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Economics Ch-1 Development Notes

This document contains a chapter from an economics textbook on the topic of development. It includes definitions of key terms like development, national development, and sustainable development. It discusses different ways to measure development, including per capita income, Human Development Index (HDI), and literacy rates. The document also distinguishes between developed and developing countries and notes limitations of only using per capita income to classify countries. Suggested measures for achieving sustainable development are also provided.

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4K views5 pages

Economics Ch-1 Development Notes

This document contains a chapter from an economics textbook on the topic of development. It includes definitions of key terms like development, national development, and sustainable development. It discusses different ways to measure development, including per capita income, Human Development Index (HDI), and literacy rates. The document also distinguishes between developed and developing countries and notes limitations of only using per capita income to classify countries. Suggested measures for achieving sustainable development are also provided.

Uploaded by

Sonia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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GRADE X

SESSION-2021-2022
SOCIAL SCIENCE: ECONOMICS

CHAPTER 1: DEVELOPMENT

Q1.What is development?
Ans. Development is the process in which something grows, becomes more mature and advance.

Q2.What are the characteristics of development?


Ans. The following are the characteristics of development:

1. Different people can have different development goals. E.g. A rich person’s development goal will be
totally different than the goals of a poor person.
2. Development for one may not be development for other. It may even be destructive for others. E.g. A girl
expects as much freedom and opportunities as her brother and that he also shares the household
chores. Her brother may not like this. Or the development goal of an industrialist may interfere with
the development goal of an Adivasi if the former tries to displace the latter while setting up his/her
business.
3. Development is a mix of goals. E.g. Development is mix of income, better standard of living, less
discrimination in the society etc.

Q3.Why do people look at a mix of goals for development?


Ans. This is so because development is not only about income but a holistic approach to human resource
development. Thus, besides seeking more income, people desire equal treatment, freedom, security, respect
etc.

Q4.Describe the concept of national development.


Ans.
1. National Development means development for the whole nation.
2. Different person could have different as well as conflicting notions of a country’s development.
3. Example- some want a heavy industry is set up or we can say national development means all round
development of nation like development in education, health and national income.

Q5.What is considered to be one of the most important attribute for comparing countries?
Ans. Average income or per capita income is one of the most important attribute for comparing countries.

Q6.What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are
the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Ans. The World Bank considers only the per capita income as the indicator of development. It has classified
countries into three major categories based on Per capita income of the countries:
a) Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017, are called rich
countries
b) Countries with per capita income between US$ 12,055 per annum and US$ 956 per annum are the
low middle income countries.
c) And those with per capita income of US$ 955 per annum or less are called low-income countries.

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Note:
• India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in
2017 was US$ 1820 per annum.
• The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are
generally called developed countries.

LIMITATIONS OF WORLD BANK CRIETERIA OF DEVELOPMENT:


(1) It does not disclose as how the average income is distributed among people in individual countries.
(2) It is affected by the size of the population.
(3) It is a quantitative aspect of a country’s development and hides the qualitative aspect of the country
such as quality of life, health facilities etc.

Q7.Why are the Middle East countries not considered developed as per the World Bank criteria?
Ans. The countries of the Middle East are not called developed in spite of high per capita income because of
they have become rich only with the resources available as they have high per capita income due to the oil
production.

Q8. Distinguish between developed countries and developing countries.


Ans.
S.NO DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

1. They are the countries that have developed They are the countries that are on the path of
themselves and have higher income with development.
high standards of living.

2. Life expectancy is high due to good health Life expectancy is low due to less availability of health
and education facilities. facilities.

3. Literacy rates are higher due to better Literacy rates are low due to less educational facilities.
education facilities.
Decrease in production because of old or obsolete
4. Increase in production because of
technological facilities.
technological facilities.

5. Ex: USA Ex: INDIA

Q9. “Money cannot buy all the goods and services that a person may need to live well”. Explain the
statement with suitable examples.
Ans.
(1) Income by itself is not an adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to
use.
(2) Money cannot buy a pollution free environment or cannot ensure unadulterated medicines.
(3) It can also be not able to protect the society from infectious diseases.

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Example: Average person in Haryana has more income than average person in Kerala but lags behind in
other crucial areas like health and education.

Q10. What is HDI? Name its variables.


Ans.
(1) HDI stands for Human Development Index. It is a tool developed by United Nations to measure
country’s overall achievement in social and economic dimensions.
(2) The HDI ranks countries on the basis of their standards of living, health of people, their level of
education etc.
(3) The three variable of HDI are:
a) Life Expectancy at Birth.
b) Mean Years of Schooling of people aged 25 years and above.
c) Gross National Income per capita.

Q11. Which Indian neighbor has a better HDI rank than India?
Ans. As per the Human Development Report (HDR), 2018, Srilanka (76) has a better rank than India (130).

Q12. Distinguish between Human Development Report and World Development Report.
Ans.
S.NO. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT
1. It is a yearly report published by UNDP It is published yearly by the World Bank.
(United Nations Development
Program).

2. It is based on the notion that It is based on the notion that development


development implies overall good implies rise in per capita income and growth
quality life. in the economy.

3. Its parameters are education, health and It includes National income and Per capita
standard of Living etc. Income.

4. It is the qualitative aspect of It is the quantitative aspect of development.


development.

Q13. What does sustainable development mean? What is the need for sustainable development?
Ans.
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

NEED FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT


1. Development should not only be in the present but should be maintained in the future as well.
2. The key resources needed for development are on the verge of exhaustion. Example crude oil,
ground water resources.
3. All they countries are dependent on each other for various resources.
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4. Over exploitation of resources also causes environmental degradation.
5. This is a global issue and is no longer a regional or national issue.

Q14. Suggest some of the measures for sustainable development.


Or
How can sustainable development be achieved?
Ans.
Sustainable development can be achieved by judicious use of both renewable and non-renewable resources
and without disturbing the balance of environment keeping in mind the requirement for present and future
generations. Some of the ways are:-

1. Using natural resources judiciously.


2. Reducing pollution or environmental degradation.
3. Protecting flora and fauna from human exploitation.
4. Using land for cultivation wisely so that fertility is maintained.
5. Less use of fossil fuels.
6. Increased use of renewable resources.
7. Introduction to organic farming.
8. Adopting measures to reduce global warming
9. Using inexhaustible resources in a cautious manner.
10. Finding alternate energy resources

Q15 Define the following terms.


Ans.
1. Per Capita Income: - Per capita income (PCI) or average income measures the average
income earned per person in a given area (city, region, country, etc.) in a specified year. It is
calculated by dividing the area's total income by its total population.
2. Literacy Rate: - It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and-above age group.
3. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): -IMR indicates the number of children that die before the age of one
year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
4. Net Attendance Ratio:- It is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending
school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group
5. Life Expectancy: - Life Expectancy at birth denotes, as the name suggests, average expected length
of life of a person at the time of birth.
6. Gross Enrolment Ratio: - Gross Enrolment Ratio determine the number of students enrolled in
school at several different grade levels. The data is defined as the percentage of student enrolment in
primary and secondary school on gender basis.
7. Purchasing power parity (PPP): PPP is an economic theory that compares different countries'
currencies through a "basket of goods" approach. According to this concept, two currencies are in
equilibrium—known as the currencies being at par—when a basket of goods is priced the same in
both countries, taking into account the exchange rates.
8. Public Facilities: - PUBLIC FACILITIES means the basic facilities that all people needed in the
society they are: public transport, educational institutions, water, electricity, sanitation, healthcare
etc.
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9. Body Mass Index (BMI): - One way to find out if we are properly nourished is to calculate what
nutrition scientists call Body Mass Index (BMI).It is calculated by dividing the weight in kg by the
square of the height in m.
10. Human Development Index (HDI): It stands for Human Development Index. It is a tool developed
by United Nations to measure country’s overall achievement in social and economic dimensions. The
HDI ranks countries on the basis of their standards of living, health of people, their level of
education etc.

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