KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA ,PURI

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE

GUIDED BY:-
MRS.MRIDULA SAREN
Submitted by:-
 Rajib ranjan behera
 Bishal sahoo
 Mayank Pradhan
 Dinesh guru mahapatra
 Arjun sethi
certificate
This is to certify that this “Biology
Investigatory Project” on the topic
“Drug and alcohol abuse” has been
successfully completed by Rajib ranjan
Behera of class XII – ‘B’ under the
guidance of Mrs. Mridula Saren in
particular fulfilment of the curriculum
of Central Board of Secondary
Education {CBSE} leading to the
marks of annual examination of the
year 2021-22.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to expess my special thanks
of gratitude to my biology teacher Mrs.
Mridula Saren for their able guidance and
support in completing my project on drug
and health abuse.
Secondly I would thankful to my parents
who helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame .

Rajib ranjan Behera

XII-‘B’
Contents

S.n Title Page no.

o

1 Introduction
2 Classification
3 Drug Addiction
4 Signs of drug addiction
5 Effects of drug addiction
6 Prevention and cure
7 Conclusion
8 Biblography
INTRODUCTION TO
"DRUGS AND HEALTH ABUSE"
“Drug Addiction” phrase is made by two words:
(I) Drug
(II) Addiction.
• What is meant by a drug?
Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention,
diagnosis, all aviation or treatment of a disease is called a
drug. A drug may also be defined as a chemical which, when
taken in some way after the body function. The drug is also
known as a medicine. Generally, the term drugs applied to any
stimulating or depressing substance that can be habituating or
addictive.

• Meaning of Addiction :-
Addiction is the habitual, psychological and
physiological dependence on a substance or practice.
Which is beyond voluntary control. A person who is
habituated to a substance or a practice, especially a
harmful one, is called an addict
Classification of Drugs
There are a large number of drugs on which people become dependent. These
are classified into four major groups: sedatives and tranquilizers, opiate
narcotics, stimulants and hallucinogens .
Types of Drugs Examples Effect

Sedatives and Barbiturates, Depress CNS activity

Tranquillizers Benzodiazepines give a feeling of
Calmness, relaxation,
drowsiness.
Opiate Narcotics Opium, Morphine, Suppress brain activity
Codeine, Heroin relaxed pain.

Stimulants Amphetamines, Make a person more

Caffeine, Cocaine wakeful, alert and
active, cause
excitement.

Hallucinogens LSQ, Mescalin, Alter thoughts, feeling,

psilocybin, Ganja, and perceptions.
Charas, Hashish
Combinations of Drugs and Alcohol
Some addicts use mixtures of drugs to have immediate
‘kid’ or ‘charge’. Simultaneous use of drug and alcohol
may produce dangerous effects, including death. When
barbiturates and alcohol are taken together, each
doubles the effect of the other. A mixture of cocaine
and heroin called speedball gives a spontaneous kick of
cocaine and prolonged pleasure of heroin.

Combination Effect

Alcohol + Barbiturates Markedly increased the depressant

effect.

Alcohol + Antihistamines Marked drowsiness.

Alcohol + Valium Dramatically increases sedative

effect.
Alcohol + Marijuana or Hashish Decreased coordination increased
reaction time Impaired judgment.

Alcohol + Aspirin Increased changes of damage to

gastric mucosa.

How does drug addiction begin?

There are many factors that lead people to drug addiction.
1. Curiosity: Frequent references to drugs by public media create
curiosity for having a personal experience of the drugs.
2. Friend’s pressure: Frequent appreciation of drug experience by
friends allures others to start the use of drugs.
3. Frustration and Depression: Some people start taking drugs to get
relief from frustration and depression.
4. The desire for More Work: Students sometimes take drugs to keep
awake the whole night to prepare for the examination. It is not
desirable as it may cause a mental breakdown.
5. Looking for a Different World: A wrong notion that the drugs open
up a new world tempts some young octets to start taking-drugs.
6. Relief from Pain: A prolonged use of pain-relieving drugs with
physician’s advice at times leads to addiction.
7. Family History: Children may take to drugs by seeing their elders
in the family.
8. Excitement and Adventure: The young take to drugs to satisfy their
instinct for excitement and adventure.
Social Disease - Smoking, Drinking, and Use of
Drugs
Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently
or regularly are social diseases. They adversely
affect the health of the addicts and the society.
Young people take to these habits for fun, show
off or curiosity, as an adventure or feeling of
freedom, or as a gesture of defiance against the
elders who themselves indulge in these activities
but check the youngsters. Other factors that make
people take to these vices are the inability to face
problems of life indifference shown by members
of the family and encouragement or pressure by
friends. A temporary escape from the life problems
and mental relaxation felt on taking the drugs in
the beginning increase person’s interest in them.
Soon they become habitual and find in difficult to
leave. The daily dose to get the desired effect
increases with time. As in other countries, the
menace of drug addiction is spreading in India
also. A large number of our young men and
women have taken to intoxicants. About 87.6 per
cent drug addicts are between the ages of 14 and
25 years.
Tobacco

Sources:- It is a native of
South Africa, where the Red Indian first started smoking.
Now the tobacco plant has spread the world over. It has large,
quote to lanceolate leaves and terminal clusters of tubular,
white or pink flowers.
Modes of Use: Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and
snuffing. Its main stimulating component is poisonous volatile
alkaloid nicotine, which causes addiction. Nicotine synthesis
occurs in the roots of the plant but it is stored in the leaves.
The leaves contain 2 to 8% nicotine. Inhaling tobacco smoke
from cigars, cigarettes, biddies, pipes and hubble-bubble is
called smoking. The cigar is a roll of tobacco leaf. The
cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped in paper. Bidi is tobacco
wrapped. In a piece of leaf. Tobacco smoke is drawn directly
from the pipe and through water is hubble-bubble. Smoking
may give some temporary relief to the strained nerves but in
the long run, it proves a dangerous health hazard. The quantity
of nicotine contained in one cigar may prove fatal if injected
intravenously into a person. When smoked only 10% of the
smoke is inhaled. Hence, no immediate ill effect is observed.
Smokers may develop a physiological craving for nicotine and
then they cannot give up smoking.
Effect of Nicotine:
Nicotine is a low concentration.
(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve impulses.
(ii) Relaxes the muscles.
(iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate and
pressure.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances the
risk of heart diseases.
(v) Retards foetal growth in expecting mothers and
(vi) Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration of
nicotine paralyzes nerve cells.
Other Harmful components of Tobacco Smoke:
Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke contains
carbon- monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and
tar.
Other Effects: (i) Smoking effects economy: A smoker not
only waste money but also runs the risk of burns and fires.
(ii) Smoking mars personality: Teeth may become stained.
Lips may get discolored and breath becomes foul. A person
with a cigarette hanging from the mouth looks odd.
(iii) Smoking is annoying to others: Cigarette smoke is quite
annoying to non-smokers. It may prove even more harmful to
them. A smoker should avoid smoking. When in the company
of non-smokers. A smoker makes the person nearby person’s
passive smokers through inhaling smoke released by him.
Alcohol
Sources: Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable,
colorless liquid having a penetrating odour and burning
taste. It is one of the products of the distillation of
fermented grains, fruit juices and starches with the help
of yeast enzymes. It is the principal constituent and the
intoxicating principle of wines. Modes of Use: Alcohol
is taken in low concentration, as the beer, toddy, and
wine and in relatively high concentration as arrack,
brandy, whiskey, rum, gin, vodka etc. Addiction:
Addiction to alcohol is called alcoholism. Alcoholics
are found in all society section of society. Alcohol
causes intoxication and thus, acts as a poison. They
drinkers begin with small doses, but many of them
soon start consuming large doses and become addicts.
By the time they realize that drinking in adversely
affecting them, it is too late to give it up. Why People
Take to Drinking: The drinkers offer one or more of the
following reasons for starting drinking.
(i) Social pressure
(ii) Desire for excitement
(iii) Feeling of independence
(iv) Liking of taste
(v) Desire to escape from such realities of life as
disappointments and failures and
(vi)The desire to offset the hardships and monotony
of daily life.
 What happens when Alcohol is consumed?

Alcohol is quickly absorbed in the stomach

and upper part of small intestine and reaches
all the tissues in minutes. Its oxidation starts
at once and a large amount of heat in
produced. Since heat is not needed in the
body, it is taken up by the blood and carried
to the skin for dissipation. Since the
receptors of heat are located in the skin, the
rush of blood to the skin gives a false
impression of warmth in the body. The
blood supply of internal organs is greatly
reduced resulting in fall of temperature in
them. The energy released by alcohol is not
used in any life process. Rather the energy
derived from food is used up in ridding the
body of excess heat.
 Is Alcohol A Stimulant?
Many people take alcohol for stimulation.
Actually, alcohol is a depressant, a
substance which dulls the senses. It reduces
the efficiency of every tissue the body. Any
feeling of lift a person may claim to feel is a
mistaken impression or an attempt to justify
the act in his mind.
Signs Of Drug Abuse
Physical Warnings:-
 Bloodshot eyes
 Pupils larger or smaller than usual
 Changes in appetite or sleep patterns
 Sudden weight loss or weight gain
 Deterioration of physical appearance
 Unusual smells on breath
 Impaired coordination
Behavioral Warnings:-
 Poor work
 Decline in performance
 Financial problems
 Secretive behaviors
 Sudden change in friends and associates
 Accident or trouble prone
 Lack of motivation and withdrawn
 Unexplained anxiety.

Effects Of Drug Abuse:-
 Drug abuse leads to:-
 Loss of coordination
 Poor judgment
 Slowed reflexes
 Distorted vision
 Memory loss
 Blackout
Prevention and Control to Drug Addiction!
Avoid undue Peer Pressure-
▫ A child should not be pressed unduly to do
beyond his/ her capacities, be it studies, sports
etc.
Education and counseling Organizing Youth
Centers.-
▫ Drug addiction may be caused due to the
feelings of isolation, loneliness, anxiety etc.
Hence, social service organizations, and
NGOs should establish youth centers to
overcome such feelings.
Remedial measures:
1. Individual steps :-
 Send such addicts to a rehabilitation
facility.
 A humanistic form of treatment is said to
be the most widely used and effective of
all forms of treatment.
 Awareness and prevention must start at
home, with parents.
Conclusion
Drug abuse is a complex problem thought
to result from a combination of
psychological, and environmental factors.
Infants of abusers may suffer from neglect
or the effects of parental drug use. As they
grow into childhood, they may
demonstrate antisocial behavior, and signs
of malnutrition, poor self-esteem,
depression, or attention deficit disorder.
Identification of drug abuse is a difficult
first step on the road to recovery because
of the methods many abuses use to hide
their addiction, the inability of family
members to recognize or accept the
problem, and the relatives' enabling
behavior.
BIBLOGRAPHY
I took reference from:-
Wikipedia .com
Google
Scribdd.com
Ncert textbook
Blogspot.com