RESEARCH PLAN

Rezlyn F. Parreo
Jonah Y. Posadas
Karen Mae P. Yema
Researchers
General Problem
What is the effect of fish scales from two-spot red snapper (Lutjanus bohar) and
cuttlebones from squid (Teuthida) in making ceramic tiles?
Specific Problem
1. What is the effect of fish scales from two-spot red snapper (Lutjanus bohar)
mixed to clay in terms of the tiles compressive strength?
2. What is the effect of cuttlebones from squid (Teuthida) mixed to clay in terms
of the tiles compressive strength?
3. What is the effect of fish scales from two-spot red snapper (Lutjanus bohar)
and cuttlebones from squid (Teuthida) mixed to clay in terms of the tiles
compressive strength?
4. What is the effect of fish scales from two-spot red snapper (Lutjanus bohar)
mixed to clay in terms of the tiles compressive strength after the tile was
subjected to heat?
5. What is the effect of cuttlebones from squid (Teuthida) mixed to clay in terms
of the tiles compressive strength after the tile was subjected to heat?
6. What is the effect of fish scales from two-spot red snapper (Lutjanus bohar)
and cuttlebones from squid (Teuthida) mixed to clay in terms of the tiles
compressive strength after the tile was subjected to heat?

7. What is the effect of fish scales from two-spot red snapper (Lutjanus bohar)
mixed to clay in terms of the tiles compressive strength after the tile was
submerged in water?
8. What is the effect of cuttlebones from squid (Teuthida) mixed to clay in terms
of the tiles compressive strength after the tile was submerged in water?
9. What is the effect of fish scales from two-spot red snapper (Lutjanus bohar)
and cuttlebones from squid (Teuthida) mixed to clay in terms of the tiles
compressive strength after the tile was submerged in water?

Null Hypotheses
1. There is no difference in the effect of fish scales from two-spot red snapper
(Lutjanus bohar) mixed to clay in terms of the tiles compressive strength.
2. There is no difference in the effect of cuttlebones from squid (Teuthida) mixed
to clay in terms of the tiles compressive strength.
3. There is no difference in the effect of fish scales from two-spot red snapper
(Lutjanus bohar) and cuttlebones from squid (Teuthida) mixed to clay in terms
of the tiles compressive strength.
4. There is no difference in the effect of fish scales from two-spot red snapper
(Lutjanus bohar) mixed to clay in terms of the tiles compressive strength after
the tile was subjected to heat.
5. There is no difference in the effect of cuttlebones from squid (Teuthida) mixed
to clay in terms of the tiles compressive strength after the tile was subjected
to heat.
6. There is no difference in the effect of fish scales from two-spot red snapper
(Lutjanus bohar) and cuttlebones from squid (Teuthida) mixed to clay in terms
of the tiles compressive strength after the tile was subjected to heat.

7. There is no difference in the effect of fish scales from two-spot red snapper
(Lutjanus bohar) mixed to clay in terms of the tiles compressive strength after
the tile was submerged in water.
8. There is no difference in the effect of cuttlebones from squid (Teuthida) mixed
to clay in terms of the tiles compressive strength after the tile was submerged
in water.
9. There is no difference in the effect of fish scales from two-spot red snapper
(Lutjanus bohar) and cuttlebones from squid (Teuthida) mixed to clay in terms
of the tiles compressive strength after the tile was submerged in water.

Experimental Procedure
The researchers gathered the fish scales and cuttlebones from Central
Market and Pala-pala, Bacolod City, tiles were made at Brgy. Pahanocoy and the
testing of tiles were done at the laboratory of the College of Engineering at
University of Negros Occidental-Recoletos using Hydraulic press.
Collection of Materials
Fish scales of two spot red snapper were gathered from Central Market
and Pala-pala as well as the cuttlebones from squids and were kept in a plastic
container. Containers, papers, scissors, etc. were gathered before the time
needed.
Washing, Drying and Preparing of Fish Scales and Cuttlebones
The fish scales gathered were put into a container where water was
added. They were washed thoroughly by removing unnecessary dirts attached
onto it such as some parts of the fish. This was repeated until the scales were
clean. The fish scales were placed in a container while the cuttlebones were the

ones being washed. The same procedure of the fish scales were applied to the
cuttlebones.
The fish scales and cuttlebones were put in a separate willowing basket
and were left under the sunlight for at least one day. The researchers made sure
that the materials were totally dry before gathering them.
Cutting of Fish Scales and Cuttlebones
After drying, the fish scales and cuttlebones were cut into small pieces
with a scissor. Their masses were measured using a weighing scale. Three,
60grams of fish scales were put in three separate containers. Another three, 30
grams of fish scales were also measured and put in three different containers.
Same amounts were needed for the cuttlebones and were weighed and kept
separately like the scales.
Mixing of Fish Scales and Cuttlebones to Clay and Wedging
All the tiles needed were made at Brgy.Pahanocoy, Bacolod City where
the clays were obtained. The researchers seeked help from workers here since
most of the potteries were foung in this barangay.
The workplace was covered with newspapers and plastics to prevent the
clay from leaving dirt while working. Water was added to the clays enough for
them to be easily worked on to. 2000grams of the wet clay were measured using
a weighing scale and 60 grams of fish scales were added to it. The adding of 60
grams fish scales to 2000grams clay were repeated twice. After putting the
components added, the mixture was slammed down hardly for several times. It
was pushed forward with one hand and the other hand was pulling it back. This
operation continued for five minutes so that the fish scales were evenly spread at

the mixture and the same were done to the next two mixtures of fish scales and
clay.
After working with the scales, 60 grams cuttlebones were mixed with
2000grams clay and the procedure as with the scales were conducted similarly.
There were another two mixtures of 60grams cuttlebones and 2000grams of clay
worked.
The last mixture has 30grams fish scales and 30grams cuttlebones in
2000grams clay and there were three of them as well. The operation said that
was followed on the first and second mixture was how things worked out at the
last mixture.

Forming the Tiles

The clay mixtures were cut into half to see if there were air holes on the
surface of the cut. The operation mentioned above was repeated to those
mixtures with air holes on it. Those with none were put back together and were
slammed on the board, turned over and pounded. Then they were beaten until
they spread out flat and were flatten out more using the rolling pin. The mixtures
were also turned upside down so they wouldnt get stuck on the board.
The sheets of clay were cut into rectangles using a sharp knife. The size
of the rectangles trimmed was 4 by 4 inches. The tiles were leaved untouched for
at least one day. They were reversed to dry flat and were left for another days.

Glazing

Powdered pamulas were mixed with water and were applied to one side of
the tiles with fish scales and cuttlebones using a paintbrush. For the tiles with no
added components and were from Brgy. Pahanocoy, 18 of it were applied with
pamulas and 18 of it have none.

Firing or Baking
All in all, there were 90 tiles made. They were placed on the ground,
stacked with hay and wood above then fired using match or any source of fire.
Tiles were baked simultaneously to ensure that the environment when baking
were the same to all. After a day that the tiles are already into its compact form,
the researchers shall gather them for testing.

Testing and Data Gathering

The tests were conducted at the University of Negros OccidentalRecoletos. Three tests were made for the compressive strength, one under
normal condition, after subjected to heat and after being submerged in water.
The tiles made were compared to the tiles made from Brgy. Pahanocoy. In case
needed, individual weights of tiles were measured using a beam balance and
were labelled individually for easy recording.

Compressive Strength (under normal condition)

The tiles were put one by one on the hydraulic press. It is a

machine with a handle which is pumped so that the surface where the tile
is placed rises up until it touches a cylindrical steel. Once the tiles and the
steel touch, pressure is applied towards the tiles. The amount of pressure
were displayed and seen in a scale attached to the hydraulic press and
was recorded in the instance the tile broke.

Compressive Strength (after subjected to heat)

The tiles were put inside an oven with the control pointing to high.
The temperature recorded inside the oven was recorded at 110C. After
15 minutes, the tiles were taken off from the oven and were brought to the
Hydraulic press. As the tiles were brought towards the machine, they were
exposed to the surroundings and the researchers tested their compressive
strength when they reached 60C, where some took about 12 minutes to
reach 60C. They were tested with the same procedure as the
compressive strength. The amount of pressure was also recorded
individually.

Compressive Strength (after being submerged in water)

Set 15 plastic containers on top of a table where it couldnt be
disturbed. Using a graduated cylinder, researchers measured 500mL of

tap water and poured it into one container and the others also received the
same amount. Fifteen tiles were immersed in water one by one and the
immersion lasted for 2 hours. After the immersion, the tiles were subjected
to the hydraulic press the same way as the others. The pressure that
broke the tiles was recorded for each tile.

Statistical Test
In this study, the researchers employed the Univariate Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) to achieve the goal of this study.
The Univariate ANOVA used the means of each set ups under different
conditions to determine the compressive strength of each tiles.
The mean were employed to determine the average values gathered from
the determination of the compressive strength of each tiles.
Post Hoc Test, Waller Duncan Test, was used to determine the
significance of the means determined from each set ups as well as with under
the conditions undertaken by the tiles.