CEN-602: Water Quality Engineering

Tutorial#2

1. A basin of volume V receives a steady flow of Q, but the concentration of a non-removable

component in the influent varies according to C= C1+C2 sin wt (where C1 and C2 are constants). What
is the expression for the effluent concentration of its component if the basin is a: a)CMFR and b) PFR?
2. A spill of 5 kg of a soluble pesticide takes place in the first of two lakes in series. The pesticide is
subject to volatilization that can be characterized by the first-order flux J=νc, where ν= a volatilization
mass -transfer coefficient of 0.0 1 m d-1. Other parameters for the lakes are:
Lake 1 Lake 2
Surface area (m2)X 106 0.1 0.2
Mean depth, m 5 3
Outflow (m3/yr) X 106 1 1

(a) Predict the concentration in both lakes as a function of time. Present your results as a plot.
(b) The second lake is used as a water supply reservoir. Therefore it is critical to determine the time
required for the second lake to reach its maximum concentration. Derive an analytical formulation to
make this determination. Verify your results by comparing them to the plot from part (a).
3. You are given the task of building detention ponds to remove settleable solids from a small stream
prior to discharge into a lake. The ponds must be 2 m deep, the flow in the stream is 0.6 m3/s, the solids
settle at a rate of 0.2 m d-1 , and you must achieve a steady-state removal of 60% of the solids. (a)
Determine the size of a single CSTR to achieve the desired removal. (b) Determine the sizes of a pair
of identical CSTRs in series needed to achieve the desired removal. (c) Which seems to be the best
option? Why?
4. A well-mixed tidal bay is connected with the ocean by a channel. The bay and the channel has the
following characteristics:

Bay Channel
Length, m 1000 100
Width, m 500 10
Depth, m 5 2
At t = 0 d, 100 kg of a non-reacting dye is
instantaneously released and distributed across the bay. The following measurements of dye
concentration are made over the ensuing period:

(a) What is the diffusion coefficient for exchange between the bay and the ocean? Express your result in
m2 d-1 (b) What mass loading of a reactive pollutant (k = 0.01 d-1) could be input to this system under
steady-state conditions if the allowable concentration in the system were I ppm? Express your result in g
d-1. Note that both the non-reactive dye and the reactive pollutant have negligible concentrations in the
ocean. Also, the residence time in the channel is negligible compared to the residence time of the bay.

5. A well-mixed tidal bay is adjacent to the ocean, as shown. The bay has a diameter of 1 km and a depth
of 5 m. The short channel connecting the two water bodies is 50 m long, 10 m wide, and 2 m deep. The
transfer between the bay and the ocean has been characterized by a turbulent diffusion coefficient of 105
m2 d-1. Determine the bay's 95% response time for a spill of a substance that settles at a rate of 0.1 md-1.

6. A well-mixed circular bay is connected to a large lake. The lake is so big relative to the bay that for all
intents and purposes, it can be assumed to be an "ocean"; that is, the bay has negligible impact on its
state. At steady-state, the bay and the lake have chloride concentrations of 30 and 7 mg/L, respectively.
The bay has the following characteristics: Radius = 0.25 km, Inflow = outflow to the main lake = 5 x 10 6
m3 yr-1 Inflow chloride concentration = 70 mg/L, Mean depth = 5 m, Cross-sectional area of interface with
main lake = 500 m2. Mixing length of the transition zone between the bay and lake = 0.1 km (a) Determine
the diffusion coefficient to parameterize turbulent exchange between the two water bodies. Express your
result in cm2 s-1. (b) How much loading of a highly concentrated waste (that is, its flow is negligible) could
be added to the bay while maintaining a concentration of 10 mg/L? Note that the waste decays according
to first-order kinetics at 1 yr-1. Assume that the main lake will have zero concentration of this pollutant.
Express your result in kg yr-1. (c) What is the bay's 95% response time for the waste in days?

7. a) A tank has cross-sectional area AC = 10 m2, length L = 100 m, velocity U = 100 m hr-1 , and a first-
order reaction rate k = 2 hr-1 . The inflow concentration is 1 mg/L. Use the plug-flow model to compute
the steady-state concentration distribution at different positions along the length of the tank viz. 1/4th. ½,
3/4th, and end of the tank. Display the concentrations along with the results if you consider that the
reactor is composed of 4 equal CSTRs.

b) Compute concentration using the mixed-flow model with diffusion coefficients of E = 2000 and 10,000
m2 hr-1. Plot your results along with the PFR and CSTR models for the same tank.

c) Compute Peclet numbers for the above cases.

8. Determine the steady-state distribution of a pollutant (k = 0.1 d-1) for x = 0 to 32 km in the following
system. Note that the concentration in the river immediately upstream of the distributed load is 5 mg/L.
How far downstream will the system return to the level of 5 mg/L?
9. A point source is discharged into an estuary having following characteristics:

The pollutant settles (v = 0.11 m/d). What mass

loading could be input to this system under steady-
state conditions if the allowable concentration at the
outfall is 10 ppb? Express your results in kg/d.
Assume complete lateral and vertical mixing at the
outfall.

10. A point source is discharged into an estuary with the following characteristics.

The pollutant decays at a rate of 0.2 d-1 at T = 20°C with θ=1.7. The estuary has an ambient temperature
of 27.5°C. (a) Determine the reaction rate for the ambient temperature. (b) What mass loading could be
input to this system under steady-state conditions if the allowable concentration at the outfall is 20 ppb?
Express your results in kg d-1. Assume complete lateral and vertical mixing at the outfall.

11. A stream receives point and diffused source as shown below:

The boundary condition at x=0 is C=10 mg/L. If the pollutant decays with a rate 0.2 d-1, determine the
steady state concentrations at A, B and C.