CS363 - Operating System 1/1/2013

Operating 1. Introduction
System
CoSc2032 CoSc2032
/ Operating System
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Introduction
What is an Operating
• What is an operation system? System?
• History of Operating Systems •An operating system is a program that
manages the computer hardware.
• OS Services and OS Structure
•It also provides a basis for application
programs and acts as an intermediary
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between the computer user and 4

computer hardware.
What do OS Do
The computer system can be divided
roughly into four components:
• The hardware
• The operating system
• The application software
• The Users
History of OS
• The First Generation (1945 – 55)
–Vaccum Tubes and Plugboards
–Each machine designed, built,
programmed, operated, and maintained
a single group of people
–Mode of operation:
•Programmers signup for a block of time
•Programmers insert a plugboard into
the computer in the machine room
•Plugboard was replaced by punched card
in early 1950s
CS363 - Operating System 1/1/2013

History of OS
History of OS
• The Second Generation (1955
• The Second Generation
– 65) (1955 – 65)
–Transistors and Batch Systems –Mainframe
–Computers became reliable enough to
be used by customers (users) –Job
–Clear separation between professions –Programming (FORTRAN)
• Designers, builders, operators, –Batch System
programmers and maintenance
personnel 5 6

History of OS History of OS
• The Second Generation (1955 – 65) • The Second Generation (1955 – 65)

Input Output Input Output

Room Room Room Room

Main Main
Frame Frame

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CS363 - Operating System 1/1/2013

History of OS History of OS
• The Second Generation (1955 – 65) • The Third Generation (1965 – 80)
– IC and Multi Programming

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History of OS History of OS
• The Third Generation (1965 – 80) • The Third Generation (1965 – 80)
– Spooling: ability of reading jobs from cards onto – Timesharing
the disk
• IBM 1401s were not needed
• Much of carrying of tapes disappeared
– However, 3rd generation systems were still batch
system
– Problems of batch system paved the way to
Terminal
timesharing

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CS363 - Operating System 1/1/2013

History of OS History of OS
• The Third Generation • The Fourth Generation (1980 –
(1965 – 80) ???)
– Personal Computers
– Timesharing
– No basic difference between Micro and Mini
– Business drama
• Intel’s 8080  Digital Research’s CP/M (1977)
• The deal between IBM PC and Bill Gate’s BASIC Interpreter (1980s)
– Seattle Computer Products (DOS)
– DOS/BASIC
– Time Paterson MS-DOS retrospect
• Steve Jobs followed Doug Engelbart’s GUI
… – Lisa  Macintosh
– MS Windows influenced by Macintosh
User 1 User 2 User N
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–… 14

What is an operation system? What is an operation system?

• A layer in the modern computer

system that is responsible to
manage several devices and
provide user programs with a
simpler interface to the
hardware.
– Extended Machine
– Resource Manager 15 16
CS363 - Operating System 1/1/2013

OS Structure and Services OS Structure and Services

• Kernel Mode
– Protected from user application tampering the
hardware
• User Mode
– The mode in which applications and system
programs run
– Permits only a subset of the instructions to be
executed and a subset of features to be accessed
• Disallow I/O instruction, Memory Protection, PSW
Setting
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Reading Assignment
Monolithic Architecture
• Architectures of Operating Systems
– Monolithic
• Monolithic Architecture—the
– Layered early operating systems
– Kernel
– Every component is containedin the
– Microkernel
– Virtual Machines kernel, can directly communicate with
other components
• Increasing Efficiency
–Multi program
–Multi User 19 20
CS363 - Operating System 1/1/2013

Monolithic Architecture Monolithic Architecture

• Pros
– Highly efficient – by direct intercommunication
Applications User Space between components
System Calls OS Layer • Cons
– difficult to develop
– difficult to isolate the source of bugs and other
Computer Hardware
errors
• particularly susceptible to damage from malicious code

HiLCoE 2012 CS363 - Operating System 21 HiLCoE 2012 CS363 - Operating System 22

Layered Architecture Layered Architecture

• Layered OS structure:
• Pros
– Group components that perform similar functions
– It provides good modularity – helps simplify the
into layers. Each layer communicates only with
development of an OS
neighbour layer
• Cons
User Space
– Less efficient
Layer 3 – Complex design – each functionality has to be
Layer 2 divided into parts to fit into different layers.
Kernel Space
Layer 1
Layer 0

Computer Hardware
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CS363 - Operating System 1/1/2013

Kernel Based Architecture Kernel Based Architecture

• It separates the machine-independent parts • Pros
from the machine-dependent parts – Better portability—Kernel encloses all the
– Kernel is machine-dependent. It contains the basic machine-dependent code
component of OS. • Cons
User Space – Ensuring security and extensibility is a
challenge
Operating System

OS Kernel

Computer Hardware
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Microkernel Based Architecture Microkernel Based Architecture

• As OS expanded, the kernel became large and
difficult to manage
User Space
– Microkernel approach removes all nonessential
components from the kernel and implementing
Operating System
them as system and user-level programs.
• Result: A smaller kernel
Microkernel

Computer Hardware

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CS363 - Operating System 1/1/2013

Microkernel Based Architecture Virtual Machines

• Pros • Can create the
– Enhance portability, extensibility, reliability and illusion that there
User Space User Space User Space
security are more than one
• Cons separate machines.
– Less efficient—increased system function
Kernel Kernel
overhead
VM1 VM1
Virtual machine
implementation
Host Operating System

Computer Hardware
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OS Structure and Services OS Structure and Services

• To obtain services from the operating system, • OS Services
a user program must make a system call – Process Management
• The interface between the operating system – Memory Management
and the user programs is defined by the set of – File Management
system calls that the operating system – I/O Management
provides. – User Management

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