Piezoelectric Generator Harvesting Bike Vibrations Energy to Supply Portable

Devices

E. Minazara1, D. Vasic1,2 and F. Costa1,3

1
SATIE (CNRS UMR 8029), PRES UNIVERSUD, ENS Cachan, 61 av. du Président Wilson 94230 Cachan France
2
Université de Cergy-Pontoise 95031
3
IUFM Paris 12
Phone: +0033 1 47 40 76 37/Fax number:+0033 1 47 40 21 99, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
cachan.fr, [email protected]

a bicycle in movement is vibrating permanently, and that

Abstract. these vibrations are vectors of mechanical energy, we can
recover and convert the mechanical energy contained in
these vibrations into electrical energy by using
With the decrease in energy consumption of portable electronic
devices, the concept of harvesting renewable energy in human
electromechanical transducers [1,2,3], such as
surrounding arouses a renewed interest. In this context, we have piezoelectric materials. The electrical energy thus
developed a piezoelectric generator that harvests mechanical produced can be used to power devices aboard the bike,
vibrations energy available on a bicycle. Embarked or other portable devices that the cyclist uses.
piezoelectric transducer, which is an electromechanical
converter, undergoes mechanical vibrations therefore produce 2. Fundamentals of piezoelectric material
electricity. A static converter transforms the electrical energy in
a suitable form to the targeted portable application. Values of
generated electrical power are reported and commented.
The conversion of mechanical energy into electrical one
is generally achieved by converters alternator type or
commonly known dynamo. But there are other physical
Key words phenomena including piezoelectricity that can also
convert mechanical movements into electricity.
Bicycle mechanical vibrations, energy harvesting, piezoelectric
The piezoelectric effect exists in two domains, the first is
material, uninterrupted power supplies, portable device.
the direct piezoelectric effect that describes the material’s
ability to transform mechanical strain into electrical
1. Introduction charge, the second form is the converse effect, which is
the ability to convert an applied electrical potential into
Electrical devices on a bicycle, either front or rear lamp mechanical strain energy figure 1.
for lighting at night, or digital displays such as
speedometer, are fed almost exclusively via a dynamo, or Direct piezoelectric Reverse piezoelectric
by batteries. Both power systems have disadvantages. effect effect
+
+
+
+
+

With the dynamo, cyclist is obliged to provide more

effort than necessary for the movement, since it takes an Mechanical Mechanical + Electrical
P P _
extra effort to compensate for the friction of the dynamo. effort effort input
The use of battery can be restrictive and not eco-friendly. _ _ _ _ _
In this study, which is a first in the literature, we propose Charge Apparition Shape deformation
an alternative solution to the dynamo and an
improvement for the battery lifetime. We have developed
Fig. 1. Electromechanical conversion via piezoelectricity
a piezoelectric generator, which is a clean and durable phenomenon
solution. Piezoelectric generators employ active materials
that generate a charge when mechanically activated. The direct piezoelectric effect is responsible for the
Today we see more and more applications using materials ability to function as a sensor and the converse
piezoelectric transducers. Their use as a source of piezoelectric effect is accountable for its ability to
electrical energy presents increasing interest for function as an actuator. A material is deemed
embarked electronic devices, low power consumption piezoelectric when it has this ability to transform
(less than 1 Watt) such as lamps based LED (Light- electrical energy into mechanical strain energy, and the
Emitting Diode), displays or sensors [1,2]. Noticing that
likewise transform mechanical strain energy into the material is strained in the "1" direction or
electrical charge. perpendicular to the poling direction. These two modes
The piezoelectric materials that exist naturally as quartz of operation are particularly important when defining the
were not interesting properties for the production of electromechanical coupling coefficient such as d. Thus
electricity, however artificial piezoelectric materials such d13 refers to the sensing coefficient for a bending element
as PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) present advantageous poled in the "3" direction and strained along "1".
characteristics.
Piezoelectric materials belong to a larger class of 3
3

materials called ferroelectrics. One of the defining traits L3 L3 2

of a ferroelectric material is that the molecular structure L2
is oriented such that the material exhibits a local charge P
separation, known as an electric dipole. Throughout the
artificial piezoelectric material composition the electric 2 1
P
L2 L1
dipoles are orientated randomly, but when a very strong L1
1
electric field is applied, the electric dipoles reorient
themselves relative to the electric field; this process is Fig.3a. 33 mode Fig.3b. 31 mode
termed poling. Once the electric field is extinguished, the
dipoles maintain their orientation and the material is then The coefficients d33 of a piezoelectric bar, (C / N) shown
said to be poled. After the poling process is completed, in Table I, link the amount of electrical charge
the material will exhibit the piezoelectric effect. The (Coulomb), appearing on an electrode perpendicular to
mechanical and electrical behaviour of a piezoelectric the axis 3, to the strain (Newton) applied on both ends.
material can be modelled by two linearized constitutive
equations. These equations contain two mechanical and TABLE I. - Typical piezoelectric materials coefficients
two electrical variables. The direct effect and the
converse effect may be modelled by the following matrix Material d33(10-12 C/N)
equations: Quartz 2.3
BaTiO3 90
Direct Piezoelectric Effect: D = d . T + εT . E (1) PbTiO3 120
Converse Piezoelectric Effect: S = sE . T + dt . E (2) PZT 560
PZN-9PT 2500
Where D is the electric displacement vector, T is the
stress vector, εT is the dielectric permittivity matrix at For the PZT, d33 = 560 (10-12 C / N) means that 1 N
constant mechanical stress, sE is the matrix of compliance applied strain produces 560 10-12 C electrical charge.
coefficients at constant electric field strength, S is the
strain vector, d is the piezoelectric constant matrix, and E 3. Piezoelectric generator principle
is the electric field vector. The subscript t stands for
transposition of a matrix. The vibrations energy harvesting principle using
When the material is deformed or stressed an electric piezoelectric materials [4] is illustrated in figure 4. The
voltage can be recovered along any surface of the conversion chain starts with a mechanical energy source:
material (via electrodes). Therefore, the piezoelectric bike. Bike vibrations are converted into electicity via
properties must contain a sign convention to facilitate this piezoelectric element. The electricity produced is
ability to recover electric potential in three directions. For thereafter formated by a static converter before supplying
the sake of keeping this discussion simple, the a storage system or the load (electrical device).
piezoelectric material can be generalized for two cases.
The first is the stack configuration that operates in the 33
Static Load
mode and the second is the bender, which operates in the or
converter
13 mode. The sign convention assumes that the poling device
direction is always in the "3" direction; with this point the
two modes of operation can be understood figure 2. Mechanical Piezoelectric Storage
vibrations material
3 Fig. 4. General diagram of generator based vibrations energy
6
harvesting using piezoelectric material
5 2
Electrodes r In this study, before developing bike piezoelectric
P
Piezoelctric material generator, it was essential to begin with a mechanical
4
1 vibrations sources identification that means carrying out
vibrations accelerations and frequencies measurement
Fig. 2. Defining the lines of a piezoelectric material and analysis. So we have carried out measurement at
different locations of an experimental bicycle (Figure 5)
In the -33 mode (Figure 3a), the electric voltage is to identify the place where harvesting more energy is
recovered in the "3" direction and the material is strained possible. We could then develope a piezoelectric
in the poling or "3 direction, in the -31 mode (Figure 3b), generator adapted to the identified natural mode of
the electric voltage is measured in the "3" direction and vibration of the bicycle.
Accelerometre Handlebars

Saddle
Frame

Fork

Worn trail Paved runway

Fig. 7. Track profiles tested.

Fig. 5. Accelerometers places
We noticed that it is at the handlebar or at the fork where
4. Bike Mechanical Vibrations the vibration is maximal (see Figure 6). The vibration
acceleration is even more important when the
We have equipped the bike with four accelerometers displacement speed of the bicycle increases.
(Figure 5) and a mobile vibrometer "SVAN 948" which The first peak (Figure 6 and 8) corresponds to the natural
includes 4 channels of data acquisition. It is then possible frequency of bike + cyclist. This peak is observed around
to carry out four simultaneous measurements of 12.5 Hz, regardless of the speed and the track. The
vibrations acceleration respectively at the fork, the interesting frequency band to harvest energy, where 80%
handlebars, the saddle, and the frame. The accelerometers of the energy of the vibrations is concentrated, is
are mounted vertically to measure only the vertical approximately between 10 Hz and 30 Hz (see Figures 8
component of acceleration. and 9).

Figure 6 shows the four simultaneous vibrations spectra,

respectively, at the fork, handlebars, seat and the frame.

Fig. 8. Vibrations spectrum on the fork, cycle track, 21 km/h

speed.

Fig. 6. Vibrations acceleration measurement for the case of a

bicycle rolling on uneven path at 8 km/h speed

The influence of different runway profiles (Figure 7),

cycle track, worn trail, paved runway, as well as the
influence of the speed of bicycle on the vibrations
acceleration has been investigated. The bicycle speed has
been measured through an electronic tachometer.

Fig. 9. Cumulative sum of the acceleration squared

It is therefore essential to design a piezoelectric generator

that resonates in the frequency range of 10 Hz to 30 Hz,
where 80% of energy vibration is available.
Clay track Cycle track
5. Beam-type piezoelectric transducer
In a simplified approach, the considered structure is a
The measured vibration levels remain relatively low rigid mass M bonded on a spring K corresponding to the
since 10 ms-2 is reached almost only in the extreme case stiffness of the mechanical structure, on a damper D
of riding on paved runway. Therefore, transducers rigid corresponding to the mechanical losses of the structure,
type or massive rigid plates are not suitable for the and on a piezoelectric disk corresponding to the bonded
bicycle application. At the handlebar, we have installed a piezoelectric elements. The mass displacement is u, I and
beam type piezoelectric generator which consists of a V are the outgoing current and the voltage on the
metal flexible beam upon which has been stuck a flexible piezoelectric layer that is connected on the energy
piezoelectric materials (Figure 9 and 10), MFC type harvesting device.
"Micro Fibre Composite" with a good flexibility and The piezoelectric equations link the mechanical variable
whose mechanical lifetime may reach several million (u, FP) and the electric ones (I,V) is given by the
cycles. Even with low levels of vibration, such a simplified set of relations (1).
transducer may be deformed considerably. Let us recall  FP = K P u + αV
 (3)
 I = αu& − CV
that the more the piezoelectric element is deformed or &
bent, the more electrical energy is produced.
KP is the stiffness of the piezoelectric layer when it is
MFC short-circuited; C is its clamped capacitance and α is a
m force factor. It can be shown that the movement u(t) of
the mass within the generator, for a given vibration of the
generator y(t), is described by the well-known
mechanical differential equation:
Embedding Metallic beam Mu&& + Du& + Ku + K P u + αV = − M&y& (4)
The external excitation displacement y(t) is considered as
Fig. 9. Metallic beam with piezoelctric element. purely sinusoidal with a frequency closed to the
resonance frequency of the structure.
MFC m For the sake of keeping this discussion simple, we
consider a purely resistive load directly connected to the
piezoelectric element. In this case, the voltage at the load
R is alternative. Considering the second piezoelectric
equation and the resistance load, the voltage on the
Metallic beam piezoelectric element can be expressed in the frequency
domain as a function of the displacement (5), where ω is
Fig. 10. Beam piezoelectric transducer using a MFC. the angular frequency.
αR
A proof mass m = 5.32 g has been added at the end of the V = jωu (5)
1 + jRCω
beam, to adjust its natural frequency at 12.5 Hz, and to
amplify mechanically the deformation of the Expression (6) linking voltage V and displacement y is
piezoelectric element. The following paragraph discuss obtained using (4) written in the frequency domain and
about such transducer modelling. (5).
V jMαRω 3
= (6)
6. Piezoelectric beam modelling y (− Mω 2 + jDω + K + K P )(1 + jRCω ) + jα 2 Rω
At the resonance of the structures with low viscous
The electrical behaviour of a vibrating piezoelectric losses, the expression (6) can be simplified and leads to
transducer can be modelled. If the considered generator is (7):
excited around its resonance frequency and in the case of
V MαRω 2
a little displacement for witch the movement remains = 2 (7)
linear, the structure with piezoelectric elements can be y α R + D + jRCDω
modelled by a mass + piezo + spring + damper as the one Starting from (7), the harvested power can be expressed
shown in figure 11. as a function of displacement y and load resistance R (8).
u(t)
VV * y 2 M 2α 2 Rω 4
P= = (8)
M 2R


( )
2  α 2 R + D 2 + (RCDω )2 


I For weakly electromechanically coupled structure, the
K
D variable α is close to zero, which leads to a simplified
V expression of harvested power (8). In this case the
harvested power reaches a maximum Pmax for an optimal
y(t) load Ropt.
y 2 M 2α 2 Rω 4
P=
( )
2 1 + (RCω )2 D 2
(9)

Fig. 11. Equivalent model of a vibrating piezoelectric structure

1 y 2 M 2ω 2α 2 We have measured the electric power that can produce
Ropt = and Pmax = (10) the piezoelectric generator designed. An experiment with
Cω 4D 2C a shaker, which simulates purely sinusoidal vibrations at
In the case of a transducer vibrating out of its own 12.5 Hz and 0.5 g or 5 ms-2, has produced 3.5 mW power
mechanical resonance, the maximum harvested power is if an optimal resistance of 100 kΩ is connected directly
also obtained for the same optimal load Ropt. to the generator output (see Figure 13). Such power is
We can considered that the applied force at the centre of enough to power a LED lamp.
the diaphragm is F = Myω 2 . Expression (9) can be
rewritten:
F2 α 2R
P=
( )
2 1 + (RCω )2 D 2
(11)

We confronted the theoretical results to the experimental

ones. To achieve this, we have measured the electrical
power recovered through the transducer mentioned
above. The experiment was carried out using a shaker
that simulates the vibrations of the bike at 12.5 Hz
frequency. The vibration test was purely sinusoidal which
is 0.5 g or 5 m/s-2 amplitude.

A. Theorical and experimental powers comparison

Fig. 13. Experimental and theorical powers produced versus
resitive loads, acceleration 5ms-2 and frequency 12,5Hz with
The characterization of the transducer on a bike traveling M = 7g, α = 0.00047 N/V and D = 0.0419Nm-1s-1
outside is feasible but not practical because not
reproducible (irregular velocity, random profile runway). B. Experimental results on the bike
This characterisation requires the testing of different load
values, for example, a series of resistance and measuring We then mounted on the handlebar of the bicycle
for each of them the voltage produced in order to deduce experimental piezoelectric generator supplying a lamp,
the corresponding power. Therefore, we have carried out which consists of a high brightness LED (Figure 14)
the characterization differently: inside and on test bench, associated with an electronic circuit that permit to have
see figure 12. The frequency was set 12.5Hz either a continuous lighting or flashing lighting.
corresponding to the frequency of the bike. The source of
vibration is simulated by a shaker. The frequency and
amplitude of vibration are selected to be close to that
characteristic of the bike (at the frequency where there is Static converter
maximum acceleration). This frequency is about 12.5 Hz
by reference to the frequency band defined above.
Without use of electronic converter, a resistive load is PZT
directly connected to the electrodes of the active material.
Figure 13 tells us about the power level according to the Storage
resistive load experimental and theoretical. LED Lamp

Fig. 14. Bike LED lamp supply using piezoelectric material

Piezoelectric generator
and electronic converter

LED-Lamp

Fig. 12. Experimental set up

The power provided to the resistive load R is given by

Fig. 15. Piezoelectric generator installed on the handlebar of a
P=V2eff/R where Veff the RMS voltage measured between bicycle to power a lamp.
the two electrodes of piezoelectric material.
Experiences reveal that on smooth track, such as a not an extra energy dragged from the cyclist, reliable
bicycle path, the light produced is lower than that because doesn't suffer from the weather (if placed in a
obtained on uneven surface tracks, such as a paved waterproof box). Unlike the classic sidewall dynamo that
runway. Those statements show at one side that the slips when there is rain or snow.
vibrations of the bicycle on uneven surface tracks are
vastly superior to those obtained on a cycle track and at TABLE II. – Dynamos performances comparison
the other side that piezoelectric generator is a clean
power source that could be an alternative to dynamo and Type Bottle Hub Roller Piezoelectric
improve battery lifetime. dynamo dynamo dynamo
Model B&M Shimano Union- MFC
Dymotec DH- Basta 2814P2
7. Price and efficiency of the proposed 6 3N71 8601 based
generator, compared with a dynamo Efficiency 40% 53% <30% <10%
Price 36€ 60€ 50€ Not
Dynamo collects a small part of the mechanical energy approx. Assigned
provided by the cyclist to convert it into electricity. Speed 10km/h 10km/h 10km/h 10km/h
Normally, with dynamo, one never needs to worry about average
changing or recharging the batteries. Nevertheless, it Voltage 6V 6V 6V 6V
often breaks down, or causes a rolling resistance Power 3W 3W 3W <3.5mW
Weight 180g 680g 215g 50g>
excessive. But as everything is a matter of quality and
Drag 7.5W 5.6W 10W< 35mW<
price: it is true that the standard dynamos installed on estimated
new bike are often of poor quality, there are also some
very good products [5]. There are three types of dynamo:
The last ten years have seen the birth of many new types
of piezoelectric materials or transducers (MFC, PFC,
- The most popular type is the sidewall-running bottle LIPCA, and THUNDER), each one more performing
dynamo, it runs on the side of the tire, costs inexpensive, than others. Knowing the numerous patents or
starting from € 5. Their major drawback is to slip under
publications on their evolution and their mass production
the rain, unless to take a top model, for example Dymotec
consequently lower prices, it is tempting to believe that if
S6 of Busch and Müller, which can be fitted with a wire
optimized geometrically a piezoelectric generator
brush roller "guaranteed" anti-slippage. Standard
associated with a well suited electronic, is likely able to
dynamos present low efficiency of about 20%. So for a produce the 3 Watts standard required for the lighting
cyclist who provides on average 100W power, 20% system of a bicycle, with all the benefits that it provides.
efficiency means that 15W is taken from the cyclist to
run the dynamo.
- The "bottom bracket" models mount just behind the 8. Conclusion
crankset and run on the centre of the rear tire. Their
largest area drive limit slipping and their performances We have designed a piezoelectric generator and installed
are often higher. There is currently a model manufactured it on a bicycle handlebar; the first experiments we have
by Basta, 50 euros. One disadvantage: they are very conducted have shown that the few mW that produced
vulnerable to projections of mud and water, and must the piezoelectric generator is able to power LED-lamp.
therefore be strong for any challenge. Under ideal conditions such as pure sinusoidal vibrations
- The "hub dynamo" models are contained within the hub at 5 ms-2 and 12.5 Hz, the power harvestable measured
of the front wheel, and produce the least drag, but require achieved 3.5 mW for an optimal resistive load of 100 kΩ,
change or rebuilding of the front wheel, and are the most power that is sufficient to recharge a battery, or to power
expensive to purchase. Hub generators have some low consumption devices.
residual drag even when the lights are off, since the
generator is always running. Their performance is References
exceptional, they never break down. By way of
comparison: if in general sidewall dynamos have 20% [1] U. K. Singh and R. H. Middleton, "Piezoelectric power
efficiency, the same kind but more expensive can reach scavenging of mechanical vibration energy", Australian
Mining Technology Conference, 2-4 October (2007), pages
40% to 70%; "bottom bracket" dynamos efficiency 111-118.
generally range from 50% to 70 %, and that of hub [2] Roundy S., Wright P. K. and Rabaye J., "A. study of low-
dynamos up to 90%. level vibrations as a power source for wireless sensor
nodes", Computer Communications 26 (2003) 1131–1144.
Table II compares some classical dynamos to [3] Steven R. Anton and Henry A. Sodano, A review of power
piezoelectric generator. It must be noticed that this study harvesting using piezoelectric materials (2003-2006),
is a prospective, thus, the generator that we have Smart Materials and Structures 16 (2007) R1–R21.
developed exhibits poor performance and is far from a [4] Y. C. Shu and I. C. Lien, "Analysis of power output for
marketable prototype. It is interesting to notice today that piezoelectric energy harvesting systems", Smart Materials
and Structures 15 (2006), pages 1499-1512.
the benefits which can offer such a generator are for [5] Jan Heine and Andreas Oehler, Vintage Bicycle Press Vol.
instance light weight because less than 50g, no drag and 3, No. 4, 2005
no wear because there is no friction on the tire and the
mechanical energy recovered comes from the waste, but