1) A.

Explain History of the Windows Operating System

Windows has been a mainstay in the computer market for so long that it's nearly impossible to
imagine life without it. As the world's most popular operating system, it enjoys huge success, but
that success wasn't easily attained. Bumps along the way are what helped Windows move from
an obscure operating system to the dominating power in computers it is today.

 Early pc operating system

In the early days of personal computers, the operating system was known as DOS (Disk
Operating System) and variants. When IBM was developing a PC, the company approached a
new company, Microsoft Corporation, to develop an operating system. This was named PC-
DOS, and Bill Gates, ever forward-looking, retained the rights to create a version specifically for
Microsoft known as MS-DOS. Each of these was driven by commands made from a ‘command
prompt’ in the form of C:> The command was textual and activated by a carriage return or
‘Enter.’ Initially, Microsoft designed Windows to run on top of MS-DOS, generally referred to
simply as DOS.

 Windows 1: Elimination of DOS Commands

Microsoft begins searching for a more user-friendly platform that did not require knowledge of
DOS commands. WIMP stood for windows/icons/mouse/pull-down menus (or p for pointer.) It
was used in early Apple machines and Microsoft uses the concept as the basis for Windows. It is
also used in IBM’s OS/2 and the X Window System of Unix. Windows 1 comes with a number
of programs, such as a notepad, calendar, calculator, a paint application, a clock and a card file.
All of this was a revelation to most DOS users, although some still prefer to work with DOS
commands.

 Windows 2: Catering For the 286 Processor

Microsoft introduced Windows 2.0 on December 9, 1987 as a reaction to the development of the
faster 16-bit Intel 286 processor. Windows 2.0 was more reliable and faster than Windows 1,
designed with improved screen layout control. Desktop icons and keyboard shortcuts speeded up
operations and overlapping windows were now possible.

 Windows 3.0 and the 386 Processor

Launched in May 1990, Windows 3.0 makes best use of the Intel 386 (80386) processor, running
significantly faster than the 286. Windows 3.1 appears in 1992, and virtual memory, 16 colors,
enhanced icons and other improvements make this a step change in Microsoft’s development.
This release signified Microsoft abandoning OS/2, and Windows 3 versions are now competing
with IBM OS/2 devices.The introduction of user-friendly features such as File Manager, Print
Manager and Program Manager renders Windows 3 a very attractive package for both business
and personal use. The latter is enhanced by the inclusion of a popular suite of games: Hearts,
Minesweeper and Solitaire. Computers are beginning to look like today’s PCs.
 Windows NT: Corporate and Networking

Ostensibly standing for ‘New Technology’, NT is Microsoft’s first genuine 32-bit operating
system. It was originally designed to succeed Windows 3, but it soon became evident that its
performance was not good enough for the majority of PCs on the market. Its use is modified to
corporate server use and networking while the general consumer version of Windows remains at
16-bit. NT began life as portable version of OS/2, changing its name to NT after the rift with
IBM. This signifies the beginning of a major switch which will result in a single operating
system for consumers and corporate users which starts with Windows XP in 2001. All future
versions of Windows are now based on the NT operating system.

 Windows 95: The Internet and Removing the Need for DOS

Microsoft then seeks ways of removing the need for DOS and also focusing on the internet craze.
The result is Windows 95 (internally Windows 4.0) marketed in 1995 as a discrete operating
system which can be used without the need for a separate DOS license. Windows is now an OS
kernel in its own right and no longer requires DOS. MS-DOS is still available, but can be run
independently of Windows and vice versa.

 Windows 98: Focus on Home and Office PCs

Released in June 1998, Windows 98 is the last version to be based on MS-DOS. It departs from
Microsoft’s focus on predominantly business use, and is developed to meet the need of home
users and small offices. Internet cafes are sprouting up, and people without their own home
computer can now access the web, send emails and play games.

 Windows 2000: Improved NT Version

Windows 2000 was launched in February 2000, and is the minimum OS required for Pentium
processors. It integrates some of the benefits of Windows 98, such Internet Explorer 4 and
Outlook Express, into the NT operating system. In fact, all versions of Windows from XP
onwards are based on NT.

 Windows Me: Millennium Edition for Home Users

Released in September 2000, Windows Me is designed for home users only, focusing on video,
music and home networking, while Windows 2000 was designed for business users. Me
introduces improved security and system health, including features such as System Restore,
System File Protection and auto-update.

 Windows XP: Improvements in Stability, Speed and Usability

Windows XP appears in October 2001, offering more stability and ease of use in 25 languages.
Most aspects of use are intuitive, with an easy to use Start Menu, Control Panel and Taskbar.
Improved multimedia management with media Player 8.0 and Windows Movie Maker render XP
ideal for entertainment use, while Internet Explorer 6 and Windows Messenger offer enhanced
internet access.

 Windows Vista: Accent on Security

Released in 2006, Windows Vista focuses on the increased security and reliability as laptops
become more common. Perhaps the early security issues of XP influence this. Windows
Defender is shipped with Vista, whereas it was a free download for XP, requiring the user to be
proactive. The introduction of User Account Control makes it more difficult for malware that
gets through the firewall to make changes to your computer. Windows Vista Ultimate offers Bit
Locker Drive Encryption that provides improved data protection.

 Windows 7: Touch screens and Laptop Focus

In 2009, Windows 7 comes onto the scene to cater for the specific needs of laptops and touch
screen users. Windows Touch is introduced, enabling users to open folders and files, browse the
web and flip through videos and photos without the need for a mouse or touchpad. It is also
quicker than Vista, with significantly faster boot, shutdown and wake times. It also facilitates
internet connection though public wireless hotspots or private networks using passwords or
security keys.

 Windows 8: Touch screen and Metro App Technology

Windows 8 is made available to the public in October 2012. While still based on the NT
operating system, it represents a significant departure from previous versions in that it is based
on the Metro design language. Metro is a touch screen-compatible tablet interface that also
permits access to the traditional desktop. Windows 8 can be used with touch screen devices and
also traditional PC input devices and displays.

 Windows RT

It is a version of Windows 8 with a long battery life that is designed specifically to run touch
screen apps available from the Windows store, and comes with touch screen-optimized version
of Microsoft Office. RT can run on some tablets and PCs – though not all.

 Windows 8 Pro

You will need the Pro version if you use Bit Locker and Encrypting File System, VHD booting
or Hyper-V. If you don’t know what these are, then you won’t need the Pro version. You will
need it, however, if you want to play DVDs out of the box. The regular 8 does not permit this.
You will also need a Windows 8 Media Center Pack for this.
 Windows 8.1: More Apps and Bing

Released in 2013, Windows 8.1 offers a higher level of Start screen personalization that you can
sync across all your devices. It is fundamentally designed to make Windows more convenient to
use on a variety of devices that use either touch or mouse input – or even both. You can use a
wider range of familiar mouse operations, find more apps and easily switch between them.

 Windows 10: Steady Evolution – And Cortana!

Windows 10 is introduced in 2015, and some refer to it as being the best version yet. It is the
result of collaboration between many users via the Windows Insider Program. Customers have
contributed to its development by responding to preview builds, enabling Microsoft to respond
rapidly to comments and feedback for everyday users of Windows.

B. features of window 10

1. It's free

One of the best new growth in Windows 10 is that it is completely free to upgrade.
Microsoft made this declare at its January event in Redmond. The steady has said it will be
available at no charge for the first year for Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 users. It
will also be free if you are still running Windows 7.

2. Start Menu

as we know that previous to the January meeting, Windows 10 will mark the return of the
much loved Start Menu. In the latest build shown, it has some updated graphics and can
optionally go full-screen. In this feature half of the menu looks pretty much like it did in
Windows 7 but there's the clear addition of Live Tiles.
3. Snap Assist helps you snap windows
A new feature is Snap Assist that help users work out, you need to do is to drag the title
bar to the edge of the screen. Snap has been already available in previous versions of
windows, but some features have been added.

4. Cortana
Cortana is a new feature of windows 10. It is a voice-activated personal associate. We
can use it to set reminders, get weather forecasts, tell you jokes, send email, find files,
and search the Internet and so on. The digital associate, that is rivals Google Now, has
been available on Windows Phone for a while will come to PCs and tablets.
To get started, type a question in the search box on taskbar. Or select the microphone
icon and talk to Cortana. Here are some things we can say to Cortana:

1. Tell me a joke 4. What's happening this

2. Where are you from? weekend?
3. How old are you? 5. What’s going on in your life?
6. What’s up?
5. Command Prompt

this is the new feature of command prompt is now getting keyboard shortcut that is
copy/past on your command prompt. Specially, you can now use Ctrl + C and Ctrl + V in
the Command Prompt.
6. settings App Vs. Control panel
In the start menu of the setting option you can take straight to the new setting app that is
involved from the PC setting app on windows 8. This is the more user friendly way to
arrange your computer.However, it does not contain every system. The old control panel
window is still included. It’s also available in old control panel window.
7. Xbox app and streaming
Microsoft developed Xbox app for game streaming to Windows 10 back in January; we
can meet up with friends online, see what your friends are playing. The Xbox app
dashboard has been updated to support the new feature; the Xbox one app for Windows
10 is not quite ready yet.
8. Desktop and Security Improvements
There are still many desktop security improvement to do in windows 8, but we have not
seen them if we have using windows 7. Microsoft gives the features of upgraded task
manager, it’s so easier to what’s requirements resources of your system and even manage
startup program without third party software.
9. File Explorer
File Explorer is also known as Windows Explorer. It has core part of the operating
system. You can use shortcut “Windows + e” on your keyboard.When file Explore opens,
we can access the frequently used folders and recently use files
10. Universal apps
Universal app is a Windows experience that is made upon the Universal Windows
Platform (UWP). It is good news for someone using more than one Windows device. A
package of apps with Photos, Videos, Music, Maps, People and Messaging and Mail and
Calendar will look and feel the same across different devices and screen sizes. Universal
apps includes a lot of backend enhancements for developers that encourage development
on Windows Phone and Windows 8. They are not completely the same in terms of code;
nor does it mean that developers can just push a button to make those apps on either
platform
11. Edge browser

Microsoft developed a new web browser called Edge; It gives you new ways to find stuff,
read/write on the web. Microsoft edge built with interoperability in mind, according to
Microsoft. It’s some feature includes a reading mode and the ability to annotate, either
with a keyboard, pen or a finger. There's also integration with Cortana to provide
additional information, for example, when we are on a web page for a restaurant/Hotel
Cortana will make a booking and display information such as opening times.

12. Best new features in Windows 10: Enhancements

The new OS is still in active development; the main features and enhancements of
Windows 10 are more or less feature-locked and are certain to announcement with in
Windows 10 Release to Manufacturing (RTM). Microsoft is making changes suggested
by Windows users around the globe. Since Windows 10 runs across all devices, the OS
will have unified settings. It means the end of distinct control panel and PC settings.
There's also the Action Center now provides notifications and is synchronized across
devices.

13. Contact Support

Microsoft has added a new feature in window 10 is safety for users who fail to find any
they need. User can contact Phone or Chat Microsoft Tech Support Team using Contact
Support App, to solve the problem about Internet Explorer Edge, Office and Xbox. We
can chat online a call.
14. Microsoft Money

Microsoft Money is a personal finance management software program from Microsoft. It

has capabilities for viewing bank account balance, tracking expanses and creating
budgets.

15. Phone Companion

Microsoft announcement a special type of phone companion app for window 10 that
strategy to understand smartphone owner to gap between there handset and computer.
The phone companion app works like a hub (center) to download apps like Skype,
Outlook, and Xbox Music etc.

16. Windows Phone

Window 10 has launched but yet it does not get on your phone. It can’t be say that
Windows Phone 10 as new operating system will run phones, tablets and you’re PCs.
Windows Phone is near as Windows 10 will arrive on Windows Phone devices when it
launches. Microsoft has given no other name for running it on smartphone, small tablets
and PCs. It looks much same as Windows Phone 8 but with tweaks. Action Center is
synced with your other devices and the app menu will show recently installed apps at the
top. Windows 10 is already here for your computer and we have got all the details you
need.

17. HoloLens

HoloLens is Microsoft's immersive headset. We discuss about one platform, a single

binary, a single app that can run across all of these devices." Means it’s futuristic,
hologram-generating HoloLens headset. Windows 10 is the first holographic computing
platform. A developer can create holographic experiences with set of APIs in the real
world. Microsoft receive the world’s first untethered holographic computer that is doesn't
need to connect to a PC to work with the HoloLens.
18. Continuum Mode

Continuum is method for Windows to define the hardware, we are always using optimum
interface on machine. If we are using a desktop or laptop with no touchscreen, then
Windows will now know this and present the traditional mouse and keyboard interface.
The OS moves easily between laptop/ desktop (keyboard/mouse) and tablet (touch) usage
modes automatically. It will do this if it detects the loss or addition of a keyboard.

19. Alarms and Clock

Microsoft announced some new system apps with new designs and features in table. We
detail what’s new in the Alarms and Clock apps which seem to have grown significant
improvements.
20. Calculator and Maps

Microsoft has developed a standard calculator in window 10. As we know that desktop
Calculator in window 7 and window 8/8.1 sports a simple interface but it’s very
powerful. The new standard style Calculator in Window 10 is well-looking.

c. about GUI and advantages

2. Explain with sample program of each HLL, AS and ML.

 HLL (high level language)

Computer (programming) languages that are easier to learn. A high-level language is a programming
language that uses English and mathematical symbols, like +, -, % and many others, in its instructions.
Examples are C ++, Visual Basic, Pascal, and FORTRAN and …....

The instruction in a high-level computer language would look something like this:

x = 100
if balance x:
print 'Insufficient balance'
else:
print 'Please take your money'

This is not exactly how real people communicate, but it is much easier to follow than a series of
1s and 0s in binary code.
 ML (Machine Language)

The fundamental language of the computer’s processor, also called Low Level Language. All
programs are converted into machine language before they can be executed. Consists of
combination of 0’s and 1’s that represent high and low electrical voltage.

Is the only language that is directly understood by the computer, and it does not need to be
translated. A program instruction in machine language may look something like this:

10010101100101001111101010011011100101

 Assembly Language

A low level language that is similar to machine language. Uses symbolic operation code to
represent the machine operation code.
mov ax, 0xB800 ; the segment of memory video is at
mov es, ax ; you cannot set es with a direct value,
; have to use another register
xor di, di ; cheap trick to zero a register is to xor it by
itself
mov cx, 0x07D0 ; there are 2000 words
mov ax, 0x0720 ; 0x07 is light grey on black, 0x20 is the space
character
rep stosw ; repeat CX times store AX at ES:[DI], add 2 to DI

4. A. Explain the following terms in OOP

 Encapsulation:

It is one of the main concepts in OOP. It is also called "information hiding". An object has to
provide its users only with the essential information for manipulation, without the internal
details. The person writing the class has to decide what should be hidden and what not. When
we program, we must define as private every method or field which other classes should not be
able to access.

 Polymorphism
Polymorphism allows treating objects of a derived class as objects of its base class.
Polymorphism can bear strong resemblance to abstraction, but it is mostly related to overriding
methods in derived classes, in order to change their original behavior inherited from the base
class.
 Inheritance
Inheritance is a fundamental principle of object-oriented programming. It allows a class to
"inherit" (behavior or characteristics) of another, more general class. Inheritance is described as
is-kind-of relationship.
Inheritance can be classified to 5 types.

1. Single Inheritance: when a single derived class is created from a single base class then
the inheritance is called as single inheritance.
2. Hierarchical Inheritance: when more than one derived class are created from a single base
class, then that inheritance is called as hierarchical inheritance.
3. Multi-Level Inheritance: when a derived class is created from another derived class, then
that inheritance is called as multi-level inheritance.
4. Hybrid Inheritance: Any combination of single, hierarchical and multi-level inheritances
is called as hybrid inheritance.
5. Multiple Inheritance: when a derived class is created from more than one base class then
that inheritance is called as multiple inheritance. But multiple inheritance is not supported
by .net using classes and can be done using interfaces.

B. Explain different kind of software development with diagram

1. Waterfall:
The waterfall model is believed to have been the first process model which was
introduced and widely followed in software engineering. The innovation was that
the first time software engineering was divided into separate phases. Programs
were very small, the requirements only a few.

2. V model: A further development of the waterfall model led to the so called "V-
Model". If you look at it closely the individual steps of the process are almost the
same as in the waterfall model. However, there is one big difference. Instead of
going down the waterfall in a linear way the process steps are bent upwards at the
coding phase, to form the typical V shape
3. Incremental model

4. RAD model

As the name suggests, it’s a procedure that favors speedy development instead of large amounts
of up-front planning. And how do you achieve speed? Plan in parallel & Re-use! The lack of
extensive pre-planning generally allows software to be written much faster. Languages that
support speedier implementation like C++ or Java offered in visual programming packages,
focus groups for req. analysis, re-use software components, deferring design improvements to
next version, informal reviews & team communication and using available tools like groupware
(E.g. Slack), GUI builders, DBMS, Code-generators, etc
5. Agile model

Development & Testing in short sprints (yeah, it’s like gallops), typically one-to-four weeks
wherein each sprint aims to deliver a sub-set of overall requirement.

6. Iterative model:

‘Repeated Augmentation’, i.e. break the project into smaller iterations, in moving closer to the
final product with each iteration.
 Reduce the inherent project risk (mitigating @ each iteration) and providing more ease-
of-change.
 Uncover important issues early before problems or faulty assumptions lead to disaster.

7. Spiral model: The Spiral Model is the most flexible and agile of all traditional
software process models. The process begins at the center position. From there it
moves clockwise in traversals. Each traversal of the spiral usually results in a
deliverable. It is not clearly defined what this deliverable is. This changes from
traversal to traversal.