School of Engineering and Computer Studies

Divine Word College of Legazpi

Legazpi City

EE PC - 6
ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1
Final-MODULE

BY
ENGR. ALLAN B. BORINGOT
TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Types and characteristics of DC Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 1
Self-excited D.C. generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

External or separately excited D.C. generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Percent Regulation (Percent Voltage Regulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Operating characteristic Triangle of a DC generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Parallel Operation of a DC Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Losses in a Rotating DC Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Power Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

DC Generators characteristics Supplementary Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Electrical Machines 1 i
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Shunt generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Figure 2 Series generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Figure 3 Short shunt generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 4 Long shunt generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Figure 5 External or separately excited D.C. generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Figure 6 Power flow diagram of a DC generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Electrical Machines 1 ii
TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C. GENERATORS
Types of D.C. Generators
D.C. generators can be classified as:
1. Permanent magnet type
2. Electromagnet type
Permanent Magnet Type
In this type of generator the poles are made of permanent magnet. The poles do not require
any windings. Such type of D.C. generators are of small size. These are employed mainly in
dynamo in cycles and bikes. It is not used for industrial purpose because:
a. It would require large magnet which is economically not feasible.
b. Magnetic strength decreases with time so magnetic flux will not remain constant.
Electromagnet Type
The poles of D.C. generator is magnetized using windings. Electromagnetic type generators
can further classifies as:
a. Self-exited D.C. generator.
b. Externally exited D.C. generator,

Self-excited D.C. generators

A D.C. generator whose field magnet winding is supplied with current from the output of the
generator itself is called a self-excited generator. There are three types of self-excited
generators depending upon the manner in which the field winding is connected to the
armature, namely;

(i) Shunt generator

(ii) Series generator
(iii) Compound generator

Shunt generator

In a shunt generator, the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding so
that terminal voltage of the generator is applied across it. The shunt field winding has many
turns of fine wire having high resistance. Therefore, only a part of armature current flows
through shunt field winding and the rest flows through the load. (Fig. 1) shows the
connections of a shunt-wound generator.

Electrical Machines-1 1
Fig. 1: Shunt generator

By KCL, BY KVL, With Brush Contact,

IA = IL + ISH Eg – VA – VT = 0 Eg – VA – VT – VBC = 0

ISH =
𝐕𝐒𝐇
=
𝐕𝐓 VT = Eg – VA VT = Eg – VA – VBC
𝐑 𝐒𝐇 𝐑 𝐒𝐇
But, VT = Eg – IA RA – VBC
VA = IA RA
Therferore,
VT = Eg – IA RA
Pg = Eg IA
WHERE,
PT = VT IL
VT = terminal voltage RSH = shunt field resistance
Eg = generated voltage IA = armature current
Pg = generated power IL = load current
PT = powered delivered ISH = shunt field current
VA = armature voltage
VS = series voltage
VBC = brush contact voltage
RA = armature resistance
RSE or RS = series field resistance

Electrical Machines-1 2
Series generator

In a series wound generator, the field winding is connected in series with armature winding
so that whole armature current flows through the field winding as well as the load. (Fig. 2)
shows the connections of a series wound generator. Since the field winding carries the whole
of load current, it has a few turns of thick wire having low resistance. Series generators are
rarely used except for special purposes e.g., boosters.

Fig. 2: Series generator

BY KVL, With Brush Contact,
Eg – VA – VS – VT = 0 Eg – VA – VS – VT – VBC = 0
VT = Eg – (VA + VS) VT = Eg – (VA + VS) – VBC
VT = Eg – (VA + VS) VT = Eg – IL (RA + RS)– VBC
VA = IA RA
VS = IL RS
(VA + VS) = IA RA + IL RS
But,
IA = IL
Therferore,
(VA + VS) = IL (RA + RS)
VT = Eg – IL (RA + RS)
Pg = Eg IA
PT = VT IL

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Compound generator

In a compound-wound generator, there are two sets of field windings on each pole, one is in
series and the other in parallel with the armature. A compound wound generator may be:

(a) Short Shunt in which only shunt field winding is in parallel with the armature
winding (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3: Short shunt generator

By KCL, BY KVL,
IA = IL + ISH Eg – VBC – VA – VS – VT = 0

ISH =
𝐕𝐒𝐇 VT = Eg – (VA + VS) – VBC
𝐑 𝐒𝐇
VT = Eg – IARA – ILRS – VBC,
Pg = Eg IA
PT = VT IL

(b) Long Shunt in which shunt field winding is in parallel with both series field and
armature winding (Fig. 4).

Electrical Machines-1 4
Fig. 4: Long shunt generator

By KCL, BY KVL,
IA = IL + ISH Eg – VBC – VA – VS – VT = 0

ISH =
𝐕𝐒𝐇
=
𝐕𝐓 VT = Eg – (VA + VS) – VBC
𝐑 𝐒𝐇 𝐑 𝐒𝐇
VT = Eg – IA (RA + RS) – VBC,
Pg = Eg IA
PT = VT IL
Example # 9.) In a compound generator connected short shunt, the terminal voltage is 240
V when the generator delivers 125 A. The shunt field current is 2.25 A, the
armature resistance is 0.30 ohm and the series field resistance is 0.02 ohm.
Calculate the generated power.
Solution:
Draw the circuit diagram of the generator

Electrical Machines-1 5
By KCL,
IA = IL + ISH
= 125 + 2.25
IA = 127.25

By KVL,
Eg – IARA – ILRS – VT = 0
Eg = VT + IARA + ILRS
= 240 + (125)(0.02) + (127.25)(0.30)
Eg = 280.68 V

Pg = Eg IA
= (280.68)(127.25)
Pg = 35, 716 W or 35.72 kW

Example # 10.) A long shunt generator delivers a load current of 35A at 440V and has
armature, series field, and shunt field resistance of 0.05 Ω, 0.03 Ω, and 220 Ω
respectively. What is the generated voltage allowing 1 V per brush for contact
drop?
Solution:

VBC = 1V/ brush

VT 440
ISH = = = 2A
RSH 220

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By KCL,
IA = IL + ISH
= 35 + 2
IA = 37

By KVL,
Eg – VT – IA (RA + RS) – VBC = 0
Eg = VT + IA (RA + RS) + VBC
1𝑉
= 440 + 37(0.05 + 0.03) + (𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ 𝑥 2 𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ)

Eg = 444.96 V

External or separately excited D.C. generators

A D.C. generator whose field magnet winding is supplied from an independent external D.C.
source (e.g., a battery etc.) is called a separately excited generator. Fig. (5) shows the
connections of a separately excited generator. The voltage output depends upon the speed
of rotation of armature and the field current (Eg =PΦ ZN/60 A). The greater the speed and
field current, greater is the generated e.m.f. It may be noted that separately excited D.C.
generators are rarely used in practice. The D.C. generators are normally of self-excited type

Fig. 5 External or separately excited D.C. generators

Electrical Machines-1 7
Percent Regulation (Percent Voltage Regulation)
A convenient standard reference used to measure the performance of a generator.
𝐕𝐍𝐋 − 𝐕𝐅𝐋
%VR = x 100
𝐕𝐅𝐋

WHERE;
VNL = voltage at no load
VFL = voltage at full-load

Example # 11.) A 50 kW, 440 shunt generator has a regulation of 2.20 percent, what will be
the terminal voltage of the generator at no load?
Solution:
VNL − VFL
%VR = x 100
VFL

VNL − 440
0.022 =
440

VNL = 449.68 450 V

Operating characteristic Triangle of a DC generator

Note: Normally, as the dc generator load increases, the terminal voltage of the said
generator decreases (except on a series dc generator)

Electrical Machines-1 8
Where;
∆V = change in terminal or bus voltage due to the change in load current (∆I)

Example # 12.) From problem # 11, If the change in voltage is assumed to be uniform
between no-load and full load kilowatts, calculate the kW output of the
generator when the terminal voltage is 445 V.
Solution:

Bigger triangle Smaller triangle

450V 450V

445V
P445
440V
50kW
Let P445 = to the output power at 445 V
By similar triangle,
450−440 450−445
=
50 𝑃445
50(450−445)
P445 =
450−440
P445 = 25 kW

Electrical Machines-1 9
Parallel Operation of a DC Generators
Condition to meet for ideal operation of DC Generators in parallel:
1. The no-load voltages of both generators should be adjusted to the same value (otherwise,
current will circulate through the two machines that will cause additional losses)
2. The external characteristics curve of the two generator should be identical (otherwise,
the generator will not share the load properly.)
3. The polarity voltage of two generators must be “opposing” in the series circuit of the two
machines (otherwise, large current will circulate in the armature windings of the
generators that will damage the windings.)
4. For the case of compound generators in parallel there must be an “equalizer” connection
to make the operation stable (otherwise, there will be “motorization”)
i.e. one of the generator will act as a motor

Losses In A Rotating DC Machine

Copper losses
 Armature Cu loss
 Field Cu loss
 Loss due to brush contact resistance
Iron Losses
 Hysteresis loss
 Eddy current loss
Mechanical losses
 Friction loss
 Windage loss
The above tree categorizes various types of losses that occur in a dc generator or a dc motor. Each
of these is explained in details below.

Copper Losses

These losses occur in armature and field copper windings. Copper losses consist of
Armature copper loss, Field copper loss and loss due to brush contact resistance.

Armature copper loss = Ia2Ra (where, Ia = Armature current and Ra= Armature
resistance)
Field copper loss = If2Rf (where, If = field current and Rf = field resistance)
In the case of a shunt wounded field, field copper loss is practically constant. It
contributes about 20 to 30% to full load losses.

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Brush contact resistance also contributes to the copper losses. Generally, this loss
is included into armature copper loss.

Iron Losses (Core Losses)

Loss due to the magnetic field at no-load rated voltage corrected for effect of IR
drop. Iron losses are also called as Core losses or magnetic losses.

Mechanical Losses

Mechanical losses consist of the losses due to friction in bearings and commutator.
Air friction loss of rotating armature also contributes to these.
These losses are about 10 to 20% of full load losses.

Stray Losses

In addition to the losses stated above, there may be small losses present which are
called as stray losses or miscellaneous losses. These losses are difficult to account.
They are usually due to inaccuracies in the designing and modeling of the machine.
Most of the times, stray losses are assumed to be 1% of the full load.

Power Flow Diagram

The most convenient method to understand these losses in a dc generator or a dc

motor is using the power flow diagram. The diagram visualizes the amount of
power that has been lost in various types of losses and the amount of power which
has been actually converted into the output. Following are the typical power flow
diagrams for a dc generator and a dc motor.

Fig. 6: Power flow diagram of a DC generator

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Mechanical losses = Iron + Friction losses
i.e Variable loss = Constant loss.

The efficiency of the machine is the ratio of its output power (power drawn by load) to the
input power (power generated by the machine)

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
η= =
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

where:
Poutput = output power or power delivered to the load
Plosses = power loss
Example # 13. ) The field circuit of a 200 kW, 230 V shunt generator is 8A when running full
load at rated terminal voltage. If the combined brush and armature resistance is
0.03 ohm, solve for the electrical efficiency of the generator.
Solution:
PL 200,000
IL = = = 869. 56 A
VL 230

IA = IL + ISH
= 869.56 + 8
IA = 877.56 A
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
η= 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

Poutput = 200kW
Pinput = Pg = Eg Ia

Eg = VT + IARA
= 230 + (877.56)(0.03)
= 256.32 V
Pinput = 256.32 (877.56)
= 224.936 Kw

200
η= 𝑥 100
224.936

η = 88.91%

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Another solution,

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
η=𝑃
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

in this problem, the losses are armature loss(PA) and shunt field loss(PSH)
Plosses = PA + PSH
PA = IA2RA = (877.56)(0.03) = 23.1 kW
PSH = ISHVSH = 8(230) = 1.84 kW

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
η=𝑃
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝑆𝐻

200
= 200 + 23.1 + 1.84 𝑥100

η = 88.91%

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DC GENERATOR CHARACTERISTICS
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

1. A 20 kW 220 V shunt generator has an armature resistance of 0.07 ohm and a shunt
resistance of 200 ohms. Determine the power developed in the armature when it delivers its
rated output.
a.) 27.9 kW c.) 19.2 kW
b.) 20.83 kW d.) 25.7 kW
2. A 50 kW 250 V compound generator (short shunt) has a series field in which each coil is
wound with 8 ½ turns. How many ampere-turns are produced by each coil?
a.) 200 c.) 23.5
b.) 1700 d.) 2125
3. A 50 kW 500 V short shunt generator has an armature resistance, series field resistance,
and shunt field resistance are 0.05 ohm. 0.06ohm and 253 ohms respectively. What is the
armature power generated?
a.) 51.76 kW c.) 52.13 kW
b.) 48.74 kW d.) 51.52 kW
4. 8-pole wave wound DC shunt generator, with 778 conductors while running at 500 rpm
supplies 12.5 ohm resistive load at 250 V. The armature resistance is 0.24 ohm and the field
resistance is 250 ohm. Calculate the flux per pole.
a.) 9.83 mWb c.) 12.11 mWb
b.) 11.52 mWb d.) 10.06mWb
5. A compound dynamo supplies a load of 20 kW at 400 V through a feeder having a resistance
equal to 0.1 ohm. The shunt and series field resistance are 85 ohms and 0.06 ohms respectively.
Determine the total electromotive force when the generator is connected short shunt. Assume a
brush drop of 1 V per brush and an armature resistance of 0.1 ohm. EE BP Apr. ‘92

a.) 413.48 V c.) 415.48 V

b.) 404.52 V d.) 400.52 V
6. If the no-load voltage of a separately excited shunt generators is 110 volts at 1350 rpm,
what will be the voltage if the speed is increased to 1600 rpm? (assumed constant field
excitation)
a.) 130.5 V c.) 19,636 V
b.) 92.81 V d.) 103.5 V

Electrical Machines-1 14
7. A short compound generator supplies 50 kW at 230 V. The shunt field, series field and
armature circuit resistances are 46 ohm, 0.02 ohm, and 0.01 ohm, respectively. The brush
contact drop is 2 V. Determine the percent regulation?
a.) 3.89 % c.) 3.72 %
b.) 2.64 % d.) 2.98 %
8. A shunt generator has no-load terminal voltage of 270 V and a voltage of 240 V when it
delivers 180 A. Assume straight-line external characteristic, determine the voltage when the
current is 120 A. What is the load resistance under this condition?
a.) 315 V, 2.625 Ω c.) 225 V, 1.875 Ω
b.) 290 V, 1.61 Ω d.) 250 V, 2.08 Ω
9. A 10 kW, 250 V self-excited shunt generator, when delivering rated load, has an armature
circuit voltage drop that is 5% of the terminal voltage and a shunt field current equal to 5%
of rated load current. Determine the resistance of the armature circuit
a.) 0.154 Ω c.) 0.103 Ω
b.) 0.298 Ω d.) none of these
10. A short shunt compound generator has an armature, shunt field and series field
resistance of 0.02 Ω, 80 Ω, and 0.03 Ω respectively. The generators induced emf is 510 V when
the terminal voltage is 500 V. How much load current is delivered under tis condition?
a.) 202.47 A c.) 197.47 A
b.) 994.96 A d.) 199.70 A
11. A long shunt compound generator has the following parameters: RA = 0.1 Ω, RSE = 0.05 Ω,
and RSH = 120 Ω. This machine supplies power to an aggregate dc load of 10 kW. At this load
the armature generates 246 V. Determine the terminal voltage.
a.) 250. 24 V c.) 249.65 V
b.) 257.86 V d.) 267.91 V
12. A certain 110 V shunt generator has an armature and brush resistance of 0.06 ohm at full
load of 85 A. The resistance of 0.06 ohm at full load of 85 A. The resistance of the shunt field
is 45 ohms, and the stray power losses are found to be 897 watts. Determine the full load
efficiency.
a.) 85.2 % c.) 88.6 %
b.) 83.6 % d.) 87.1 %

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13. A 100 kW , 230V shunt generator has Ra = 0.05 Ω and Rs = 57.5 Ω. The total mechanical
and core loss is 1.8 kW. Determine the value of maximum efficiency that this generator can
get.
a.) 89.32 % c.) 94.31 %
b.) 90.65 % d.) 92.73 %
14. A 5 kW, 120 V compound generator has a armature resistance of 0.23 ohm, a series field
resistance of 0.04 ohm, and a shunt field resistance of 57.5 ohms. Assuming a long shunt
connection and a voltage drop at brushes of 2 volts, calculate the generated emf at full load.
a.) 110.2 V c.) 132.7 V
b.) 106.2 V d.) 133.8 V
15. A DC shunt generator has an armature resistance of 0.31 ohm. The shunt field resistance
is 134 ohm. No-load voltage is 121 V at 1775 RPM. Full-Load current is 30 A at 110 V. Assume
a constant flux, what is the full load speed?
a.) 1760 rpm c.) 1758 rpm
b.) 1765 rpm d.) 1750 rpm
16. A 225 volt separately excited generator has no-load voltage of 225 volts when driven at
1600 rpm with the field current is set to 15 A. If the speed is reduced to 1400 rpm, what
should be the voltage for the same field current?
a.) 159 V c.) 203 V
b.) 130 V d.) 197 V

Electrical Machines-1 16