‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ‬

‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Modification of Compression Refrigeration Cycle‬‬
‫‪Performance‬‬

‫ﻝﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻨﺩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺜﺒـﺎﺕ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺸﻐل ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﻜﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺘﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﻌﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻁﺭﻕ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺨﺭﻭﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﺒﻊ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ) ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﻋﻤﻴـﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﻨـﻰ ﺒﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ .(Sub-cooling ,‬ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‬
‫ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺼﺎ" ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﻠﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻡ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ) ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .( Superheating ,‬ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ‬ ‫‪x =1‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ) ‪( Liquid suction heat exchanger‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ ﻴﻘـﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒﻌـﺔ ﻭﻫـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻤل ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻭﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺜﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺃﺨﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺸﻐل ﺸـﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ‬

‫‪٩٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ" ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﺜل ﺇﺴﺎﻝﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ) ﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ( ﺘﺘﺼل ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺃﺜﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝـﺫﻯ‬
‫ﻴﻤﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﻜﺜﻴﻔﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻯ ﺨﻠل ﻓﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﻠل ﻓﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﻓﻰ ﺸـﺭﺡ ﺍﻝﻁـﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ" ﻝﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫‪Fig. 3-1 Effect of evaporating temperature.‬‬

‫‪٩٣‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻫﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل‬
‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘل ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺘﻪ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺩﺍﺭﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻁﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺴﻴﺊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺼـﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪ (١-٣‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴـﺭ ﻝـﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻴﻘل ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻜﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫)‪(Refrigeration Capacity‬‬

‫ﺒﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ ﻤـﻥ ‪ T1‬ﺇﻝـﻰ \‪ T1‬ﺜـﻡ ﺇﻝـﻰ \\‪ T1‬ﻨﺠـﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘــــﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ) ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ (ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻴﻘل ‪.‬‬

‫\ \ ‪R.E1 = i1 − i4 , R.E1\ = i1\ − i4\ , R.E1\ \ = i1\ \ − i4‬‬

‫‪R.E1‬‬ ‫>‬ ‫\‪R.E1‬‬ ‫>‬ ‫\ \‪R.E1‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﺨـﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁـﺏ‬
‫)ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ‪+‬ﺴﺎﺌل( ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﻨﻕ ) ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ( ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﻀﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪٩٤‬‬
‫\\‪x 4 < x 4\ < x 4‬‬

‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻰ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻫﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻡ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻴﻘل ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻨﻘﺼـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﺒـﻊ‬
‫ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺇﻨﻪ ﺒﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻴـﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫↓ ‪Te‬‬ ‫↑ ‪R. E ↓ m& ↓ m& / T . R‬‬ ‫↓ ‪R. C ↓ C. O. P‬‬

‫‪٩٥‬‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫)‪(Compressor Power‬‬

‫ﺒﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪ ، (١-٣‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺸﺭﺤﻪ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﺘﻨـﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻝﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺜﺒﺘـﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨـﺎﻗﺹ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨـﻪ ﺘﻨـﺎﻗﺹ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﻤل ﺒﺤﻤـل ﺃﻀﺎﻓﻰ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺯﻴـــــــــﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺭﻓـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ) ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ( ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﺒﺱ ﻭﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺼـﻴل‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤـﺩﺓ ﻁـﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﺘﺘﺯﺍﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪.‬‬

‫↓ ‪Te‬‬ ‫↓ ‪R. C‬‬ ‫↓ ‪Power‬‬ ‫↑ ‪Power / T . R‬‬

‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻁﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺤﻔﻅ ﻭﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻁﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫‪٩٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ) ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ (‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻬﻡ ﻝﻜﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺔ ) ﺜﻤـﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻜﻠﻔـﺔ (‬
‫ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ ﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪(Piston Displacement‬‬

‫ﺒﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻠـﻭﺹ ﻝﻠﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨـﻭﻋﻰ ﻝﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ‪ ،‬ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺒﺄﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻝﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻭﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘـﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻡ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻴﺯﻴـﺩ ﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﻅ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺠـﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺒـﺎﻩ ﺃﻻ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻴﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻠﻑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﻴﺠـﺏ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﻌل ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل‪.‬‬

‫‪٩٧‬‬
‫↓ ‪Te ↓ η V‬‬ ‫↑ ‪P. D‬‬

‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ‬

‫)‪(Temperature Discharge‬‬

‫ﺒﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀـﺢ ﺒﺸـﻜل )‪ ، (١-٣‬ﻴﺯﻴـﺩ ﺸـﻐل ﺸـﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀـﺎ" ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻭﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻝﻪ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻭﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺴﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺯﻨﺔ‬
‫) ﺃﻯ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺤﻠل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ( ﻋﻨﺩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺤـﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺸـﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺃﻗل ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﻝﻭﺴـﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﺤﺘـﻰ‬

‫‪٩٨‬‬
‫ﻴﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻪ ﺍﻝﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ‪.١-٣‬‬

‫↑ ‪Te ↓ Td ↑ Qc‬‬

‫‪Table 3-1 Critical conditions of common refrigerants‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫‪0.068 bar‬‬ ‫‪1.01bar‬‬ ‫‪38 o C‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪bar‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪bar‬‬
‫‪114.24‬‬ ‫‪133‬‬ ‫‪-77.72‬‬ ‫‪-76.11‬‬ ‫‪-33.33‬‬ ‫‪14.609‬‬ ‫‪NH3‬‬
‫‪40.125‬‬ ‫‪111.5‬‬ ‫‪-157.78‬‬ ‫‪-77.78‬‬ ‫‪-29.78‬‬ ‫‪9.094‬‬ ‫‪R - 12‬‬
‫‪38.698‬‬ ‫‪28.83‬‬ ‫‪-182.22‬‬ ‫‪-120‬‬ ‫‪-81.39‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪R - 13‬‬
‫‪37.395‬‬ ‫‪-45.5‬‬ ‫‪-191.11‬‬ ‫‪-156.67‬‬ ‫‪-172.89‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪R - 14‬‬
‫‪49.364‬‬ ‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪-160‬‬ ‫‪-85.56‬‬ ‫‪-40.78‬‬ ‫‪14.657‬‬ ‫‪R - 22‬‬

‫‪o‬‬
‫‪ 133‬ﻓﻬﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﻫﻰ ‪C‬‬
‫ﻤﺘﺯﻨﺔ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎ" ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗـل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﺫ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺃﻯ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﻝﻭﺴـﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻤل ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﻋﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬

‫‪٩٩‬‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀـﺢ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل‬
‫)‪ ، (٢-٣‬ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴــــﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ" ﺒﻭﺴـﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪R – 22, R – 12‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪Fig.3-2 Variation of compressor discharge temperature with‬‬

‫‪evaporating temperature for various refrigerants.‬‬

‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻤﻊ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺍﺕ ﺘـﺅﺜﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻝﻪ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ" ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ" ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ" ﺒﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﺴـﻭﺍﺀ" ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‬

‫‪١٠٠‬‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٣-٣‬ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺸـﻐل‬
‫ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﺸـﻜل‬
‫)‪، (٣ -٣‬ﻭ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻴﻘل ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻭﺴـﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﻭﻴﺯﻴـﺩ ﺍﻝﺸـﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺍ" ﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺘﻘل ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻡ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻩ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺯﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻘل ﺒﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ‪.‬‬

‫‪Fig. 3-3 Effect of condensing temperature.‬‬

‫↓ ‪Tc ↑ R.E ↓ Power ↑ T .R / Power ↓ C.O.P‬‬

‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴـﻑ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝـﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻴـــﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻡ ﻝﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴـﺭ ﻴﺯﻴـﺩ ﺍﻝﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬

‫‪١٠١‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﻘﻠل ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ‪ ،‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻴﻘﻠل ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺸـﻐل ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﻘل‪ .‬ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻝﻜل‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﺒﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ‪ .‬ﻷﻥ ﺃﻯ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻼﺯﻤﺎ" ﻝﻪ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴـﻑ ﺘﻘـل ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﺠﺯﺀ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻹﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻏـﺎﺯ ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪١-٣‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ R-12‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ‪37 o‬‬
‫‪ C‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ‪ ،-8 o C‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺨـﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪، 90 %‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ‪. R.E ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪. C = 4 %‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ - ٥‬ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬ ‫‪ - ٤‬ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ - ٦‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﻀﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ‪ -18, -28 o C‬ﺴﺠل ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﻰ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺘﺒﻌـﺎ" ﻝﻠﻤﻁﺎﻝـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٠٢‬‬
o
‫ ﺜﻡ‬.‫ ﺴﺠل ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﻰ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺘﺒﻌﺎ" ﻝﻠﻤﻁﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬47 C ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
.‫ﻋﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺤﺼﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬

Data: R - 12, Te = 265 K, Tc = 310 K,

ηm = 90 %, C = 4 %

Required: 1- Refrigerating effect, R.E.

2- Refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/min.

3- Piston displacement, P.D.
4- Work done. 5- Power. 6- C.O.P.

Solution:

From P - i chart of R - 12,

١٠٣
Te = 265 K Tc = 310 K pc = 9 bar
i1 = 568 kJ/kg ρ1 = 14 kg/m3 p1 = 2.4 bar
i2 = 592 “
i3 = i4 = 455 “

Te = 255 K
i1\ = 564 kJ/kg ρ1\ = 9.9 kg/m3 p1\ = 1.6 bar
i2\ = 596 “

Te = 245 K
i1\\ = 558 kJ/kg ρ1\\ = 6.6 kg/m3 p1\\ = 1.1 bar
i2\\ = 600 “

First evaporating temperature, Te = 265 K

R.E = i1 - i4 = 568-455 = 113 kJ/kg

١٠٤
R.C = m& × (i1 − i4 )
1 × 3. 5
m& = = 0.03097 kg / s = 1.8584 kg / min
113
1 1
p  k
 9  1.13
ηV = 1 + C − C  d  = 1 + 0.04 − 0.04 ×   = 91.12 %
p
 s  2 .4 
m& 1.8584
P.D = = = 0.14568 m 3 / min
ηV × ρ s 0.9112 × 14
W .D = i2 − i1 = 592 − 568 = 24 kJ / kg
m& × W .D 0.03097 × 24
Power = = = 0.826 kW
ηm 0. 9
R.C 1× 3.5
C.O.P = = = 4.238
power 0.826

‫ ﺜﻡ ﻨﺴـﺠل ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﻰ ﺠﺩﻭل‬255, 245 K ‫ﺜﻡ ﻨﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‬
:‫ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻰ‬

Tc = 310 K, s = c, R.C = 1 T.R

Te , K 265 255 245
R.E, kJ/kg 113 109 103
m& , kg/min 1.8584 1.9266 2.0388

١٠٥
‫‪ηV ,‬‬ ‫‪%‬‬ ‫‪91.12‬‬ ‫‪85.55‬‬ ‫‪78.30‬‬
‫‪P.D , m3/min‬‬ ‫‪0.1457‬‬ ‫‪0.2275‬‬ ‫‪0.3945‬‬
‫‪W.D , kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬
‫‪Power, kW‬‬ ‫‪0.826‬‬ ‫‪1.142‬‬ ‫‪1.586‬‬
‫‪C.O.P‬‬ ‫‪4.238‬‬ ‫‪3.066‬‬ ‫‪2.207‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ‪ 265 K‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ‬
‫‪ 310 K‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ‪ ،320 K‬ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ p - i‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪From P - i chart of R - 12,‬‬

‫‪Te = 265 K‬‬ ‫‪Tc = 310 K‬‬ ‫‪pc = 9 bar‬‬
‫‪i1 = 568 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪ρ1 = 14 kg/m3‬‬ ‫‪p1 = 2.4 bar‬‬
‫‪i2 = 592‬‬ ‫“‬
‫‪i3 = i4 = 455‬‬ ‫“‬

‫‪١٠٦‬‬
‫‪Te = 265 K‬‬ ‫‪Tc = 320 K‬‬ ‫‪pc = 12 bar‬‬
‫‪i2\ = 596‬‬ ‫‪kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪i3\ = i4\ = 467‬‬ ‫“‬

‫ﻨﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻭﻨﺴﺠل ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﻰ ﺠـﺩﻭل‬
‫ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Te = 265 K, s = c, R.C = 1 T.R‬‬

‫‪Tc ,‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪310‬‬ ‫‪320‬‬
‫‪R.E,‬‬ ‫‪kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪113‬‬ ‫‪101‬‬
‫‪m& ,‬‬ ‫‪kg/min‬‬ ‫‪1.8584‬‬ ‫‪2.0792‬‬
‫‪ηV ,‬‬ ‫‪%‬‬ ‫‪91.12‬‬ ‫‪87.38‬‬
‫‪P.D , m3/min‬‬ ‫‪0.1457‬‬ ‫‪0.1699‬‬
‫‪W.D , kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪Power , kW‬‬ ‫‪0.826‬‬ ‫‪1.078‬‬
‫‪C.O.P‬‬ ‫‪4.238‬‬ ‫‪3.247‬‬

‫ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻌﻠﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪١٠٧‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻨﻌﺒﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﺎﺯﺍ" ﻋﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ ﻭﻤﺭﻁﺒﺔ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨــﺭ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺴﺩﺩ ﻜﻠﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺠﺯﺌﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻔﺎﻑ ‪ X‬ﻓﻰ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ )ﺍﻝﺨﻨﻕ(‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻜﻤﻴــﺔ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺒﺨـﻴـﺭ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻠل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻝﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴـﺭ ﺴـﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻨﺠــــﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺹ ﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻴﻀـﺎ"‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺇﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺤـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻴﺠﺏ ﻁﺭﺤﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻝـﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻪ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻜﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻨﻪ ﻁﺎﻝﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻴﺱ ﺒﻬـﺎ ﻤﺠﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺌل ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻹﻤﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﺴـﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﻤـل ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤــﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻅــل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘـﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬

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‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺯﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺩل‬
‫ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻭﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺹ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﻻ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺯﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜﻰ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠـﺎﺕ ﺇﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠـﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﻏـﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﻔـﻅ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻤﺤﻤﻼ" ﺒﺄﺤﻤﺎل ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺤـﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻠﻑ ﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻝﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴـﻑ ﻝﻠﻐـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺇﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺠﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻝﺼﻴﻑ ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻴﻘﻠل ﻤـﻥ ﻜﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻝﻤﺤﺭﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‬
‫ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﺘﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻭﺉ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨـﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻋﻤـل ﺩﺍﺌـﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻁـﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ) ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ( ﺃﻭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻜﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺘﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ) ‪( Sub-cooling‬‬

‫ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ) ‪ .( Sub-cooling‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ ﺇﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻭﺍﺯﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻭﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺠﻔـﺎﻑ ﺒﺤﺭﻜـﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﺴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺃﺴﻁﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻤﺒﻠﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻰ‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴـﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝـﺩﻭﻨﻰ ) ‪ ( Sub-cooler‬ﺘﺘﺼـل‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺃﻭﻻ" ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻤﻰ ) ‪( Sub-cooler‬‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ) ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻰ ( ﺘﺠﻌل ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ‬

‫‪١١٠‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﻘﻠل ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻨﺘﻘـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨـﺭ ﺘﻘـل‬
‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻴﺯﻴـﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻁﻔﻴﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺯﻯ‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻭﺍﺯﻯ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ .‬ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ) ‪ ( Sub-cooler‬ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻴﻜﻭﻨـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻭﺍﺯﻯ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻩ ﻭﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﻼﺤـﻅ ﺃﻴﻀـﺎ" ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴـﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻘـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻜﻜل ﻻ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ" ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ) ‪Sub-cooling‬‬
‫(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺠـﺎﻑ ﻤﺸـﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ) ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ‪ (1-2-3-4-1‬ﻭﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ) ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ‪ ( 1-2-3\-4\-1‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل )‪.(٤-٣‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (٤-٣‬ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫‪ R.E = i1 - i4‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ \‪ ، R.E = i1 - i4‬ﻭﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺘﺤﺴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ) ‪ ( Sub-cooling‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻯ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪١١١‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٤-٣‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻫﻰ ‪ 265 K‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻫﻰ ‪ 310 K‬ﻭﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻤﻴﻕ ) ‪ ( Sub-cooling‬ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ ،10 K‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭ ‪ ،R – 12‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻰ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Fig. 3-4 Effect of sub-cooling on the performance of refrigeration cycle.‬‬

‫‪From P - i chart of R - 12,‬‬

‫‪Te = 265 K‬‬ ‫‪Tc = 310 K‬‬ ‫‪pc = 9 bar‬‬
‫‪i1 = 568 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪ρ1 = 14 kg/m3‬‬ ‫‪p1 = 2.4 bar‬‬
‫‪i2 = 592‬‬ ‫“‬
‫‪i3 = i4 = 455‬‬ ‫“‬
‫‪i3\ = i4\ = 446‬‬ ‫“‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫‪١١٢‬‬
‫ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﻘل‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫‪R.E = i1 − i4 = 568 − 455 = 113‬‬ ‫‪kJ / kg‬‬

‫‪R.C 1× 3.5‬‬
‫= &‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.03097‬‬ ‫‪kg / s = 1.858‬‬ ‫‪kg / min‬‬
‫‪R.E‬‬ ‫‪113‬‬

‫‪Sub-cooling cycle:‬‬

‫‪R.E = i1 − i4 \ = 568 − 446 = 122‬‬ ‫‪kJ / kg‬‬

‫‪R.C 1× 3.5‬‬
‫= &‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.02869‬‬ ‫‪kg / s = 1.721 kg / min‬‬
‫‪R.E‬‬ ‫‪122‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (٤-٣‬ﺃﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻭﻫـﻰ‬
‫‪ 91.12 %‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪١١٣‬‬
‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫‪m& × v s‬‬ ‫&‪m‬‬ ‫‪1.858‬‬

‫= ‪P.D‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.14565‬‬ ‫‪m 3 / min‬‬
‫‪ηV‬‬ ‫‪ηV × ρ s 0.9112 × 14‬‬

‫‪Sub-cooling cycle:‬‬

‫‪m& × v s‬‬ ‫&‪m‬‬ ‫‪1.721‬‬

‫= ‪P.D‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.13491‬‬ ‫‪m 3 / min‬‬
‫‪ηV‬‬ ‫‪ηV × ρ s 0.9112 × 14‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٤-٣‬ﺃﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻰ ‪ 85 %‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪،‬‬

‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫) ‪m& × (i2 − i1‬‬ ‫)‪0.03097 × (592 − 568‬‬

‫= ‪Power‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.875‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪ηm‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬
‫‪Sub-cooling cycle:‬‬

‫‪١١٤‬‬
‫) ‪m& × (i2 − i1‬‬ ‫)‪0.02868(592 − 568‬‬
‫= ‪Power‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.809‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪ηm‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٤-٣‬ﺃﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﻭﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫‪i1 − i4 568 − 455‬‬

‫= ‪C. O. P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.708‬‬
‫‪i2 − i1 592 − 568‬‬
‫‪Sub-cooling cycle:‬‬

‫‪i1 − i 4 \ 568 − 446‬‬

‫= ‪C. O. P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 5.083‬‬
‫‪i 2 − i1 592 − 568‬‬

‫‪The percentage increase in C.O.P is:‬‬

‫‪١١٥‬‬
‫‪C.O.Pwith‬‬ ‫‪− C.O.Pwithout‬‬
‫= ‪Percent of increase‬‬
‫‪subcooling‬‬ ‫‪subcooling‬‬

‫‪C.O.Pwithout‬‬ ‫‪subcooling‬‬

‫‪5.083 − 4.708‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪× 100 = 7.97%‬‬
‫‪4.708‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ 10 o C‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ) ‪ ( Sub-cooling‬ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﻘل ﻤﻌﺩل‬
‫ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻘل ﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜـل ﻁـﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‬

‫‪Useful super-heating‬‬

‫‪Fig. 3-5 Effect of useful super-heating.‬‬

‫‪١١٦‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺠـﺎﻑ ﻤﺸـﺒﻊ ﻭﻴـﺩﺨل‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠـﻰ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺯﻝﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﺤﻴـﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﻬﺎ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﺘﺤﻤﻴـــﺹ ﻤﻔﻴـﺩ )‬
‫‪ ،(Useful super-heating‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (٥-٣‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻯ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٥-٣‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻫﻰ ‪ 265 K‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻫﻰ ‪ 310 K‬ﻭﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫‪15 K‬ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭ ‪ ،R – 12‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻫﻭ‪:‬‬

‫‪From P - i chart of R - 12,‬‬

‫‪Te = 265 K‬‬ ‫‪Tc = 310 K‬‬ ‫‪pc = 9 bar‬‬
‫‪i1 = 568 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪ρ1 = 14 kg/m3‬‬ ‫‪p1 = Pe = 2.4 bar‬‬
‫‪i2 = 592‬‬ ‫“‬ ‫‪T2 = 316 K‬‬
‫‪i3 = i4 = 455‬‬ ‫“‬
‫‪i1\ = 578‬‬ ‫“‬ ‫‪ρ1\ = 13 kg/m3‬‬
‫‪i2\ = 606‬‬ ‫“‬ ‫‪T2\ = 336 K‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜـل ﻁـﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫‪١١٧‬‬
‫ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻴﺯﻴـﺩ ﻭﻜـﺫﻝﻙ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻘل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫‪R.E = i1 − i4 = 568 − 455 = 113‬‬ ‫‪kJ / kg‬‬

‫‪R.C 1× 3.5‬‬
‫= &‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.03097‬‬ ‫‪kg / s = 1.858‬‬ ‫‪kg / min‬‬
‫‪R.E‬‬ ‫‪113‬‬

‫‪Super -heating cycle:‬‬

‫‪R.E = i1\ − i4 = 578 − 455 = 123‬‬ ‫‪kJ / kg‬‬

‫‪R.C 1× 3.5‬‬
‫= &‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.02846‬‬ ‫‪kg / s = 1.707 kg / min‬‬
‫‪R.E‬‬ ‫‪123‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٥-٣‬ﺃﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓـﻰ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴــﺏ ﻤـﻊ‬

‫‪١١٨‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻘل ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻫﻰ ‪ 91.12 %‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫‪m& × v s‬‬ ‫&‪m‬‬ ‫‪1.858‬‬

‫= ‪P.D‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.14565‬‬ ‫‪m 3 / min‬‬
‫‪ηV‬‬ ‫‪ηV × ρ s 0.9112 × 14‬‬

‫‪Super-heating cycle:‬‬

‫‪m& × v s‬‬ ‫&‪m‬‬ ‫‪1.707‬‬

‫= ‪P.D‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.1441‬‬ ‫‪m 3 / min‬‬
‫‪ηV‬‬ ‫‪ηV × ρ s 0.9112 × 13‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ‪ ٥-٣‬ﺃﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل‬
‫ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻝـﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻭﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﺸـﻐل ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻁـﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﺘـﺯﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻓـﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻰ ‪ 85 %‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫‪١١٩‬‬
‫‪W .D = i2 − i1 = 592 − 568 = 24 kJ / kg‬‬
‫)‪m& × (i2 − i1 ) 0.03097 × (592 − 568‬‬
‫= ‪Power‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.875‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪ηm‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬
‫‪Super-heating cycle:‬‬

‫‪W .D = i2\ − i1\ = 606 − 578 = 28 kJ / kg‬‬

‫)‪m& × (i2 \ − i1\ ) 0.02846 × (606 − 578‬‬
‫= ‪Power‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.937‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪ηm‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٥-٣‬ﺃﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻗـل‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻴﻘـل‬
‫ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ" ﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻴﺘﻨـﺎﻗﺹ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫‪i1 − i 4 568 − 455‬‬

‫= ‪C. O. P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.708‬‬
‫‪i 2 − i1 592 − 568‬‬
‫‪Super-heating cycle:‬‬

‫‪١٢٠‬‬
‫‪i1\ − i 4 578 − 455‬‬
‫= ‪C. O. P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.393‬‬
‫‪i2 \ − i1\ 606 − 578‬‬

‫‪The percentage decrease in C.O.P is:‬‬

‫‪4.708 − 4.393‬‬
‫= ‪Percent of decrease‬‬ ‫‪×100 = 6.69 %‬‬
‫‪4.708‬‬

‫‪o‬‬
‫‪ 15‬ﻓﻭﻕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪C‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﻘل ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜـل ﻁـﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﻘل ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٥-٣‬ﺃﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻝـﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻤﻌـﺩل ﻤـﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﻨﻅـﺭﺍ" ﻝﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴـﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝـﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺯﻴـﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪١٢١‬‬
‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫‪qc = i2 − i4 = 592 − 455 = 137 kJ / kg‬‬

‫‪Qc = m& × qc = 0.03097 ×137 = 4.243 kW‬‬
‫‪Super -heating cycle:‬‬

‫‪qc = i2\ − i4 = 606 − 455 = 151 kJ / kg‬‬

‫‪Qc = m& × qc = 0.02846 × 151 = 4.297 kW‬‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀـﺎ" ﻤﺴـﺎﺤﺔ ﺴـﻁﺢ ﺍﻨﺘﻘـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﺍﻝﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫‪Super-heating without useful cooling‬‬

‫ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠـﺎﻑ ﻤﺸـﺒﻊ ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺼـﻪ‬
‫)ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻨﻪ( ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻋﺯل ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻌﺎﺯل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺠﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻴﻅل ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻅــل ﺃﻴﻀـــﺎ" ﺜﺎﺒـﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤـل‬

‫‪١٢٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ‬
‫ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻗﺒـل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼـل ﺇﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺼﻭل ﺃﻯ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺒـﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻴﻌﻁـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﻭﺼـﻭل ﺒﻌـﺽ‬
‫ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﺯل ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺠﻴـﺩﺍ" ﺒﻌـﺎﺯل‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺭﻙ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻰ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺴﻡ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺩﺨﻭل ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺯل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺩﺨﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﺴﻭﺱ ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﻫل ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺜﻠﺞ ﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ‬

‫‪Liquid suction heat exchanger‬‬

‫ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ ﻫـﻭ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺒـﺎﺩل‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻴﻤﺘﺹ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﻁﺭﺩﻫـﺎ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺨـﻁ ﻏـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺤـﺏ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠــﺔ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺴـﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺒــــﺎﺩل ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﻯ )‬
‫‪ ( Subcooler - superheater exchanger‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪.(٦-٣‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٣-٦‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﻌﺎﻜﺱ ﻝﺩﺨﻭل ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﻯ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻏـﺎﺯ ﺨـﻁ‬

‫‪١٢٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴـﺤﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴـﺎﺌل ﻓﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Flow diagram‬‬ ‫‪P-i diagram‬‬

‫‪Fig. 3-6 Effect of liquid heat exchanger.‬‬

‫) ‪m& (i2 − i1 ) = m& (i4 − i5‬‬

‫‪i2 = (i4 − i5 ) + i1‬‬

‫‪where,‬‬

‫‪١٢٤‬‬
‫ﻷﻨﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ" ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ )‪Sub-‬‬
‫‪ ( cooling temperature‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺨﺭﻭﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺩل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٢-٣‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻌﺔ ‪70 T.R‬ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ‪ R-12‬ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪ ،-18‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨــﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ‪ 37 o C‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ‪C‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘـﻰ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ ‪ 10 o C‬ﻝﺴـﺎﺌل ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ ) ‪Sub-cooling‬‬
‫‪ ( temperature = 10 o C‬ﻓﻰ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻤﻊ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ‪.R.E ،‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪.C = 3 %‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪.78 %‬‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Data:‬‬ ‫‪R - 12, R.C = 70 T.R, Te = 255 K, Tc = 310 K‬‬

‫‪∆tsub = 10 o C , C = 3 %, ηm = 78 %‬‬

‫‪Required: 1- Refrigerating effect, R.E.‬‬

‫‪2- Refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/min.‬‬

‫‪3- Piston displacement, P.D.‬‬

‫‪١٢٥‬‬
4- Work done.
5- Power. 6- C.O.P .

Solution:

Flow diagram and p - i diagram as Fig. 3-6

From P - i chart of R - 12,

Te = 255 K Tc = 310 K pc = 9 bar

i1 = 564 kJ/kg p1 = p2 = 1.6 bar
i4 = 455 “
i5 = 445 “

Heat balance of liquid suction heat exchanger:

i2 - i1 = i4 - i5
i2 = ( i4 - i5 ) + i1 = (455-445)+564 = 574 kJ/kg
i3 = 609 kJ/kg
ρ2 = 9.1 kg/m3

Refrigerant mass flow rate:

١٢٦
R.E = i1 − i6 = 564 − 445 = 119 kJ / kg
R.C = m& × ( i1 − i6 )
70 × 3.5
m& = = 2.0588 kg / s
119
= 2.0588 × 60 = 123.5294 kg / min
1
 p k
ηV = 1 + C − C  d 
 ps 
1
 9  1.13
= 1 + 0.03 − 0.03 ×   = 89.17 %
 1 .6 

Piston displacement and compressor power:

m& 123.5294
P .D = = = 15.224 m 3 / min
ηV × ρ s 0.89166 × 9.1
W .D = i3 − i2 = 609 − 574 = 35 kJ / kg
m& × W .D 2.0588 × 35
Power = = = 92.383 kW
ηm 0.78
R.C 70 × 3.5
C .O.P = = = 2.652
power 92.383

(Multi-stage compression) ‫ﺍﻷﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل‬

١٢٧
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ" ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺃﻯ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺘﻤﺜـل ﻓـﻰ ﺘﻜﻠﻔـﺔ ﺍﻝﺸـﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻝﺭﻓﻊ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻏـﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻋﻤل ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘـﻡ ﺘﺨﻔـﻴﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻜﻠﻔـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﻐﻴل‬
‫ﻭﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜـﺎﻨﻴﻜﻰ ﻫـﻭ ﺍﻹﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﻌـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴل‬
‫ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﻝﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺘﻘﻠﻴـل‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺸــﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﻀــــﻐﺎﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴـﻕ ﺍﻹﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﻌـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﻌـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺫﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻨﻰ ) ‪ ( Inter-cooling‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺠﺩﺍ" ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎ" ﻓـﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺫﻭ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻰ‬

‫‪Two stages of compression with water inter-cooler‬‬

‫ﻝﻌﻤل ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻀﺎﻏﻁﻴﻥ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٧-٣‬ﻓﺎﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ‪ ٢‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻨﻰ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺎﺩﺘـﺎ"‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗل ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ‪ ٣‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ‪ ٤‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸـﻜل )‪(٧-٣‬‬
‫ﻝﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺘﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ ، \ ٢-١‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻹﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪W .D1− 2 \ = i2 \ − i1‬‬

‫‪١٢٨‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﻺﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻹﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ‬

‫) ‪W .D1− 2 + W .D3− 4 = (i2 − i1 ) + (i4 − i3‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﻘل ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ \ ‪ 2‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪. 4‬‬

‫‪Flow diagram of two stage compressions with water inter-‬‬

‫‪cooler.‬‬

‫‪P-i diagram.‬‬

‫‪١٢٩‬‬
‫‪Fig. 3-7 two stages of compression with water inter-cooling.‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٣-٣‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ‪ ، NH3‬ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻭﻀﺎﻏﻁﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ‪ ،‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ، 1 bar‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ، 15 bar‬ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺤﺘﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ‪ 4 bar‬ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ ،75 %‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ ﻭﺘـﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، 27 oC‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﺒﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ ، ،85 %‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻰ ‪ ، 125 T.R‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ١‬ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪.kW‬‬
‫‪ – ٣‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻨﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل ‪. 10 oC‬‬
‫‪ – ٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٣٠‬‬
.80 % ‫ﺜﻡ ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺇﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬

Data: NH3, Pe = 1 bar, Pc = 15 bar, PI = 4 bar, R.C = 125 T.R

S = c in two stages compression, T3 = 27+273 = 300 k .

ηm1 = 75 %, ηm2 = 85 %.

Required: 1 – Power, kW.

2 – Qc.
3 – water flow rate in water inter-cooler and
condenser.
4 – C.O.P.

Solution.

،P-i diagram ، (٧-٣) ‫ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓـﻰ ﺸـﻜل‬
:‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ‬

Two stages of compression:

i1 = 475 kJ/kg T1 = Te = -34 oC.

i2 = 680 “ T2 = 60 oC.
i3 = 610 “ T3 = 27 oC.

١٣١
i4 = 762 “ T4 = 127 oC.
i5 = i6 = -570 “ Tc = 37 oC.

Refrigerant mass flow rate:

R.C 125 × 3.5

m& = = = 0.4187 kg / s
i1 − i6 475 − (−570)

Compressor power:

‫ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬
.‫ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ‬

Power = Power1−2 + Power3−4

& × (i2 − i1 ) m& × (i4 − i3 )
Qc = m& ×=(im
4 − i5 ) = 0.+ 4187 × (762 − ( −570 ))
η 1 ηm 2
= 557.708 mkW
 680 − 475 762 − 610 
= 0.4187
Qc ×  557.708+ 
m& w.c =  =0.75 0=.85 
13.342 kg / s
C pw (t w.i − t w .o ) 4.18 × 10
= 189.318 kW
m& (i2 − i3 )
m& w.int =
C pw (t w.i − t w.o )
0.4187 × (680 − 610 )
= = 0.701 kg / s
4.18 × 10
Condenser thermal load:

١٣٢
Coefficient of performance and relative efficiency:

R.C 125 × 3.5

C.O.P = = = 2.311
Power 189.318
TL 239
C.O.Pcar = = = 3.366
TH − TL 310 − 239
C.O.P 2.311
ηR = = = 68.65 %
C.O.Pcar 3.366

‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻨﻘﻁـﺔ‬80 % ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
: \٢ ‫ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻰ‬

One stage of compression:

i2\ = 900 kJ/kg

Compressor power:
Power = Power1−2\
m& × (i2\ − i1 )
=
ηm
 900 − 475 
= 0.4187 ×   = 222.434 kW
 0 . 8 

١٣٣
Condenser thermal load:

Qc = m& × (i2\ − i5 ) = 0.4187 × (900 − ( −570 ))

= 615.489 kW
Qc
m& w.c =
C pw (t w .i − t w.o )
615.489
= = 14.721 kg / s
4.18 × 10

Coefficient of performance and relative efficiency:

R.C 125 × 3.5

C.O.P = = = 1.967
Power 222.434
C.O.P 1.967
ηR = = = 58.43 %
C.O.Pcar 3.366
:‫ﻭﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺠﺩﻭل ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ‬
with inter-cooler Without inter-cooler
Power, kW 189.318 222.434
Td, oC 127 177
Qc, kW 557.708 615.489
C.O.P 2.311 1.967
ηR 68.65 58.43

١٣٤
‫ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻗﺩ ﻨﻘﺼﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻀﺎﻏﻁﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻰ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻗﺩ ﻨﻘﺹ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻗﺩ ﻨﻘﺼـﺕ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ" ﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺍ" ﻋﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﻠل ﻤﺭﻜـﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺼـﺭﻩ ﺍﻷﺼـﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻝﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻴﻘﻠل ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﺍﻝـﺫﻯ ﺒـﺩﻭﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻴﻘﻠل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸـﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻡ ﻹﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻪ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺴـﺎﺌل‬
‫ﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﻤﻥ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺇﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺒﺴـﺒﺏ‬
‫ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Actual compression refrigeration cycle‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺨﻼل ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻰ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (٨-٣‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣٥‬‬
‫‪Flow diagram.‬‬
‫‪P-i diagram.‬‬

‫‪Fig. 3-8 Flow diagram and P-i diagram for simple and actual cycle.‬‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‪-‬ﺍﻹﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬

‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ \ ‪ 1‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻓﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻝﻪ ﻫﺒـﻭﻁ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴـﺏ ﺨـﻁ‬
‫\\‬
‫‪ ، 1‬ﺜﻡ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺼـﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬

‫‪١٣٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻝﻪ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﺃﺨﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﻗﻠﻴل‬
‫\\\‬
‫‪ ، 1‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺒﺫل ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﺸـﻐل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫\‬
‫‪ ، 2‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁـﺔ‬
‫\\‬
‫‪ ، 2‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻓﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤـﻴﺹ ﻭﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻝﻪ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ ، 3‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻝﻪ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺴـﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺴـﺎﺌل ﺘﺤـﺕ‬
‫\‬
‫‪ ، 3‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻭﺴﻴـﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫\‬
‫‪ ، 4‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ ﻓﻴﻤـﺘﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺭﻁـﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﻐﻠﻰ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫\‬
‫‪ 1‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻝﻪ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺜﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓـﻰ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺃﺠـﺯﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ" ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒـﻰ ) ‪Isentropic‬‬
‫‪ (compression‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ )‪.(Polytropic compression‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٤-٣‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻌﺔ ‪ 5 T.R‬ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﺭﻴﻭﻥ ‪ ، ١١‬ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫‪ ، 1.3 bar‬ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤـﺎﺀ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬

‫‪١٣٧‬‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ‪ ، 7 bar‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫‪ %‬ﻤﻊ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ 0.3 bar‬ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻁـﺭﺩ ﺒﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ ‪، 0.5 bar‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺨﻠﻭﺹ ‪ ، 4 %‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ Z = 2‬ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻁـﺭ = ‪L/D‬‬
‫‪ 1.15‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ‪ 1500 r.p.m‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ١‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. kW‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ٣‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Data: R-11, R.C = 5 T.R, Pe = 1.3 bar,‬‬ ‫‪∆Ps = 0.3 bar‬‬

‫‪Pc = 7 bar, ∆Pd = 0.5 bar, ηm = 0.9, C = 4 %‬‬
‫‪Z = 2, L/D = 1.15, N = 1500 r.p.m.‬‬

‫‪Required: 1 - Power,‬‬ ‫‪2 - Qc,‬‬

‫‪3 - L, D‬‬ ‫‪4 - C.O.P and ηR.‬‬

‫‪Solution‬‬

‫‪From P - i chart of R-11,‬‬

‫‪i1 = i1\ = 303‬‬ ‫‪kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪vs = 180 m3/kg‬‬

‫‪i2 = i2\ = 342‬‬ ‫“‬ ‫‪TH = 365 k‬‬
‫‪i3 = i4 = 180‬‬ ‫“‬ ‫‪TL = 296 k‬‬

‫‪١٣٨‬‬
Refrigerant mass flow rate:

R.C 5 × 3.5
m& = = = 0.1423 kg / s
i1 − i4 303 − 180

Compressor power:

m& × (i2 − i1 ) 0.1423 × (342 − 303)

Power = =
ηm 0 .9
= 6.165 kW

Condenser thermal load:

١٣٩
Qc = m& × (i2 − i3 ) = 0.1423 × (342 − 180) = 23.05 kW

Cylinder dimensions:
1 1
 Pd 
 = 1 + 0.04 − 0.04 × 
k 7.5  1.11
ηV = 1 + C − C  
 Ps   1 
ηV = 79.43 %
m& × vs 0.1423 × 60 × 180
P.D = = = 1934.836 m 3 / min
ηv 0.7943
π
P.D = D 2 LZN
4
π
1934.836 = × 1.15 × D 3 × 2 ×1500
4
D = 89.38 cm, L = 102.79 cm

Coefficient of performance and relative efficiency:

R.C 5 × 3.5
C.O.P = = = 2.839
Power 6.165

TL 296
C.O.Pcar = = = 4.289
TH − TL 365 − 296
C.O.P 2.839
ηR = = = 66.18 %
C.O.Pcar 4.289

١٤٠
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ R-11‬ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﺍ"‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺠﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﻯ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺇﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺤـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻤﺜل ﻭﺴﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﺍﻷﺨـﺭﻯ ﻭﺃﻴﻀـﺎ"‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ R-11‬ﻫـﻭ ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝـﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯﻯ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺘﻪ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍ" ﻭﺃﻴﻀـﺎ" ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺭﻓـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٥-٣‬‬
‫ﻤﺨﺯﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺴﻌﺔ ‪ 80 T.R‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ‪ -10 oC‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴـﻑ‬
‫‪ ، 40 oC‬ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ NH3‬ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ‪ 8 oC‬ﻓﻭﻕ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، 32 oC‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﺒﺄﺭﺒﻊ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ‪ 1.27‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ، 600 r.p.m‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐـﺎﻁ ﺃﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻴــﻜﻰ ﺒـﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻴـﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴــﺔ ‪80 %‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺨﻠﻭﺹ ‪ 5 %‬ﻭﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ‪ 0.5 bar‬ﻝﻜﻼ" ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ‪ 8 oC‬ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤـﺭﻭﺭﻩ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ١‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٤‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ٣‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٥‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪Data: NH3, R.C = 80 T.R, Te = -10 C, Tc = 40 C,‬‬

‫‪١٤١‬‬
∆tsup = 8 oC, ∆tsub = 8 oC, Z = 4, L/D = 1.27,
N = 600 r.p.m, ∆Ps = ∆Pd = 0.5 bar
ηm = 0.8, C = 5 %, ∆tw = 8 oC

Required: 1 – Mass flow rate. 2 – Power.

3 – L, D. 4 – Water flow rate.
5 – C.O.P, ηR .

Solution.

From P - i chart of NH3,

i1 = i1\ = 560 kJ/kg ρs = 1.9 kg/m3.

١٤٢
i2 = i2\ = 802 “ vs = 1/1.9 = 0.526 m3/kg.
i3 = i4 = -610 “
Pe = 3 bar Pc = 16 bar.

Refrigerant mass flow rate:

R.C 80 × 3.5
m& = = = 0.2393 kg / s
i1 − i4 560 − (−610)

Compressor power:

m& × (i2 − i1 ) 0.2393 × (802 − 560 )

Power = =
ηm 0 .8
= 72.393 kW

Condenser thermal load:

Qc = m& × (i2 − i3 ) = 0.2393 × (802 − (−610) ) = 337.915 kW

Qc 337.915
m& w.c = = = 10.105 kg / s
C pw (t w.i − t w.o ) 4.18 × 8
m& 10.105 × 60
Q& w = w = = 0.6063 m 3 / min
ρw 1000

١٤٣
Cylinder dimensions:

1 1
 Pd 
 = 1 + 0.05 − 0.05 × 
k 16.5  1.31
ηV = 1 + C − C  
 Ps   2. 5 
ηV = 83.89 %
m& × vs 0.2393 × 60 × 0.526
P.D = = = 9.003 m 3 / min
ηv 0.8389
π
P.D = D 2 LZN
4
π
9.003 = × 1.27 × D 3 × 4 × 600
4
D = 15.55 cm, L = 19.75 cm

Coefficient of performance and relative efficiency:

R.C 80 × 3.5
C.O.P = = = 3.868
Power 72.393
TL 263
C.O.Pcar = = = 5.26
TH − TL 313 − 263
C.O.P 3.868
ηR = = = 73.54 %
C.O.Pcar 5.26

٦-٣ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬

١٤٤
‫ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﻝﻪ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﻭﺍﺭ ‪ 125 mm‬ﻭﻗﻁـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ‪ ، 100 mm‬ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺹ ‪ ، 5 %‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ، 1450 r.p.m‬ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ، 85 %‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ 8.5 bar‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ،1.8 bar‬ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ R - 12‬ﻴﻐـﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ‪ ، 5 oC‬ﻭﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ‪ 5 oC‬ﻓﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺃﺨﺭ ‪ 5 oC‬ﻓﻰ ﺼـﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴـﺤﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺒﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﻭﻨﻰ ‪8 oC‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪ 0.5 bar‬ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪ 0.3 bar‬ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻁـﺭﺩ‬
‫‪ ، 0.7 bar‬ﻭﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ، 0.5 bar‬ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ٣‬ﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬

‫‪Data: R – 12, Z = 4, single acting, L = 125 mm, D = 100 mm,‬‬

‫‪C = 5 %, N = 1450 r.p.m, ηm = 0.8, Pc = 8.5 bar,‬‬

‫‪Pe = 1.8 bar, ∆tsup = 5 oC, ∆ts.l = 5 oC, ∆ts.v = 5 oC,‬‬
‫‪∆tsub = 8 oC, ∆Pe = 0.5 bar, ∆Ps.v = 0.3 bar, ∆Pc = 0.5 bar‬‬
‫‪∆Pd.v = 0.7 bar, s = c.‬‬

‫‪Required: 1 – R.C,‬‬ ‫‪2 – Power,‬‬

‫‪3 – Qc,‬‬ ‫‪4 - C.O.P.‬‬

‫‪Solution:‬‬

‫‪١٤٥‬‬
From P-i chart of R -12,

i1 = 567 kJ/kg ρs = 5.6 kg/m3.

i1\ = 570 “ vs = 1/1.9 = 0.526 m3/kg.
i1\\ = 572 “ Te = 255 k, T1 = 260 k.
i2 = 619 “ T1\ = 265 k, T1\\ = 270 k
i3 = i4 = 446 “ Tc = 310 k, T3 = 302 k
Pe = 1.8 bar, Pc = 8.5 bar.
Ps = 1 bar, Pd = 9.7 bar,
Td = 355 k.

١٤٦
Piston displacement and refrigerant mass flow rate:
1 1
P 
 = 1 + 0.05 − 0.05 × 
k 9.7  1.13
ηV = 1 + C − C  d 
 Ps   1 
ηV = 67.66 %
π
P .D = D 2 LZN
4
π
P .D = × 0.125 2 × 0.100 × 4 × 1450 = 7.118 m 3 / min
4
m& × vs m& × 0.1786
P .D = , 7.118 =
ηv 0.6766
m& = 26.969 kg / min, m& = 0.4495 kg / s

Refrigeration capacity:

R.C = m& × (i1 − i4 ) = 0.4495 × (567 − 446)

R.C = 54.389 kW , = 15.539 T .R

Compressor power:

m& × (i2\ − i1\ \ ) 0.4495 × (619 − 572 )

Power = =
ηm 0.85
= 24.855 kW

Condenser thermal load:

Qc = m& × (i2 − i3 ) = 0.4495 × (619 − 446 ) = 77.763 kW

١٤٧
‫‪Coefficient of performance and relative efficiency:‬‬

‫‪R.C‬‬ ‫‪54.389‬‬
‫= ‪C.O.P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.188‬‬
‫‪Power 24.855‬‬
‫‪TL‬‬ ‫‪255‬‬
‫‪C.O.Pcar‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.636‬‬
‫‪TH − TL 310 − 255‬‬
‫‪C.O.P‬‬ ‫‪2.188‬‬
‫= ‪ηR‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 47.19 %‬‬
‫‪C.O.Pcar 4.636‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٧-٣‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﺒﺴﻌﺔ ‪ ، 100 T.R‬ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ 1.6 bar‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ 14 bar‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ‪ ، 5 bar‬ﺍﻝﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻷﻭل )ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ( ﻫﻰ ‪ 85 %‬ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪0.2 bar‬‬
‫ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ‪ ، 0.4 bar‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ )ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔـﻊ( ﻫـﻰ ‪78 %‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪ 0.3 bar‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ‪ ، 0.7 bar‬ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ‪ ، 18 oC‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، 32 oC‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺴـﺎﺌل ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، 27 oC‬ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ‪ 85 %‬ﻝﻜـﻼ"‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ١‬ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻝﻜل ﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ - ٣‬ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪Data:‬‬ ‫‪NH3, R.C = 100 T.R‬‬

‫‪١٤٨‬‬
Pc = 14 bar, Pe = 1.6 bar, PI, = 5 bar
ηV1 = 85 %, ηV2 = 78 %, ∆Pl.p.s = 0.2 bar
∆Pl.p.d = 0.4 bar, ∆Ph.p.s = 0.3 bar, ∆Ph.p.d = 0.7 bar
to.c = 27 oC, to.I = 32 oC, ∆tsup = 18 oC
s = c, ηm = 85 %.

Required: 1 – Power, 2 – Qc,

3 – P.D, 4 – C.O.P.

Solution.

From P – i chart of NH3,

P – i chart.

١٤٩
i1 = i1\ = 530 kJ/kg ρs1\ = 1.1 kg/m3.
i2 = i2\ = 760 “ ρs3\ = 3.2 kg/m3.
i3 = i3\ = 630 “ Te = 249 k.
i4 = i4\ = 775 “ Tc = 307 k.
i5 = i6 = -635 “ T1 = 267 k.
T3 = 305 k T3 = 300 k.

Refrigerant mass flow rate:

R.C 100 × 3.5

m& = = = 0.300 kg / s
i1 − i6 530 − ( −635)

Compressor power:

‫ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬
.‫ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ‬

Power = Power1−2 + Power3− 4

m& × (i2 − i1 ) m& × (i4 − i3 )
= +
η m1 ηm2
 760 − 530 775 − 630 
= 0.300 ×  + 
 0 . 85 0.85 
= 132.542 kW
١٥٠
Condenser thermal load:
، 10 oC ‫ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬

Qc = m& × (i4 − i5 ) = 0.300 × (775 − (−635) ) = 423.605 kW

Qc 423.506
m& w.c = = = 10.134 kg / s
C pw (t w.i − t w.o ) 4.18 × 10
m& × (i2 − i3 )
m& w.int =
C pw (t w.i − t w.o )
0.300 × (760 − 630 )
= = 0.934 kg / s
4.18 × 10

Piston displacement:

m& × vs m&
P.D = =
ηv ρ s ×ηV
0.300 × 60
P.DL. P.C = = 19.251 m 3 / min
1.1× 0.85
0.300 × 60
P.DH . P.C = = 7.212 m 3 / min
3.2 × 0.78

Coefficient of performance and relative efficiency:

R.C 100 × 3.5

C.O.P = = = 2.641
Power 132.542
TL 249
C.O.Pcar = = = 4.293
TH − TL 307 − 249
C.O.P 2.641 ١٥١
ηR = = = 61.51 %
C.O.Pcar 4.293
‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٨-٣‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ‪ NH3‬ﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﺜﻠﺞ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﻁﻭل ﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ‪ ، 20 cm‬ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ‪15‬‬
‫‪ ، cm‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ، 600 r.p.m‬ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪، -25 oC‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، -18 oC‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، -7 oC‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫‪130‬‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ ، 140 oC‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ ، oC‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ، 22 oC‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺼـﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ‪ ، 20 oC‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ، 10.5 bar‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪ ، 1.3 bar‬ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ‪ ، 5 kg/min‬ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ‪ 8 oC‬ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻫـﺎ ﺤـﻭل ﺃﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ 18 kW‬ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ‪ ، 92 %‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻝﺢ ﺍﻝـﺫﻯ ﻴﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻜﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻨﺎﻗل ﻝﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺤﻭﺽ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﻠﺞ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ‪ ، 102 kg/min‬ﻭﺘـﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ‪ 7 oC‬ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ) ‪ ، 3.14 kJ/(kg.k‬ﺃﻫﻤل‬
‫‪ 2‬ﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻝﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪%‬‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪. R.C ،‬‬
‫‪ – ٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ٣‬ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٥‬ﻋﻤل ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪Data:‬‬ ‫‪NH3, Z = 2, L = 20 cm, D = 15 cm, N = 600 r.p.m‬‬

‫‪Te.i = -25 oC, Te.o = -18 oC, Ts.c = -7 oC, Td = 140 oC,‬‬
‫‪Tc.i = 130 oC, Tc.o = 22 oC, Tex.i = 20 oC, Pc = 10.5 bar‬‬

‫‪١٥٢‬‬
Ps = 1.3 bar, mw.c = 5 kg/min, ∆tw = 8 oC,
mB = 102 kg/min, ∆tB = 7 oC, Cp.B = 3.14 kJ/(kg.k),
Motor Input power = 18 kW, ηmotor = 92 %, losses = 2 %.

Required: 1 - R.C, 2 - I.Power, ηm , 3 - ηV

4 - C.O.P, ηR, 5 - Heat balance of the system.

Solution.

Heat balance. P-i diagram.

١٥٣
From P – i chart of NH3,

i1 = 519 kJ/kg i2 = 573 kJ/kg

i3 = 825.6 “ i4 = 800 “
i5 = -659 “ i6 = i7 = 677.6 “

Evaporator load and refrigerant mass flow rate:

Load = m& B C pB ∆t B = 102 × 3.14 × 7 = 2241.96 kJ / min

Losses = 0.02 × Load = 0.02 × 2241.96 = 44.839 kJ / min
Load act = Load + Losses = 2241.96 + 44.839
Load act = 2286.799 kJ / min, Load act = 38.113 kJ / s
Load act 38.113
R.C = = = 10.889 T .R
3.5 3.5
Load act 38.113
m& = = ١٥٤ = 0.03185 kg / s
i1 − i7 519 − (−677.6)
‫‪Compressor power:‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ Brake Power‬ﺘﺄﺘﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻝﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻯ ﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺩ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘـل ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒـﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺼـﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻰ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺤـﺫﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺩ‬
‫‪Indicate‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﺒﺫل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ Power‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪B.Power = Motor input ×η motor = 18 × 0.92 = 16.56 kW‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪First method to estimate Indicate Power of compressor:‬‬

‫‪١٥٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﻠﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻐل ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
.‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‬

Heat loss to water jacket,

Qw. j = m& w C pw ∆t w = 5 × 4.18 × 8 = 167.2 kJ / min

167.2
Qw. j = = 2.787 kJ / s
60
W .D = m& × (i3 − i2 ) = 0.03185 × (825.6 − 573) = 8.045 kJ / s
I .Power = Qw. j + W .D = 2.787 + 8.045 = 10.832 kW

Mechanical efficiency:

I .Power 10.832
ηm = = = 65.41 %
B.Power 16.56

Second method to estimate Indicate Power of compressor:

١٥٦
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻰ ﺸﻐل ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
:‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻐﻴﺭ ﺃﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‬

PSVSn = PdVdn
n
 VS  P P  V 
  = d , n = ln d  / ln S 
 Vd  PS  PS   Vd 
 10.5   1 
n = ln  / ln 
 1. 3   0.192 
n = 1.267
vs = v2 = 1 m3/kg, vd = v3 = 1/5.2 = 0.192 m3/kg,

1.267 −1
 
1.267   10.5  1.267 
I .Power = 0.03185 ×  1.3n −×1 1 × 100
 ×   − 1
n 1.267 −P1d  n    1.3 



I .Power = m& PS VS    − 1 
I .Power = 10.866 n − 1 kW   PS  
 

Mechanical efficiency:

I .Power 10.866
ηm = = = 65.62 %
B.Power 16.56
١٥٧
‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻝﻠﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻊ ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل ‪ ، 0.3 %‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔـﺎﺭﻕ ﻻﺨـﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫= ‪P.D‬‬ ‫= ‪D 2 LZN‬‬ ‫‪(0.15)2 × 0.2 × 2 × 600‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪P.D = 4.241‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪m / min‬‬
‫‪m& × VS‬‬
‫= ‪P.D‬‬
‫‪ηV‬‬
‫‪m& × VS 0.03185 × 60 × 1‬‬
‫= ‪ηV‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 45.06 %‬‬
‫‪P.D‬‬ ‫‪4.241‬‬
‫‪Piston displacement and volumetric efficiency:‬‬

‫‪Coefficient of performance and relative efficiency:‬‬

‫‪R.C‬‬ ‫‪10.889 × 3.5‬‬

‫= ‪C .O.P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 3.518‬‬
‫‪Power‬‬ ‫‪10.832‬‬

‫‪١٥٨‬‬
‫‪TL‬‬ ‫‪248‬‬
‫= ‪C .O.Pcar‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 5.167‬‬
‫‪TH − TL 296 − 248‬‬
‫‪C .O.P‬‬ ‫‪3.518‬‬
‫= ‪ηR‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 68.09 %‬‬
‫‪C .O .Pcar 5.167‬‬
‫‪Heat balance of the system:‬‬

‫‪Q7 −1 = Load act = 38.113‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬

‫‪W .D = I .Powere = 10.832‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪Q1−2 = m& × (i2 − i1 ) = 0.03185 × (573 − 519 ) = 1.7199‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪Qw. j = 2.787‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪Q3−4 = m& × (i3 − i4 ) = 0.03185 × (825.6 − 800 ) = 0.8154‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪Q4 −5 = m& × (i4 − i5 ) = 0.03185 × (800 − (− 659 )) = 46.4692 kW‬‬
‫‪Q5−6 = m& × (i5 − i6 ) = 0.03185 × (− 659 − (− 677.6 )) = 0.5924‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪∑ Input = Q‬‬ ‫‪7 −1‬‬ ‫‪+ Q1−2 + W .D‬‬
‫‪= 38.113 + 1.7199 + 10.832 = 50.665‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪∑ Output = Q‬‬ ‫‪w. j‬‬ ‫‪+ Q3−4 + Q4 −5 + Q5−6‬‬
‫‪= 2.787 + 0.8154 + 46.4692 + 0.5924 = 50.664‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﺃﻥ ﻭﺤـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٥٩‬‬
‫ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻤﻨﺯﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﺭﻴﻭﻥ ‪ ( R-12 ) ١٢‬ﺘﻌﻤـل ﺘﺒﻌـﺎ" ﻝـﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﻫﻭ ‪ 1.6, 15 bar‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫‪ ،1.2, 0.9 bar‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪، 25 T.R‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻰ ‪.85 %‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ )‪ ( kW‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒـﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻠﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﺒﺴﻌﺔ ‪ 122 T.R‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ -17 oC‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪37 oC‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ﻭﻴﺘﺭﻜﺏ ﻤﻥ ‪ 4‬ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻫﻰ‬
‫‪ ، L/D = 1.1‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻭ ‪ 960 r.p.m‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻰ‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪ 78%‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ 85%‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻤﻴﻕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫‪:C‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭ ﻓﺭﻴﻭﻥ ‪ ١٢‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ، -4 oC‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ ‪، 40 oC‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ‪ 55 m3/hr‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺨـﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻴـﺎﻩ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻫﻰ ‪ ، 25, 36 oC‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻰ ‪ 24 kW‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪88 %‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﺒﺱ ﻫـﻰ ‪ 1.12‬ﻭﻋـﺩﺩ ﻝﻔـﺎﺕ‬

‫‪١٦٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ ،850 rpm‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ 15 o C‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. kW‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪.T.R‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺫﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ NH3‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ‪ 6‬ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ‪ 76 mm‬ﻭﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﻭﻁ ‪ 96 mm‬ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪،950 rpm‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ‪ 15 br‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ 75 %‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪85 %‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪ 10‬ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﻴـﺘﻡ‬ ‫‪ ، 1.5 bar‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪C‬‬
‫ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. T.R‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤــل ﺍﻝﺤــﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠــﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪. 90 %‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺒﻊ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ‪ ،C = 5 % ، PV1.25 = c‬ﻭﺤـﺩﺙ‬
‫ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ 0.4 bar‬ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ 0.8 bar‬ﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﻋﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – ٦‬ﻓﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ 1.8 m3/min‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴـﻑ‬
‫‪ 11 bar‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ‪ ، 2 bar‬ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺒـﺎﺩل‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻤﻊ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 24 oC‬ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﻴﺨـﺭﺝ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬

‫‪١٦١‬‬
‫ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ‪ ، 5 oC‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ 80 oC‬ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ٣‬ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – ٧‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺜﻡ ﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻰ ﻴﻌﻤـل‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺜﻡ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻭﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤـﺩﺓ ‪ ، 180 T.R‬ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ 14 bar‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ، 1.8 bar‬ﻭﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻝﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ‪ ، 5 bar‬ﺃﻓﺭﺽ‬
‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ‪ 0.2 bar‬ﻓﻰ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪،‬‬
‫‪ bar‬ﺨﻼل ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔـﻊ ‪0..4 bar‬‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪ 0.8 bar ،‬ﺨﻼل ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ‪.‬ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻝﻰ ‪ 5 oC‬ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﺜﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺒـﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻨـﻰ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، 30 oC‬ﺃﺭﺴﻡ ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻰ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻭﻗﻴـﻊ ﺍﻝـﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‪-‬ﺍﻷﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺜﻡ ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ‬ ‫‪ – ١‬ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻝﻜل ﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻨﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٨‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺫﻭ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻪ ‪ 850 rpm‬ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ 85 %‬ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺹ ‪ ،3%‬ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﺭﻴـﻭﻥ ‪ ، 22‬ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ‪ 12 oC‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ‪ ،47 oC‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻤﻴﻕ ) ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﻭﻨﻰ ( ﻝﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ 10 o C‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺘﺒﺭﺩ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺼﺎﻝﺔ ﻏﺯل ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺨﻠﻁ ﺠـﺯﺀ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻁﺎﺯﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ mf : mR = 2 : 1‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬

‫‪١٦٢‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﻌﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ‪ 5 m3 / min‬ﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺯﺝ ‪ 35 o C‬ﻭﺍﻝﻬـﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻝﺔ ‪ 19 o C‬ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪ 1.005 kJ/(kg. K‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺼﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ‪ ،18 o C‬ﺃﺤﺴـﺏ ﺍﻵﺘـﻰ ﻝـﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪ -٣ L/D = 1.22‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ‪.0 oC‬‬

‫‪١٦٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻋﻔﻴﻔﻰ‬/‫ ﻭﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬، ‫ﺩﺴﺘﺎﺕ‬.‫ ﺭﻭىﺞ‬/‫ ﺘﺄﻝﻴﻑ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬،‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬ .١
.‫ﻡ‬١٩٦١ ،‫ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﺴﺎﻥ‬/‫ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬،‫ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻌﻡ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺭﺯﻕ‬/‫ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬،
‫ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺸﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ‬،‫ ﺭﻤﻀﺎﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ‬/‫ ﺘﺄﻝﻴﻑ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬،‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ .٢
.‫ﻡ‬١٩٨٣ ،‫ﺒﺎﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ‬
1. ASHRAE, Guide and Data Book, Fundamentals and
Equipment for 1965 and 1966, Air-Conditioning Engineers,
INC., NEW YORK, 10017.

2. Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Andrew D.

Althouse, The GoodHeart-Willcox Company, INC, 1992.

3. Thermal Environmental Engineering, J. L. Threlkeld,

Prentice-Hall, INC Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1962.

4. Refigeration and Air Conditioning, P. L. Ballaney, Khanna

Publishers, Delhi-6, 1983.

١٦٤
5. Experimental Methods for Engineering, J. P. Holman, Fifth
Edition, McGRAW-HILL International Editions, 1989.

١٦٥