Module 3

Section 2

Biodiversity
Objective:
- To describe the importance of biodiversity as a
source of different biological resources;
- To describe the genetic, species and ecosystem
biodiversities;
- Students can describe the types
of indirect values of biodiversity
i.e. option values and aesthetic values,
Objectives:
•Students can describe the
importance of biodiversity as Biodiversity
a source of different
biological resources.
• Can describe the adverse effects of resource
depletion on society and the measures to
mitigate them
Biological

Wealth
By pair
• Visit a garden.
• Observe the components of biodiversity that you
can find in the garden, and identify some of their benefits.
Use the table below.

Components of biodiversity Benefits (e.g. food, health

and medicine, energy)
1
2
3
4
5

Page 145
Biodiversity
Biological Wealth
The diversity of plant and animal species in the
world as a whole are the most essential units of
Earth’s life support systems.
The genes are
responsible for the
uniqueness of
every organisms. Crop breeders are aware of the value
of genetic diversity in producing crops that are
not only resistant to pests and diseases but
adaptable to harsh or changing environment
Variations among
organisms of the
same species

= genetic
biodiversity
Basmati rice
Mahogany family
kalantas Waling-waling

- usually measured in
terms of the total
number of species
found in a
particular area

Cebu Pitcher plant

species richness Flower-
pecker
Species richness is the number of species within a
community or area.
• Example: two plots of land
Plot A has 20 species of
plants.
Plot B has 80 species of • Factors:
plants. - Biotic interactions
Hence… - Abiotic: resource
Plot B has higher species availability, etc
richness.
Ecosystem diversity
-self sustaining
collection of
organisms and
habitat
Ex.
rivers, mangroves,
marine ecosystem, wetlands,
terrestrial biomes
Variety of different ecosystems in particular area
Differ in features such as physical
structure, temperature, water
availability, and food types.

Every ecosystem can be

characterized by its
own species composition.

Species composition is the identity

of all the different organisms that
make up a community.
African savannah

Ecological biodiversity

= network of different
species in an ecosystem
and
the interactions of
these species
- ecosystem benefits and services
Biodiversity
variety of life present in an ecosystem
Objectives:
• Students can • Students can
describe the direct differentiate between
and indirect values consumptive and
of biodiversity. productive uses of
biodiversity.

• Students can describe the types

of indirect values of biodiversity
i.e. social & cultural values, option values
ethical values, and aesthetic values.
SW
•Create a
bubble map
for your Ecosystem
personal benefits
& services
experiences
of ecological
benefits and
services.
Submission Via Schoology
SW

•Create a
bubble map Ecosystem
for your benefits
& services
personal
experiences
of ecological
services
Humankind benefits from a multitude of resources
and processes that are supplied by natural ecosystems.
Direct values

The direct value include

food resources like
grains, vegetables, fruits
which are obtained from
plant resources and
meat, fish, egg, milk and
milk products from
animal resources.
Direct values

The direct value include

food resources like
grains, vegetables, fruits
which are obtained from
plant resources and
meat, fish, egg, milk and
milk products from
animal resources.
Direct values

These also include

other values like
medicine, fuel,
timber, fiber, wool,
wax, resin, rubber,
silk and decorative
items.
Consumptive use value:
The direct values • These are the direct use
are of two types: values where the
biodiversity products can
1. Consumptive use be harvested and
value consumed directly.
2. Productive use
value Example:
Food, fuel and drugs.
Humans use at least 40,000
species of plants and animals
on a daily basis.
2. Fish:
Food Through the development
of aquaculture techniques,
1. Plants: fish and fish products have
The most fundamental value become the largest source
of biological resources of protein in the world.
particularly plants is
providing food.
Basically three crops i.e.
wheat, corn and rice
constitute more than two
third of the food requirement
all over the world.
Fuel
Since ages forests have
provided wood which is used
as a fuel.

Fossil fuels like coal,

petroleum, natural gas are
also product of biodiversity
which are directly consumed
by humans.
• Increasing demands for
food, fiber, and fuel virtually
assure that society will face
growing challenges for how
to meet those demands
while minimizing
unintended environmental
and human health impacts.

https://www.fnp.ae/blog/top-7-adverse-effects-of-rising-population
Drugs and medicines Ayurveda medicine
emphasizes good health &
prevention and treatment
The traditional medical of illness through lifestyle
practice like ayurveda utilizes practices (i.e. massage,
plants or their extracts meditation, yoga, and
directly. dietary changes) and the
use of herbal remedies.
Ayurveda medicine emphasizes good health &
prevention and treatment of illness through lifestyle
practices and the use of herbal remedies.
SSBP
assignment
Drugs and medicines Allelopathy refers to the
beneficial or harmful
In allelopathy, the effects of one plant on
pharmaceutical industry is another plant, from the
much more dependent on releases of allelochemicals,
natural products. from plant parts by
residual decomposition,
and root exudation.
Management of plant allelopathy
Allelopathic application:
Straw mulching provides
Rice straw mulching sustainable weed
management.

http://www.liverice.com/cultivation/2015/12/
8/rice-straw-mulching

Mulching is the process of covering

the topsoil with plant material
such as leaves, grass, twigs, STRAW = stalks and other residues
crop residues, straw etc. left after harvest of a mature grain
• The allelochemicals from
decomposed straw can
suppress weed growth in
farmlands and reduce the
incidence of pests and
diseases.

 reduce evaporative
losses of soil moisture Rice straw mulching in eggplant
while allowing rainfall and potato
to reach the soil… https://eorganic.org/node/4871
Drugs and medicines

(i) Quinine: The famous

anti malaria drug is
obtained from cinchona
tree.

(ii) Penicillin: A famous

antibiotic is derived from
penicillium (fungus).
(iii) Tetracycline:
It is obtained from a
bacterium.

(iv) Vinblastin and

vincristine (anti cancer
drugs) have been obtained
from catharanthus plant
which has anti cancer
alkaloids.
Productive use values
• These are the direct use values
where the product is
commercially sold in national
and international market.
• Many industries are
dependent upon these
values.
Example-
• Textile, leather, silk, paper and
pulp industry etc.
Productive use values
• These are the direct use values
where the product is
commercially sold in national
and international market.
• Many industries are dependent
upon these values.
Example-
• Textile, leather, silk, paper and
rubber industry etc.
Uses of textile and paper…

Example-
Textile, leather, silk, paper
and rubber industry etc.
Productive use values Keystone species
critical importance to the
• Although there is an health and stability of the
marine ecosystem
international ban on trade of
keystone species
products from endangered
species like tusks of
elephants, wool from sheep,
fur of many animals etc.
• These are traded in market
and fetch a booming
sea otter
business.
Its fur
- use for winter clothing
How do sea otters benefit humans?

• Otters maintains
the healthy kelp
forests, by
controlling sea
urchins populations
which feed upon
kelp.

https://www.seaotters.com/2013/05/why-are-sea-
otters-important-no-sea-otters-no-kelp-forests/
How do sea otters benefit humans?

• Otters help to protect habitat

for many other species
including fish, birds and other
marine mammals.
• Indirectly help to reduce levels of
atmospheric carbon dioxide
• Their predators: killer whales,
white sharks, sea lions, eagles
Sea otters
critical importance to the health and stability of the marine ecosystem
therefore, they are known as KEYSTONE SPECIES
e
sw
•How humans become a problem, and a solution
to biodiversity loss?
Objectives:
• Students can describe the • Students can differentiate
direct values of between consumptive and
biodiversity. productive uses of
biodiversity.

• Students can describe the types

of indirect values of biodiversity
i.e. option values and aesthetic values,
social and cultural values, ethical values,
and environmental service values.
Indirect values

• Biodiversity provides indirect benefits to human

beings which support the existence of biological
life and other benefits which are difficult to
quantify.
• These include social and cultural values, ethical
values, aesthetic values, option values and
environment service values.
Social and cultural value Human cultures co-evolve
with their environment, and
therefore the conservation
of biological diversity can
Symbol of grace, also be important for
pride, and beauty cultural identity.

Symbol of life,
fertility, beauty
Symbol of power, fierceness
Social and cultural value
Symbol
of life,
• In Indian society great cultural value fertility,
beauty
is given to forest and as such tiger,
peacock and lotus are named as the
national animal, bird and flower
respectively.

Symbol of grace,
pride, and beauty
Symbol of power, fierceness
Tulsi or holy Basil
Social and cultural value

Trees like Peepal, Banyan and

Tulsi are still worshipped.
Ladies offering water to Tulsi
daily is considered good and
there are festivals when ladies
tie sacred threads around
Peepal and Banyan trees and
pray for the welfare of their
families.
Peepal tree
Banyan tree
Symbol
of
bravery,
strength

Symbol of
perseverance,
hard work
Symbol of
love,
purity
Ethical values

• These values are related to conservation of

biodiversity where ethical issue of “all life forms must
be preserved” is laid down.
• There is an existence value which is attached to each
species because biodiversity is valuable for the
survival of human race.
• Moreover all species have a moral right to exist
independent of our need for them.
Ethical values

• The presence of a
wide range of living
organisms reminds
people that they are
but one
interdependent part
of Earth.
Ethical values
lily

 It is based on the
principle
of ‘live and let others live’.
sampaguita
Morality and ethics teach
us to preserve all forms of
life and not to harm any
organism unnecessarily.
Ethical values
Some people take pleasure
in the hunting of animals.
Trophy hunting is
hunting of wild game for https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-
affairs/story/killing-animals-as-trophy-shocking-facts-about-

human recreation. trophy-hunting-1375145-2018-10-25

The most expensive species to hunt are

The trophy is the animal or
part of the animal kept, and known as the Big Five: the lion, elephant,
usually displayed, to leopard, rhinoceros (both black & white)
represent the success of the and Cape buffalo.
hunt.
• People also sometimes
degrade and pollute the
environment by their
unethical actions.
• Through proper
education and
awareness, the people’s
conscience against such Generally, only parts of the animal are kept as
practices must be raised. trophies (usually the head, skin, horns or
antlers) and the carcass itself is used for food or
donated to the local community.

The practice is unethical. cruel, harmful and unsustainable.

Aesthetic value
• There is a great aesthetic
value which is attached to
biodiversity.
• Natural landscapes at
undisturbed places are a
delight to watch and also
provide opportunities for
recreational activities like The entire bird sanctuary is covered by
bird watching, bamboo trees (Baras, Tacurong City)
photography etc.
Aesthetic value
• Natural landscapes at
undisturbed places are a
delight to watch and also
provide opportunities for
recreational activities like
bird watching,
photography etc.
Aesthetic value
• There is a great aesthetic
value which is attached to
biodiversity.
• Natural landscapes at
undisturbed places are a
delight to watch and also
provide opportunities for
recreational activities like
bird watching, Compostela Valley

photography etc.
Aesthetic value
• It promotes eco-
tourism which further
generates revenue by
designing of zoological,
botanical gardens,
national parks, wild life
conservation etc.
Aesthetic value
• The aesthetic values of
our natural ecosystems
and landscapes
contribute to the
emotional and spiritual
well being of a highly
urbanized population.
Aesthetic
Value

Biodiversity is
responsible
for the beauty
of a landscape.

Quiz on Monday March 2 for 530….until this slide

Aesthetic value
• Biodiversity is
responsible for the
beauty of a landscape
Option values:
• These values include the • Potential sources of
unexplored or unknown new foods,
potentials of biodiversity. medicines, and
energy which can
further fuel
economic activity, as
well as a healthier
population.

Algae can also be a sustainable source for a range of higher-value products

from foods to specialty feeds to chemicals
—even cosmetics and pharmaceuticals
https://www.openpr.com/news/1727691/algae-products-market-to-offer-significant-growth-opportunities-to-food
-industry-here-are-the-top-10-comapnies-who-leading-the-algae-products-market.html
Phytochemical screening of plants:
to identify the phytochemicals, and
to determine potential medicinal properties

believed to protect cells from damage

Anthocyanins, lycopene, carotenoids,

caffeine, saponins, alkaloid, tannins
Environment service values:
The most important benefit of biodiversity is
maintenance of environment services.

(i) Carbon dioxide fixation (iii) Maintaining water cycle

through photosynthesis. and recharging of ground
water.
(ii) Maintaining of essential
nutrients by carbon (C), (iv) Soil formation and
oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), protection from erosion.
Sulphur (S), Phosphorus (P)
cycles.
Environment service values:***
The most important benefit of biodiversity is maintenance of
environment services.
(v) Regulating climate by (vii) Pollination of agricultural
recycling moisture into the crops, forest trees and native
atmosphere. flowering plants by native
insects, birds and other
creatures.
(vi) Detoxification and
decomposition of waste. (ix) Pest control in agricultural
land by beneficial native
predators.

Wetlands act as spawning and nursery grounds for some fish

and provide a refuge for animals in times of drought.
In
What can you do to conserve Philippines biodiversity?
11 Things You Can Do To Protect Biodiversity | The
Unfolding Earth
theunfoldingearth.com/10-things-you-can-do-to-protect-biodiversity/

How can we increase biodiversity?

5 Best Ways to Increase Biodiversity in Urban
Landscapes - Land8
https://land8.com/5-best-ways-to-increase-biodiversity-in-urban-
landscapes/
In
United Nations 2004 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA)

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