
you cost effective solutions for the efficient running of your Businesses.

With a management team that has an extensive, broad experience that spans a large range
of Corporations and computing systems, Social Solutions Technology believes in bringing
a diverse range of Highly skilled, motivated people together to form the backbone to our
innovative solutions. Social Solutions Technology provides best website designing,
development & support services to its clients.

1.1) Mission: To provide practical learning whereby each and every one is skilled and
employed.

1.2) Vision: To train and develop people in skills that support them in defining and
underlining their career path towards growth.

Website: https://sstechlive.com/

Founded : 2019

10
CHAPTER-2

SYNOPSIS

2.1) Title of the Project: AutoDesk AutoCAD

2.2) Introduction:

Autodesk, Inc. is an American multinational software corporation that makes software

for the architecture, engineering, construction, manufacturing, media, and entertainment
industries. Autodesk is headquartered in San Rafael, California, and features a gallery of
its customers' work in its San Francisco building. The company has offices worldwide,
with U.S. locations in Northern California, Oregon, Colorado, Texas and in New England
in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, and Canada locations in Ontario, Quebec, and
Alberta.

The company was founded in 1982 by John Walker, a coauthor of the first versions of
AutoCAD, the company's flagship computer-aided design (CAD) software. It’s
AutoCAD and Revit software is primarily used by architects, engineers, and structural
designers to design, draft, and model buildings and other structures. Autodesk software
has been used in many fields, from the New York Freedom Tower to Tesla electric cars.

Autodesk became best known for AutoCAD but now develops a broad range of software
for design, engineering, and entertainment as well as a line of software for consumers,
including Sketchbook, Homestyler, and Pixlr. The company makes educational versions
of its software available at no cost to qualified students and facultythrough the Autodesk
Education Community, and also as a donation to eligible nonprofits through TechSoup
Global. Autodesk's digital prototyping software, including

11
Autodesk Inventor, Fusion 360, and the Autodesk Product Design Suite, are used in the
manufacturing industry to visualize, simulate, and analyze real-world performance using
a digital model during the design process. The company's Revit line of software for
building information modeling is designed to let users explore the planning, construction,
and management of a building virtually before it is built.

Autodesk's Media and Entertainment division creates software for visual effects, color
grading, and editing as well as animation, game development, and design visualization.
3ds Max and Maya are both 3D animation software used in film visual effects and game
development.

2.3) History:

Autodesk's first notable product was AutoCAD, a computer-aided design application

designed to run on the systems known as "microcomputers" at the time, including those
running the 8-bit CP/M operating system and two of the new 16-bit systems, the Victor
9000 and the IBM Personal Computer (PC). This tool allowed users to create detailed
technical drawings, and was affordable to many smaller design, engineering, and
architecture companies.

Release 2.1 of AutoCAD, released in 1986, included AutoLISP, a built-in Lisp

programming language interpreter initially based on XLISP. This opened the door for
third party developers to extend AutoCAD's functionality, to address a wide range of
vertical markets, strengthening AutoCAD's market penetration.

Subsequent to AutoCAD Release 13, the company stopped supporting the Unix
environment and the Apple Macintosh platform. After AutoCAD Release 14 (R13 was
last DOS & Unix release), first shipped in 1997, Autodesk discontinued development
under DOS, and focused exclusively on Microsoft Windows.

AutoCAD has grown to become the most widely used CAD program for 2D non
specialized applications. The native file formats written by AutoCAD, DXF and DWG,
are also widely used for CAD data interoperability.

In 1989, Autodesk's sales grew to over $100,000,000 after just four operational years.

12
In the 1990s, with the purchase of Softdesk in 1997, Autodesk started to develop specialty
versions of AutoCAD, targeted to broad industry segments, including architecture, civil
engineering, and manufacturing. Since the late 1990s, the company has added a number
of significant non-AutoCAD-based products, including Revit, a

Parametric building modeling application (acquired in 2002, from Massachusetts-based

Revit Technologies for $133 million), and Inventor, an internally developed parametric
mechanical design CAD application.

Autodesk introduced its current logo at the TED conference in Long Beach, California
on February 26, 2013

2.4) Products:

Architecture, engineering and construction –

● AutoCAD Architecture

● AutoCAD MEP

● AutoCAD Civil 3D

● AutoCAD Map3D

● AutoCAD P&ID

● AutoCAD Plant 3D

Manufacturing - The Company’s manufacturing software is used in various

manufacturing segments, including industrial machinery, electro-mechanical, tool and
die, industrial equipment, automotive components, and consumer products
● Fusion 360

● Autodesk Product Design Suite

● Autodesk Factory Design Suite

● Autodesk Inventor Suite

● Autodesk Inventor Professional Suite

13
● AutoCAD Mechanical

● Autodesk Vault

● Simulation Mechanical

Media and entertainment - Autodesk Media and Entertainment products are designed
for digital media creation, management, and delivery, from film and television visual
effects, color grading, and editing to animation, game development, and design
visualization.
● Maya

● Softimage

● 3ds Max

● Mudbox

● Smoke

● Flame

● Lustre

2.5) Scope of the Project:

The purpose of developing Cloud Dhobi is to provide people with laundry service at their
home just by registering them to the portal.

This project is basically a web application which means self contained software runs on the
systems on which it has been installed under the user control and it will work for a particular
user.

14
Figure 2.1 AUTODESK

15
CHAPTER-3

AUTOCAD

3.1) INTRODUCTION
AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software
application. Developed and marketed by Autodesk, AutoCAD was first released in
December 1982 as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics
controllers. Prior to the introduction of AutoCAD, most commercial CAD programs run
on mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user) working at
a separate graphics terminal. Since 2010, AutoCAD has been released as a mobile- and
web app as well, marketed as AutoCAD 360.

AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by architects, project managers,

engineers, graphic designers, and many other professionals.

AutoCAD is available for English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Korean, Chinese
Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Brazilian, Portuguese, Russian, Czech, Polish and
Hungarian, Albanian (also through additional Language Packs).

The latest version was released on 21st March 2017 as AutoCAD 2018.
Autodesk has also developed a few vertical programs:
● AutoCAD Architecture

● AutoCAD Civil

● AutoCAD Electrical

● AutoCAD ecscad

● AutoCAD Map 3D

● AutoCAD Mechanical

● AutoCAD MEP

16
● AutoCAD Structural Detailing
● AutoCAD Utility Design

● AutoCAD P&ID

● AutoCAD Plant 3D

for discipline-specific enhancements

3.2) AUTOCAD WINDOW

Once the AutoCAD 2014 window is active, it should appear as shown on the image
shown below. However if you look at the upper left hand corner there is a button with the
letter (A) written in red. That is called the application menu of the AutoCAD software.
At the right of this button, there is the phrase “3D modeling”. This means that the active
workspace is 3D modeling.

Figure 3.1 AUTOCAD WINDOW

1. Application Menu

This provides the user with file options like save, open, print.

17
2. Menu bar

The menu bar appears just below the title bar of the AutoCAD 2014 window. It has
such tabs as home, solid, surface, mesh and view among others for the case of 3D
workspace. If you switch to 2D Drafting & Annotation you find other tabs relevant to
that workspace. Depending on which tab you are on, you will see a collection of tool
icons just below it which are organized into panels. The entire collection of tool icons is
referred to as the ribbon. As a result the tabs on the menu bar are called ribbon tabs.
3. Ribbon
This is a collection of tool panels representing groups of tools and features where you
will be selecting tools to draw, edit, or perform other functions. It occurs immediately
below the menu bar. Clicking on any of the tabs on the menu bar will give you a different
ribbon.
4. Drawing Area

This is a virtual sheet or modeling environment where your designs appear. It is a

boundless area on which your designs are created on a 1:1 scale regardless of their actual
life size. The drawing area is also called the canvas. In the default condition, the drawing
area will have three icons on display:
i. The user coordinate system icon at the bottom left corner.

ii. The cross hairs or drawing cursor which may be at any position on the screen
depending on whether the user has touched the mouse or not.

iii. The view cube at the top right corner. This is very useful in 3D drawing because it
facilitates viewing the object from multiple directions.
5. Quick Access toolbar

This includes the basic file-handling functions that you find in virtually all windows
application programs. It occurs at the immediate right of the application menu. It carries
such functions as workspace switching and title, new file, open file, save and undo among
others.
6. Info Center

This is AutoCAD’s online help facility. If you are online, type a query there in case you
get stuck.
7. UCS

18
UCS stands for User Coordinate System. In the lower-left corner of the drawing area,
you see an L-shaped arrow. This is the UCS icon, which tells you your orientation in
the drawing. This icon becomes helpful as you start to work with complex 2D drawings
and 3D models. The X and Y arrows indicate the X- and Y-axes of your drawing. The
little square at the base of the arrows tells you that you’re in what is called the World
Coordinate System (WCS. Whenever you launch AutoCAD you will be in the world
coordinate system (WCS).
8. Command Window.

It’s located just below the drawing area. As you type in commands on the command line,
or pick commands on the ribbon panels, a message is displayed on the command window
telling you what to do next. When you issue any command it may also displaya list of
options related to that command. By doing so it prompts you on your next move. Thus it
is also known as the command prompt. The command window and the ribbon
complement each other i.e. you can type commands on the command line or click on the
ribbon icons. However the command prompts that appear on the command window
prevent the user from getting confused.
9. Status Bar

The status bar is a thin strip of the AutoCAD window found between the command
window and the taskbar. To the extreme left it carries the coordinate readout which
indicates to the user the current position of the cursor. Towards the right next to the
coordinate readout is the drawing aids panel which carries such tools as object snap,
object snap tracking, dynamic UCS and polar tracking among others. These aids assist
the user in managing snap and tracking actions. They are activated or deactivated by
switching them on or off respectively. To the extreme right of the status bar we find
another panel which contains the model and layout tabs, annotation scale and workspace
switching tool (gear wheel icon) among others.

19
CHAPTER-4
SELECTING THE WORKSPACE
A workspace is a task-oriented drawing environment oriented in such a way as to provide
you with only the tools and interface elements necessary to accomplish thetasks
relevant to that environment. You can switch between workspaces by using the
Workspace Switching Tool. You can also customize the workspace the way you want
and then save it. It will be appearing on the list of workspaces during switching and you
can select it as an option.

Workspace switching tool takes the form of a gear wheel located at the bottom right
hand corner of the active window. Clicking on it produces a drop down list of other
alternative workspaces. Clicking on either changes the workspace to the selected
choice. Alternatively you can switch the workspace by clicking on the downward arrow
besides the name of the current workspace on the quick access toolbar.

20
CHAPTER-5
FILING AND DATA INPUT

AutoCAD 2014 file operations are similar to the file operations in any other Windows
program. The general file handling commands include file saving, file opening, file
closing and printing of drawings.
5.1) OPENING FILES

There are three ways to open a drawing in AutoCAD.

Using Application Menu

● Click on Application Menu> Open

● On the select file dialogue box that appears, browse through the folders in the Look in
slot. This enables you to navigate to the folder where you’ve saved your drawing.

● Clicking on a file allows you to look at a preview of the drawing.

● Select OPEN. Using the Quick Access Toolbar

● Click on File pull down menu> Open

● At the Select file dialogue box, browse through to the folder in the Look in slot.

● Clicking on a file allows you to look at a preview of the drawing.

● Now you can click Open in the select file dialogue box. Using the
command line

● At the command prompt on the command line, type Open and enter.

● At the Select file dialogue box, browse through to the folder in the Look in slot.

● Clicking on a file allows you to look at a preview of the drawing.

● Select OPEN.

21
5.2) FILE SAVING

To save a drawing for the first time

The Save Drawing dialogue box appears when you are saving a drawing for the first time.
You are required to navigate through the folders in the save in slot to select the folder in
which you want to save your drawing. Type in the file name and then click save.
If you modify a drawing you may wish to save it again but retaining the original template.
In this case select save as from the file pull down or the application menu. Give it a name
that signifies its current status i.e. taking into account the changes. Click save.

Saving a File as You Work

It’s a good idea to save your file periodically as you work on it. As with any Windows
program, you can save it under its original name by click on the Save tool on the Quick
Access toolbar or under a different name by choosing Save As from the Application
menu, thereby creating a new file.

Making Changes

Coming up with certain drawings may not take place in one pass. Some will require
modifications at virtually every stage. Others involve a series of iterative stages before
settling on the final copy. In these circumstances, AutoCAD offers the required flexibility
as opposed to manual drawing. To keep track of all the modifications, the Save As tool
is very essential.
5.3) CLOSING A FILE

Simply click on the X button on the top right corner of the AutoCAD window to close a
drawing. A dialogue box appears asking whether to save the changes on the drawing.
Select yes to save the changes and no if you don’t want to affect the changes. However
it’s usually a good practice to save your files before closing them.

22
CHAPTER-6
COORDINATES ENTRY
6.1) OVERVIEW.

When a command prompts you for a point, you can use the mouse to specify a point, or
you can enter a coordinate value at the command prompt. If the dynamic input is switched
you can enter coordinate values in tooltips near the cursor. Two-dimensional coordinates
can be entered as either Cartesian (X, Y) or Polar coordinates.
i) Cartesian Coordinate System

A Cartesian coordinate system has three axes, X, Y, and Z. when you enter coordinate
values, you indicate a point’s distance in units and its direction (+ or -) along the X, Y,
and Z axes relative to the coordinate system origin (0,0,0).
In 2D, you specify points on the XY plane, also called the work plane. The X value of
Cartesian coordinate specifies the horizontal distance, and the Y value specifies the
vertical distance. The origin point (0, 0) indicates where the two axes meet.
6.2)Coordinate System
Polar coordinates use a distance and an angle to locate a point.

6.3). Absolute and Relative Coordinates

i. Absolute coordinates

Represents a specific point in the current work plane relative to the origin point (0,0).To
enter an absolute coordinate, type the values as a Cartesian coordinate (X,Y) orPolar
coordinate (distance, angle).
ii. Relative coordinate

A relative coordinate is a point specified with reference to the last point specified. We
emphasize that it is with reference to your last specified point and not to the origin. This
is the distinguishing aspect between relative and absolute coordinates.

23
CHAPTER-7
NAVIGATION TOOLS OBJECT DISPLAY

7.1) Overview

When drawing in both 2D and 3D, you may wish to:

a. Get a closer look (magnify your drawing).

b. View hidden details

c. Bring the whole drawing into focus.

d. View the hidden details of your 3D drawing.

For a, b and c use the zoom and pan tools as follows:

i. Zoom in to magnify and zoom out to minimize the size. Zooming out enables you to
see the details that are currently split out of the screen or make the object smaller in
readiness to add details.

ii. The pan tool allows you to drag your drawing to a convenient location on the screen.

iii. For d use the orbit tool. It is the tool that enables you to view the objects in your
drawing from different angles. It is very essential when drawing in 3D.

7.2) Accessing the tools

7.2.1) Zoom

a. To zoom a view with a single click.

i. Display a wheel.

ii. Right-click the wheel and click Steering Wheel Settings.

iii. In the Steering Wheels Settings dialog box, under Zoom Tool, select Enable
Single Click Incremental Zoom.
iv. Click OK.

v. Display one of the Full Navigation Wheels or the mini View Object Wheel. vi. Click
the Zoom wedge. The magnification of the model is increased and you are zoomed in

24
closer to the model. If you hold down the Shift key while clicking the Zoom wedge,
the model is zoomed out or you can hold down the Ctrl key to zoom in.
vii. Click Close to exit the wheel.

b. To zoom a view in and out by dragging.

i. Display the 2D Navigation wheel, one of the Full Navigation wheels, or the mini
View Object wheel.
ii. Click and hold down the Zoom wedge. The cursor changes to the Zoom cursor. iii.
Drag vertically to zoom in or out.
iv. Release the button on your mouse to return to the wheel.

NB: The mouse wheel is a very convenient way of zooming in and

out.

7.2.2)Pan
a. To pan the drawing with the pan tool.

i. Display the 2D Navigation wheel, one of the Full Navigation wheels, or the mini
View Object wheel.

ii. Click and hold the Pan wedge. The cursor changes to the Pan cursor. iii.
Drag to reposition the model.
iv. Release the button on your pointing device to return to the wheel.

b. To pan using the middle mouse button or the mouse wheel.

i. Press and hold down the scroll wheel or middle button. The cursor changes to the
Pan cursor.

ii. Drag to reposition the model.

iii. Release the wheel or button on your mouse.

7.2.3) Orbit

i. Display one of the View Object or Full Navigation wheels.

ii. Click and hold down the Orbit wedge. The cursor changes to the Orbit cursor. iii.
Drag to rotate the model.
25
CHAPTER-8
DRAWING UNITS AND LIMITS
8.1 Units

The format, precision, and other settings used to display coordinates, distances, and
angles are set through this dialog box, and are saved in the current drawing. It is
recommended that you save these settings to your drawing template files to reduce your
setup time when you start a new drawing. The Drawing Units dialog box is displayed.
Enter -units at the Command prompt to display options.

Figure 8.1 DRAWING UNITS

When you start a new drawing, and then decide how much space I need for my drawing.
Think of it as the size of your drawing area. Then you can define drawing
limits correctly. Type LIMITS enter. Type 0,0 as lower left corner then type or click the
coordinate for the upper right corner based on the units which are in Inches or mm.

Command: LIMITS

Reset Model space limits:

Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000, 0.0000>: 0, 0

26
CHAPTER-9
COMMANDS
9.1 Overview and Definitions

You communicate with AutoCAD by using tools and Menu options. These devices
invoke AutoCAD commands.
9.1.1). What is a command?

It’s a single-word instruction you give to AutoCAD telling it to do something such as

draw a line (the line tool in the Draw Ribbon Panel) or erase an object (the Erase tool in
the Modify Ribbon Panel). Whenever you invoke a command, by either typing it or
selecting a menu option or tool, AutoCAD responds by presenting messages to you in the
Command Window and the Dynamic Input display or by displaying a dialogue box. By
right clicking during the drawing process, a context-sensitive shortcut menu is displayed;
i.e. if you are in the middle of a command, this menu displays a list ofoptions
specifically related to that command.
9.1.2) Command tools.

Move the arrow cursor to the Line tool and rest it there. Do not click yet. Hold it there for
a little while and then for a longer while. You will see two tooltips. The first tip gives
you the tool tip name and the keyboard command associated with the tool. The second
tip gives a brief explanation of how to use the tool. This happens to all other tools on the
ribbon. To be able to draw effectively with AutoCAD, you must learn how to tell
AutoCAD what you want, and even more importantly, understand what AutoCAD wants
from you.
9.1.3) Methods of Accessing/Activating Commands.

i. Clicking on the command tool/icon on the Ribbon Panels.

ii. Typing the command on the Keyboard.

iii. Use of Accelerator Keys. These are special keystrokes that open and activate drop
down menu options. Examples are Ctrl+S for save and Ctrl+C for copy. iv. Use of
Aliases; (one, two or three letter abbreviations of a command name). These are also
typed on the keyboard.

27
9.2 Draw Command Tools

Figure 9.2.1Command Tools

i. Line: With the Line command you can draw a simple line from one point to
another.

ii. Construction Line: The construction line commands creates a line of

infinite length which passes through two picked point.

iii. Polyline: The Polyline command is similar to the line command except that
the resulting object may be composed of a number of segments which form a single
object.

iv. Rectangle: The Rectangle command is used to draw a rectangle whose sides
are vertical and horizontal. The position and size of the rectangle are defined by picking
two diagonal corners.

Figure 9.2.2 Rectangle

V. Polygon: The Polygon command can be used to draw any regular polygon from 3
sides up to 1024 sides. This command requires four inputs from the user, the number of
sides, a pick point for the centre of the polygon, whether you want a polygon inscribed or
circumscribed and then a pick point which determines both the radius of this imaginary
circle and the orientation of the polygon. The polygon command creates a closed polyline
in the shape of the required polygon.

28
Figure 9.2.3 Polygon

Circle: The Circle command is used to draw circles. There are a number of
vi. ways
you can define the circle. The default method is to pick the centre point and then to either
pick a second point on the circumference of the circle or enter the circle radius at the
keyboard.

Figure 9.2. 4 Circle

Vii. Arc:The Arc command allows you to draw an arc of a circle. There are
numerous ways to define an arc; the default method uses three pick points, a start point, a
second point and an endpoint.

Figure 9.2.5 Arc

Spline: A spline is a smooth curve that is fitted along a number of control

Viii.
points. The Fit Tolerance option can be used to control how closely the spline conforms to
the control points. A low tolerance value causes the spline to form close to the control

29
Figure 9.2.6 Spline

ix. Ellipse: The Ellipse command gives you a number of different creation options.
The default option is to pick the two end points of an axis and then a third point to define
the eccentricity of the ellipse.

Figure 9.2.7 Ellipse

30
x. Hatch: Hatch is used to add shaded patterns to objects and shapes. You can
pick: Pattern, Scale, Angle, Pointspick: Pattern, Scale, Angle, Points

Figure 9.2.8 Hatch

9.3 Modify Commands

Figure 9.3.1 Modify Commands

Offset: Create a Duplicate object parallel with the original object. If this object is a Polyline or
a Circle, the duplicate shape will be transformed inwards or outwards.

Copy: Copy’s one or more objects.

Figure 9.3.2 Copy

31
Mirror: Create a mirror image of an object. It is useful for creating symmetrical
objects because you can quickly draw half the object and then mirror it instead of
drawing the entire object.

Figure 9.3.3 Mirror

Array: Create copies of objects in a rectangular or polar pattern. This is especially

useful when you need to duplicate several objects at the same distance from each other.
For rectangular arrays, you control the number of rows and columns and the distance
between each. For polar arrays, you control the number of copies of the
object and whether the copies are rotated.

Figure 9.3.4 Rectangular arrays

Move: Moves one or more objects.

Rotate: You can rotate objects with an absolute or relative angle. When using an
absolute angle: Specify the base point and then specify the rotation angle.
Scale: A Scale factor greater than 1 enlarges the object. It is also possible to scale an
object using a reference object. This method scales the object equally in all directions.

Figure 9.3.5 Scale

32
Trim: With the trim option objects can be shortened or lengthened with the edges of
other objects. Objects can exactly be fitted between these objects.

Extend: With the extend option you can shortened or lengthened objects to meet the
edges of other objects. For example a line can be exactly fitted between objects.
Extending an object works in the same way as trimming.

Figure 9.3.6 Extend

Fillet: A specified radius. The inside corner is called a fillet and an outside corner is
called a round.

Figure 9.3.7 Fillet

Chamfer is almost identical to fillet, but it will make a straight line instead of an arc.

Figure 9.3.8 Chamfer

Join: You can use the join option to combine similar objects into one single object. It is
also possible to create complete circles from arcs.

Explode: elements with the explode option. If you explode a polyline every segment
will become a separate line.

33
Some Drawings using Draw and Modify Toolbars

Figure 9.3.9 Some Drawings Using Draw And Modify Toolbars

34
CHAPTER-10
DIMENSION TOOLBAR
You can create several types of dimensions for a variety of object types in many
orientations and alignments.

The basic types of dimensioning are linear, radial, angular, ordinate, and arc length. Use
the DIM command to create dimensions automatically according to the object typethat
you want to dimension.
You can control the appearance of dimensions by setting up dimension styles, or by
editing individual dimensions in special cases. Dimension styles allow you to specify
your conventions quickly and maintain industry or project dimensioning standards.

Figure 10.1 Dimension Toolbar

1. Linear Dimensions - Linear dimensions can be horizontal, vertical, or aligned. You

can create an aligned, horizontal, or vertical dimension with the DIM command depending
on how you move the cursor when placing the text.

35
Figure 10.2 Linear Dimensions

2. Radial Dimensions - A radial dimension measures the radius or diameter of arcs

and circles with an optional centreline or center mark.

Figure 10.3 Radial Dimensions

3. Angular Dimensions - Angular dimensions measure the angle between two

selected geometric objects or three points.

Figure 10.4 Angular Dimensions

36
4. Ordinate Dimensions - Ordinate dimensions measure the perpendicular distances
from an origin point called the datum, such as a hole in a part. These dimensions prevent
escalating errors by maintaining accurate offsets of the features from the datum.

Figure 10.5 Ordinate Dimensions

5. Arc Length Dimensions - Arc length dimensions measure the distance along an
arc or polyline arc segment. Typical uses of arc length dimensions include measuring the
travel distance around a cam or indicating the length of a cable.

Figure 10.6 Arc length Dimensions

37
Some Drawings with Dimensions:

Figure 10.7 Some Drawings With Dimensions

38
10. TEXT COMMAND
1. Multiline Text - For longer notes and labels with internal formatting, use
multiline text

Figure 10.8 Multiline Text

2. Single-line Text - For short, simple notes and labels, use single-line text.

Figure 10.9 Single Line Text

39
CHAPTER-11
TABLE
A table is a compound object that contains data in rows and columns. It can be created
from an empty table or a table style. A table can also be linked to data in a Microsoft
Excel spreadsheet.

Figure 11.1 Insert Table

Some Drawings of Tables

40
Figure 11.2 Some Drawings Of Tables

41
CHAPTER-12
LAYER
Layers are the primary method for organizing the objects in a drawing by function or
purpose. Layers can reduce the visual complexity of a drawing and improve display
performance by hiding information that you don’t need to see at the moment. You gain
this level of control by organizing the objects in your drawing on layers that are
associated with a specific function or a purpose. It might be helpful to think of layers as
clear plastic sheets:

Figure 12.1 Layer

With layers, you can

● Associate objects by their function or location

● Display or hide all related objects in a single operation
● Enforce linetype, color, and other property standards for each layer

Figure 12.2 Layers Properties

42
Some Drawings with Layers

Figure 12.3 Some Drawings With layers

Figure 12.3 Some Drawings with Layers

43
CHAPTER-13

BLOCK

In AutoCAD, a block is a collection of objects that are combined into a single named
object. The following are some sample blocks at various scales.

Figure 13.1 Block

Some of these blocks are realistic representations of objects, some are symbols, and
one of them is an architectural title block for a D-size drawing.

INSERT A BLOCK

Typically, each of these blocks is an individual drawing file, perhaps saved in a folder
with similar drawing files. When you need to insert one into your current drawing file,
you use the INSERT command (or enter I in the Command window).

Figure 13.2 Insert A Block

44
The first time you insert the drawing as a block, you need to click Browse to locate the
drawing file. Make sure you organize your blocks into easy-to-find folders.

Figure 13.3 Insert

Once inserted, the block definition is stored in your current drawing. From then on, you
can choose it from the Name drop-down list without needing to click the Browse button.

CREATE A BLOCK DEFINITION

Instead of creating a drawing file to be inserted as a block, you might want to create a
block definition directly in your current drawing. Use this method if you do not plan to
insert the block into any other drawing. In that case, use the BLOCK command to create
the block definition.

Figure 13.4 Create A Block Definition

45
CHAPTER-14
ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

A 2D isometric drawing is a flat representation of a 3D isometric projection. This method

of drawing provides a fast way to create an isometric view of a simple design. Distances
measured along an isometric axis are correct to scale, but because you are drawing in 2D,
you cannot expect to extract other 3D distances and areas, display objects from different
viewpoints, or remove hidden lines automatically.
By using the ISODRAFT command, several system variables and settings are
automatically changed to values that facilitate isometric angles. The standard isometric
planes, called isoplanes, are as follows:

Right. Aligns snap and grid along 30- and 90-degree axes.

Left. Aligns snap and grid along 90- and 150-degree axes.

Top. Aligns snap and grid along 30- and 150-degree axes.

Choosing one of the three isoplanes automatically causes the crosshairs cursor, and
precision drawing and tracking tools to be aligned along the corresponding isometric
axes. Therefore, you can draw the top plane, switch to the left plane to draw a side, and
switch to the right plane to complete the drawing.

Figure 14.1 Isometric Drawings

46
You can use the Isometric Drafting tool on the status bar to select the desired isoplane.
Alternatively, you can press F5 or Ctrl+E to cycle through the isoplanes.
Figure 14.2 Some Isometric Drawings

47
CHAPTER-15
3 D MODELING
3D solid primitives are standard shapes which are provided among the ribbon options on
the 3D modeling workspace. They include box, wedge, cone, cylinder, sphere, pyramid
and torus. The principles of drawing them are similar.

∙ Box: Box command on the toolbar modeling is used to draw 3D models such

as cubes and block. Creates a box with sides of equal length.

Figure 15.1 Box 3D Modeling

∙ Cylinder: The cylinder was created using a center point (1), a point on the

radius (2), and a point for the height (3). The base of the cylinder is always on a plane
parallel with the workplane.

Figure 15.2 Cylinder 3D Modeling

48
∙ Sphere: Specifies the center point of the sphere. When you specify the center

point, the sphere is positioned so that its central axis is parallel to the Z axis of thecurrent
user coordinate system (UCS). Defines the radius or

diameter of the sphere.

Figure 15.3 Sphere 3D Modeling

∙ Wedge: The direction of the taper is always in the positive X-axis direction of

the UCS.

Figure 15.4 Wedge 3D Modeling

∙ Torus: Specifies the center point of the torus. When you specify the center

point, the torus is positioned so that its central axis is parallel to the Z axis of the current
user coordinate system (UCS). Define the radius of the torus and then definethe radius
of the tube.

Figure 15.5 Torus 3D Modeling

49
∙ Polysolid: You can create a 3D solid with polysolid just as you would a

polyline. You can also convert existing 2D objects such as lines, 2D polylines, arcs, and
circles to 3D solids with a default height, width, and justification.

Figure 15.6 Polysolid 3D Modeling

∙ Extrude: Objects can be extruded orthogonally from the plane of the source

object, in a specified direction, or along a selected path. You can also specify a taper
angle.

Figure 15.7 Extrude 3D Modeling

∙ Loft: Creates 3D solid or surface in the space between several cross sections.

The cross sections define the shape of the resulting solid or surface. You must specify
at least two cross sections.

Figure 15.8 Loft 3D Modeling

50
∙ Sweep: Creates a 3D solid or 3D surface by sweeping a 2D object or subobject

along an open or closed path.

Figure 15.9 Sweep 3D Modeling

∙ Revolve: Creates a 3D solid or surface by sweeping an object around an axis.

You cannot revolve objects contained within a block or objects that will self-intersect.
REVOLVE ignores the width of a polyline and revolves from the center of the path of
the polyline.

Figure 15.10 Revolve 3D Modeling

15.1) BOOLEAN OPERATIONS:

∙ Union: Combines two or more 3D solids, surfaces, or 2D regions into a single,

composite 3D solid, surface, or region. Select two or more objects of the same type to
combine.

51
52
Figure 15.1.1 Union

Subtract: Created as a new object by subtracting one overlapping region or 3D solid

from another. Objects in the second selection set are subtracted from objects in the first
selection set. A single new 3D solid or surface is created.

Figure 15.1. 2 Subtract

Intersect: With INTERSECT, you can create a 3D solid from the common volume of

two or more existing 3D solids, surfaces, or regions. If you select a mesh, you can convert
it to a solid or surface before completing the operation. You can extrude 2D profiles and
then intersect them to create a complex model efficiently. Select intersect command.
Select the two object which intersect and then tap enter.

Figure 15.1.3 Intersect

53
Some 3D Drawings:

Figure 15.1.4 Some 3D Drawings

54
CHAPTER-16

PRINTING AND PLOTTING

Output a drawing layout to a printer, a plotter, or a file. Save and restore the printer
settings for each layout. Originally, people printed text from printers and plotted
drawings from plotters. Now, you can do both with either.

Figure 16.1 Printing And Plotting

For convenience, you can save and restore collections of these settings by name. These
are called page setups. With page setups you can store the settings that you need for
different printers, printing in gray scales, creating a PDF file from your drawing, and so

55
The plot style table provides information about processing colors.

Figure 16.2 Some PDf format of drawing

56
CHAPTER-17

CONCLUSION

SOCIAL SOLUTION TECHNOLOGY has a very good market in the internship

program. The company is offering good services, which is reflected in the satisfaction of
the customer. Majority of the interns are satisfied with the service. This is the only
company which provides internships in India. It guides us to help to set up and manage
a large project. It makes feel free to adjust the recommendations to suit the way we work.

This report covered the preview of our learning path and study materials. The use of
AutoCAD has many advantages. It can help to reduce the time it takes to produce the
drawing needed in the work environment. AutoCAD software is the most amazing range
of mechanical computer aided design tools. It is now considered to be the best according
to industry standards that can be obtained for a wide array of designing, Mechanical
Engineering Services and other industrial purposes.

The use of AutoCAD may also be relied on heavily in order to create efficiencies within
the industries. We explored different materials ranging from text, tutorials and Youtube
videos so as to get to grips with the finer details of mastering AutoCAD. We were guided
by the fact that there is more to learning AutoCAD than drawing simple figures and lines.
It has a very vast application in the field of manufacturing, architecture, electrical, and
many more. The company Autodesk provides a wide range of applications and software
which reduces the effort to create complex drawings and is easy to maintain. With the
help of AutoCAD, we can create designs very quickly. It improves the quality of the
drawing which we can’t get by hand drafting. With the helpof this software, drawing can
be easily modified whenever wanted which reduces the human effort. We can easily
transfer files from one place to another in no time which reduces the time.

This software is utilized to provide some useful and practical designing software that
will allow users to visualize as well as create prototypes of a product in reality and quick
time. AutoCAD software allows developers to give forms out of the box.

57
CHAPTER-18

REFERENCES

WEBSITES:
● https://www.google.com/
● https://www.autodesk.com/company
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk
● https://www.autodesk.in/products/autocad/
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoCAD
● https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/autocad/learn-explore/

58